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Bahrampouri S, Khankeh HR, Hosseini SA, Mehmandar M, Ebadi A. Components of driving competency measurement in the elderly: A scoping review. Med J Islam Repub Iran 2021; 35:2. [PMID: 33996653 PMCID: PMC8111623 DOI: 10.47176/mjiri.35.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Iran will face the "aging Tsunami" phenomenon by the 2040s. Therefore, paying attention to the elderly's driving to maintain and promote their independence and quality of life on the one hand and paying attention to the dangers of driving by the elderly for road safety will be important. The purpose of this research was to determine the components of driving competency in the elderly.
Methods: The research has employed a scoping review. To this end, searches of scientific databases were conducted using keywords between 1990 and 2019. The process of selecting the documentation was-based on the PRISMA chart.
Results: In the first phase, 2769 records were found, and finally, 37 records met the inclusion criteria set for this study. The results indicated that 18 components were extracted that were classified into seven main categories including cognitive, sensory, motor, mental functions, and medications, diseases, and driving history.
Conclusion: Sensory, motor, and cognitive abilities are the most important components of elderly safe driving. Therefore, as age increases, chronic disease, multiple drug use, and subsequent problems increase. This can affect the ability to drive safely and can cause traffic injuries. Therefore, it is recommended to use the results of this research to design a suitable tool and model for assessing driving competency in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saiedeh Bahrampouri
- Health in Emergency and Disaster Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Khankeh
- Health in Emergency and Disaster Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Ali Hosseini
- Health in Emergency and Disaster Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Abbas Ebadi
- Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Life Style, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Nursing Faculty, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Gibbons C, Smith N, Middleton R, Clack J, Weaver B, Dubois S, Bédard M. Using Serial Trichotomization With Common Cognitive Tests to Screen for Fitness to Drive. Am J Occup Ther 2017; 71:7102260010p1-7102260010p8. [PMID: 28218592 DOI: 10.5014/ajot.2017.019695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to illustrate the use of serial trichotomization with five common tests of cognition to achieve greater precision in screening for fitness to drive. METHOD We collected data (using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, Motor-Free Visual Perception Test, Clock-Drawing Test, Trail Making Test Part A and B [Trails B], and an on-road driving test) from 83 people referred for a driving evaluation. We identified cutpoints for 100% sensitivity and specificity for each test; the driving test was the gold standard. Using serial trichotomization, we classified drivers as either "Pass," "Fail," or "Indeterminate." RESULTS Trails B had the best sensitivity and specificity (66.3% of participants correctly classified). After applying serial trichotomization, we correctly identified the driving test outcome for 78.3% of participants. CONCLUSION A screening strategy using serial trichotomization of multiple test results may reduce uncertainty about fitness to drive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie Gibbons
- Carrie Gibbons, MPH, is Research Coordinator, Centre for Applied Health Research, St. Joseph's Care Group, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
| | - Nathan Smith
- Nathan Smith, MPH, is Research Assistant, Centre for Research on Safe Driving, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
| | - Randy Middleton
- Randy Middleton, MScOT, is Occupational Therapist, St. Joseph's Hospital, St. Joseph's Care Group, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
| | - John Clack
- John Clack, MScOT, is Occupational Therapist, St. Joseph's Hospital, St. Joseph's Care Group, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
| | - Bruce Weaver
- Bruce Weaver, MSc, is Research Associate, Centre for Research on Safe Driving, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada, and Assistant Professor, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
| | - Sacha Dubois
- Sacha Dubois, MPH, is Research Statistician, Centre for Applied Health Research, St. Joseph's Care Group, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada; Adjunct Professor, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada; and Assistant Professor, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
| | - Michel Bédard
- Michel Bédard, PhD, is Professor, Lakehead University and Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada; Director, Centre for Research on Safe Driving, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada; and Scientific Director, Centre for Applied Health Research, St. Joseph's Care Group, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada;
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Hill LL, Laughlin GA, Bettencourt R, Barrett-Connor E. Associations Between Health and Driving in an Older Adult Cohort in Rancho Bernardo. J Aging Health 2016; 29:1367-1387. [PMID: 27492614 DOI: 10.1177/0898264316661828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to identify the associations between health and health care utilization with driving patterns in a cohort of older adults. METHOD In 2012, a total of 1,826 surviving participants in the Rancho Bernardo cohort were sent a health and driving pattern survey; 1,277 were returned. RESULTS The majority of the respondents (1,151, 91%) were still driving. Older age, female sex, hospitalizations, emergency department (ED) visits and physical therapy visits, neurological disease, depression, limited vision, and limited hearing were associated with non-driving status. A total of 809 (71%) of drivers reported no citations or crashes in the last 5 years. DISCUSSION The vast majority of older drivers in this cohort continued to drive, and did so safely. Health care utilization, medications, medical conditions, and self-assessment of health were associated with non-driving status. Prospective studies are needed to clarify the temporal relationships between these factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda L Hill
- 1 University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA
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Dickerson AE, Meuel DB, Ridenour CD, Cooper K. Assessment tools predicting fitness to drive in older adults: a systematic review. Am J Occup Ther 2016; 68:670-80. [PMID: 25397762 DOI: 10.5014/ajot.2014.011833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This systematic review synthesizes the research on screening and assessment tools used to determine older adults' fitness to drive. After a comprehensive search of the literature targeting tools commonly used by occupational therapists, 64 studies were reviewed and synthesized. The evidence demonstrated that a single tool measuring cognition, vision, perception, or physical ability individually is not sufficient to determine fitness to drive. Although some tools have stronger evidence than others, this review supports using different and focused assessment tools together for specific medical conditions. Results indicate that behind-the-wheel assessment remains the gold standard for driving evaluation; however, emerging evidence for observation of complex instrumental tasks of daily living and driving simulation supports further investigation with these tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne E Dickerson
- Anne E. Dickerson, PhD, OTR/L, FAOTA, is Professor, Department of Occupational Therapy, East Carolina University, 3305 Health Sciences Building, Greenville, NC 27858;
| | - Danielle Brown Meuel
- Danielle Brown Meuel, MS, OTR, is Occupational Therapist, Alta Bates Medical Center, Berkeley, CA
| | - Cyrus David Ridenour
- Cyrus David Ridenour, MS, OTR, is Acute Care Therapist, Trinity Mother Francis Hospital, Tyler, TX
| | - Kristen Cooper
- Kristen Cooper, MS, OTR/L, is Occupational Therapist, TriStar StoneCrest Medical Center, Nashville, TN
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Dickerson AE. Screening and assessment tools for determining fitness to drive: a review of the literature for the pathways project. Occup Ther Health Care 2015; 28:82-121. [PMID: 24754758 DOI: 10.3109/07380577.2014.904535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
With a brief introduction, 10 tables summarize the findings from the literature describing screening and assessment tools used with older adults to identify risk or determine fitness to drive. With a focus on occupational therapy's duty to address driving as a valued activity, this paper offers information about tools used by occupational therapy practitioners across practice settings and specialists in driver rehabilitation. The tables are organized into groups of key research studies of assessment tools, screening batteries, tools used in combination (i.e., as a battery), driving simulation as an assessment tool, and screening/assessment for individuals with stroke, vision impairment, Parkinson's disease, dementia, and aging. Each table has a summary of important concepts to consider as occupational therapists choose the methods and tools to evaluate fitness to drive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne E Dickerson
- Occupational Therapy, East Carolina University , Greenville, North Carolina , USA
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Roy M, Molnar F. Systematic review of the evidence for Trails B cut-off scores in assessing fitness-to-drive. Can Geriatr J 2013; 16:120-42. [PMID: 23983828 PMCID: PMC3753211 DOI: 10.5770/cgj.16.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fitness-to-drive guidelines recommend employing the Trail Making B Test (a.k.a. Trails B), but do not provide guidance regarding cut-off scores. There is ongoing debate regarding the optimal cut-off score on the Trails B test. The objective of this study was to address this controversy by systematically reviewing the evidence for specific Trails B cut-off scores (e.g., cut-offs in both time to completion and number of errors) with respect to fitness-to-drive. Methods Systematic review of all prospective cohort, retrospective cohort, case-control, correlation, and cross-sectional studies reporting the ability of the Trails B to predict driving safety that were published in English-language, peer-reviewed journals. Results Forty-seven articles were reviewed. None of the articles justified sample sizes via formal calculations. Cut-off scores reported based on research include: 90 seconds, 133 seconds, 147 seconds, 180 seconds, and < 3 errors. Conclusions There is support for the previously published Trails B cut-offs of 3 minutes or 3 errors (the ‘3 or 3 rule’). Major methodological limitations of this body of research were uncovered including (1) lack of justification of sample size leaving studies open to Type II error (i.e., false negative findings), and (2) excessive focus on associations rather than clinically useful cut-off scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mononita Roy
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, The University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON; ; The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON
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Marmeleira J, Ferreira I, Melo F, Godinho M. Associations of physical activity with driving-related cognitive abilities in older drivers: an exploratory study. Percept Mot Skills 2013; 115:521-33. [PMID: 23265015 DOI: 10.2466/10.06.25.pms.115.5.521-533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the associations between hysical activity and driving-related cognitive abilities of older drivers. Thirty-eight female and male drivers ages 61 to 81 years (M = 70.2, SD = 5.0) responded to the International Physical Activity Questionnaire and were assessed on a battery of neuropsychological tests, which included measures of visual attention, executive functioning, mental status, visuospatial ability, and memory. A higher amount of reported physical activity was significantly correlated with better scores on tests of visual processing speed and divided visual attention. Higher amounts of physical activity was significantly associated with a better composite score for visual attention, but its correlation with the composite score for executive functioning was not significant. These findings support the hypothesis that pzhysical activity is associated with preservation of specific driving-related cognitive abilities of older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Marmeleira
- Department of Sport and Health, University of Evora, Portugal.
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Davis JC, Marra CA, Najafzadeh M, Liu-Ambrose T. The independent contribution of executive functions to health related quality of life in older women. BMC Geriatr 2010; 10:16. [PMID: 20359355 PMCID: PMC2867806 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2318-10-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cognition is a multidimensional construct and to our knowledge, no previous studies have examined the independent contribution of specific domains of cognition to health related quality of life. To determine whether executive functions are independently associated with health related quality of life assessed using Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALYs) calculated from the EuroQol EQ-5D (EQ-5D) in older women after adjusting for known covariates, including global cognition. Therefore, we conducted a secondary analysis of community-dwelling older women aged 65-75 years who participated in a 12-month randomized controlled trial of resistance training. We assessed global cognition using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and executive functions using the: 1) Stroop Test; 2) Trail Making Test (Part B) and 3) Digits Verbal Span Backwards Test. We calculated QALYs from the EQ-5D administered at baseline, 6 months and 12 months. Results Our multivariate linear regression model demonstrated the specific executive processes of set shifting and working memory, as measured by Trail Making Test (Part B) and Digits Verbal Span Backward Test (p < 0.01) respectively, were independently associated with QALYs after accounting for age, comorbidities, general mobility, and global cognition. The final model explained 50% of the variation in QALYs. Conclusions Our study highlights the specific executive processes of set shifting and working memory were independently associated with QALYs -- a measure of health related quality of life. Given that executive functions explain variability in QALYs, clinicians may need to consider assessing executive functions when measuring health related quality of life. Further, the EQ-5D may be used to track changes in health status over time and serve as a screening tool for clinicians. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00426881.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Davis
- Centre for Hip Health & Mobility, University of British Columbia & Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute (VCHRI), 301-2647 Willow Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 3P1, Canada
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Dickerson AE, Reistetter T, Parnell M, Robinson S, Stone K, Whitley K. Standardizing the RT-2S Brake Reaction Time Tester. PHYSICAL & OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY IN GERIATRICS 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/02703180802306932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Cantin JF, McFadyen BJ, Doyon J, Swaine B, Dumas D, Vallée M. Can measures of cognitive function predict locomotor behaviour in complex environments following a traumatic brain injury? Brain Inj 2009; 21:327-34. [PMID: 17453761 DOI: 10.1080/02699050701209972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PRIMARY OBJECTIVE To determine the relationships between clinical measures of executive function and attention, and laboratory measures of anticipatory locomotor adaptations with dual tasks following a TBI. METHODS AND PROCEDURES Ten people with moderate or severe TBI were compared to 10 healthy subjects for neuropsychological measures in the clinic, as well as locomotor patterns and reading time in the laboratory for adapted Stroop tasks (Bar and Word) during unobstructed and obstructed walking. MAIN OUTCOMES AND RESULTS As previously found 1 (Vallee M, McFadyen BJ, Swaine B, Doyon J, Cantin JF, Dumas D. Effects of environmental demands on locomotion after traumatic brain injury. Archives of Physical Medicine Rehabilitation 2006;87:806--813) during the locomotor activities, subjects with TBI walked slower, had higher clearance margins and took longer to read during the Stroop tasks than healthy subjects. In general, subjects with TBI also showed deficits in executive functions and attention. Significant relationships were specifically observed between scores on Trail Making B and clearance margins for subjects with TBI, but not for healthy subjects. Alternatively, significant relationships between clinical scores on Stroop and dual task Stroop reading times were obtained for healthy subjects but not for subjects with TBI. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that measures of executive functioning and attention may be associated to locomotor behaviour in complex environments following a moderate to severe TBI.
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Marmeleira JF, Godinho MB, Fernandes OM. The effects of an exercise program on several abilities associated with driving performance in older adults. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2009; 41:90-97. [PMID: 19114142 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2008.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2008] [Revised: 08/30/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of participation in an exercise program on several abilities associated with driving performance in older adults. Thirty-two subjects were randomly assigned to either an exercise group (60-81 years, n=16) or a control group (60-82 years, n=16). The exercise program was planned to stress perceptive, cognitive, and physical abilities. It lasted 12 weeks with a periodicity of three sessions of 60 min per week. Assessments were conducted before and after the intervention on behavioral speed (in single- and dual-task conditions), visual attention, psychomotor performance, speed perception (time-to-contact), and executive functioning. Significant positive effects were found at 12-week follow-up resulting from participation in the exercise program. Behavioral speed improvements were found in reaction time, movement time, and response time (both in single- and dual-task conditions); visual attention improvements took place in speed processing and divided attention; psychomotor performance improvements occurred in lower limb mobility. These results showed that exercise is capable of enhancing several abilities relevant for driving performance and safety in older adults and, therefore, should be promoted.
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Wheatley CJ, Di Stefano M. Individualized assessment of driving fitness for older individuals with health, disability, and age-related concerns. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2008; 9:320-327. [PMID: 18696388 DOI: 10.1080/15389580801895269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Driver licensing agencies are faced with an increasing population of drivers who are seeking to maintain driving privileges whilst coping with functional changes associated with health, disability, or aging-related issues. Some of these changes impact upon the motor, sensory, and cognitive capacities essential for safe motor vehicle operation. The driver assessment process, as provided by occupational therapists and other professionals trained in the techniques of driver rehabilitation, can provide objective data to identify driver strengths and limitations and options available to increase mobility independence via consideration of adaptive mobility equipment, vehicle choice, driver training, or alternative transportation if necessary. This article provides an overview of the driver rehabilitation specialist's assessment and training process, with an analysis of the key issues related to this form of assessment and the need for further research. RESULTS/DISCUSSION The basic driver rehabilitation process is outlined including examples of common deficits, assessment considerations, and intervention approaches. The clinical and on-road assessment procedures are described, with illustrations of the reasoning process that leads to a determination of the person's overall driving competence and rehabilitation recommendations. A review of the literature is provided that examines the currently available documentation that supports this assessment and rehabilitation process. CONCLUSION The article concludes with a review of current literature that examines the claim that detailed clinical and on-road assessment, as provided by driver rehabilitation specialists, is currently the best method for assisting drivers with complex health, disability, or aging-related issues to resume or retain driving privileges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol J Wheatley
- Maryland Division of Rehabilitation Services, Workforce and Technology Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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Stav WB, Justiss MD, McCarthy DP, Mann WC, Lanford DN. Predictability of clinical assessments for driving performance. JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH 2008; 39:1-7. [PMID: 18325410 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2007.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2007] [Accepted: 10/25/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
PROBLEM As the number of older drivers grows, it is increasingly important to accurately identify at-risk drivers. This study tested clinical assessments predictive of real-time driving performance. METHOD Selected assessment tools considered important in the identification of at-risk older drivers represented the domains of vision, cognition, motor performance, and driving knowledge. Participants were administered the battery of assessments followed by an on-road test. A univariate analysis was conducted to identify significant factors (<.05) to be included in a multivariate regression model. RESULTS Assessments identified as independently associated with driving performance in the regression model included: FACTTM Contrast sensitivity slide-B, Rapid Pace Walk, UFOV rating, and MMSE total score. DISCUSSION The domains of vision, cognitive, and motor performance were represented in the predictive model. SUMMARY Due to the dynamic nature of the driving task, it is not likely that a single assessment tool will identify at risk drivers. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY By standardizing the selection of clinical assessments used in driving evaluations, practitioners should be able to provide services more efficiently, more objectively, and more accurately to identify at-risk drivers.
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Roberts TL, Pasquina PF, Nelson VS, Flood KM, Bryant PR, Huang ME. Limb deficiency and prosthetic management. 4. Comorbidities associated with limb loss. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2006; 87:S21-7. [PMID: 16500190 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2005.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2005] [Accepted: 11/22/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED This self-directed learning module highlights common comorbidities found in people with amputations and their impact on functional outcome. It is part of the study guide on limb deficiency and vascular rehabilitation in the Self-Directed Physiatric Education Program for practitioners and trainees in physical medicine and rehabilitation. This article focuses on prosthetic considerations, functional outcome, and potential complications for a woman with the comorbidities of stroke and diabetes who experiences a dysvascular amputation. Formulation of the differential diagnosis, management of limb pain, and evaluation of the potential psychosocial issues arising after amputation are also discussed. OVERALL ARTICLE OBJECTIVE To analyze common comorbidities of people with amputations and to delineate their impact on functional outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni L Roberts
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Service, George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84148, USA.
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Development of a Behind-the-Wheel Driving Performance Assessment for Older Adults. TOPICS IN GERIATRIC REHABILITATION 2006. [DOI: 10.1097/00013614-200604000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Hinson Brown
- College of Nursing and the University Health Services at Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
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International Older Driver Consensus Conference on Assessment, Remediation and Counseling for Transportation Alternatives: Summary and Recommendations. PHYSICAL & OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY IN GERIATRICS 2005; 23:103-121. [PMID: 20668642 DOI: 10.1300/j148v23n02_07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
On December 1 and 2, 2003, 63 international experts on older driver issues met to examine three critical issues related to the safe mobility of older drivers. Conference participants addressed standards and protocols for screening and evaluating the skills of older drivers. For drivers judged to lack the necessary skills to drive safely, participants addressed methods of remediation that could enable older persons with limited cognitive or physical abilities to continue to drive. For those persons whose skills are judged inadequate for safe driving, conference participants addressed the question as to how best to counsel individuals and their caregivers on practical alternatives to driving.Consensus was achieved as to the current methods for best assessing and screening drivers, remediation techniques, and providing advice and counsel for those persons and the caregivers as to appropriate actions for those no longer able to drive safely.
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