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Kilinc HE, Onan D, Ulger O. Investigation of masticatory muscle thickness and mechanosensitivity of cervical and masticatory muscles in myofascial temporomandibular disorder patients with bruxism: A cross-sectional study. Musculoskelet Sci Pract 2024; 70:102919. [PMID: 38335810 DOI: 10.1016/j.msksp.2024.102919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bruxism is a common problem associated with temporomandibular disorders (TMD). The aim of this study was to compare a patient group with Myofascial TMD and bruxism and a healthy control group in terms of masseter and temporal muscle thickness (clenching and resting), mechanosensitivity of neck and jaw muscles, craniofacial pain, and disability and emotional stress status. METHODS The study included 31 patients with myofascial TMD and bruxism (19 females, 12 males) with a mean age of 29.96 ± 8.12 years (range, 18-45 years), and a control group of 31 healthy subjects (19 females, 12 males) with a mean age of 27.58 ± 9.39 years years (range, 18-45 years). Masseter and temporal muscle thicknesses were evaluated with a mobile ultrasound device both at rest and when clenching the jaw. The mechanosensitivity values between the upper trapezius, obliquus capitis inferior, masseter and temporal muscles were measured with a digital algometer device. Craniofacial pain and disability level were evaluated with the Craniofacial Pain and Disability Index (CFPDI), and emotional stress levels with the Perceived Stress Scale-14 (PSS-14). RESULTS No difference was determined between the two groups in respect of the clenching and resting ratios of muscle thickness in any muscle (p > 0.05). The mechanosensitivity values in all muscles were lower in the myofascial TMD group than in the healthy group (p < 0.05). The CFPDI and PSS-14 scores were higher in the myofascial TMD group (p < 0.05). There was a moderate positive correlation between CFPDI, PSS-14 and Bruxism Frequency Score (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION The difference in mechanosensitivity and CFPDI values between the myofascial TMD patients with bruxism and the healthy control group indicates that the problem in this patient group has effects in the craniocervical and cervical regions. In addition, the correlation between CFPDI, PSS-14 and Bruxism Frequency Score in myofascial TMD patients suggests that this problem may be affected by the interaction of different parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Erkan Kilinc
- Spine Health Unit, Faculty of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Dilara Onan
- Spine Health Unit, Faculty of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Ulger
- Spine Health Unit, Faculty of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Cioffi I. Biological and psychological factors affecting the sensory and jaw motor responses to orthodontic tooth movement. Orthod Craniofac Res 2023; 26 Suppl 1:55-63. [PMID: 37395347 DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) is associated with an inflammatory response, tooth pain (i.e. orthodontic pain) and changes in dental occlusion. Clinical realms and research evidence suggest that the sensory and jaw motor responses to OTM vary significantly among individuals. While some adjust well to orthodontic procedures, others may not and can experience significant pain or not adjust to occlusal changes. This is of concern, as clinicians cannot anticipate an individual's sensorimotor response to OTM. Converging evidence shows that some psychological states and traits significantly affect the sensorimotor response to OTM and may considerably affect an individual's adaptation to orthodontic or other dental procedures. We performed a topical review to synthesize the available knowledge about the behavioural mechanisms regulating the sensorimotor response to OTM, with the intent of informing orthodontic practitioners and researchers about specific psychological states and traits that should be considered while planning orthodontic treatment. We report on studies focusing on the role of anxiety, pain catastrophising, and somatosensory amplification (i.e. bodily hypervigilance), on sensory and jaw motor responses. Psychological states and traits can significantly affect sensory and jaw motor responses and a patient's adaptation to orthodontic procedures, although large interindividual variability exists. Clinicians can use validated instruments (checklists or questionnaires) to collect information about patients' psychological traits, which can assist in identifying those individuals who may not adjust well to orthodontic procedures. The information included in this manuscript also assists researchers investigating the effect of orthodontic procedures and or/appliances on orthodontic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Cioffi
- Faculty of Dentistry, Centre for Multimodal Sensorimotor and Pain Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Discipline of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- University of Toronto Centre for the Study of Pain, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Allami Sanjani M, Tahami E, Veisi G. Synchronous Muscle Synergy Evaluation of Jaw Muscle Activities during Chewing at Different Speeds, a Preliminary Study. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1344. [PMID: 37759945 PMCID: PMC10526820 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13091344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Human mastication is a complex and rhythmic biomechanical process regulated by the central nervous system (CNS). Muscle synergies are a group of motor primitives that the CNS may combine to simplify motor control in human movement. This study aimed to apply the non-negative matrix factorization approach to examine the coordination of the masticatory muscles on both sides during chewing. Ten healthy individuals were asked to chew gum at different speeds while their muscle activity was measured using surface electromyography of the right and left masseter and temporalis muscles. Regardless of the chewing speed, two main muscle synergies explained most of the muscle activity variation, accounting for over 98% of the changes in muscle patterns (variance accounted for >98%). The first synergy contained the chewing side masseter muscle information, and the second synergy provided information on bilateral temporalis muscles during the jaw closing. Furthermore, there was robust consistency and high degrees of similarity among the sets of muscle synergy information across different rate conditions and participants. These novel findings in healthy participants supported the hypothesis that all participants in various chewing speed conditions apply the same motor control strategies for chewing. Furthermore, these outcomes can be utilized to design rehabilitation approaches such as biofeedback therapy for mastication disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Allami Sanjani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran 9187147578;
| | - Ehsan Tahami
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran 9187147578;
| | - Gelareh Veisi
- Department of Computer Engineering, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran 9177948564
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Rrapaj A, Landau AM, Winterdahl M. Exploration of possible sex bias in acute social stress research: a semi-systematic review. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2023; 35:205-217. [PMID: 36876342 DOI: 10.1017/neu.2023.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Stress can have a significant impact on the daily lives of individuals and can increase vulnerability to a number of medical conditions. This study aims to estimate the ratio of male to female participants in acute social stress research in healthy individuals. We examined original research articles published over the last 20 years. Each article was screened to determine the total number of female and male participants. We extracted data from 124 articles involving a total of 9539 participants. A total of 4221 (44.2%) participants were female, 5056 (53.0%) were male and 262 (2.7%) were unreported. Articles incorporating only females were significantly underrepresented compared to articles incorporating only males. Forty articles (63.5%) which presented data from both females and males, failed to analyse and interpret the results by sex, a significant methodological limitation. In conclusion, in the literature published over the last 20 years, female participants are significantly underrepresented. In the studies where females are represented, severe methodological limitations are apparent. Researchers should be conscious of sexual dimorphism, menstrual phase and use of hormonal contraception, which may impact the interpretation of their results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artemida Rrapaj
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anne M Landau
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET-Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Michael Winterdahl
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET-Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Xiao F, Hu A, Meng B, Zhang Y, Han W, Su J. PVH-Peri5 Pathway for Stress-Coping Oromotor and Anxious Behaviors in Mice. J Dent Res 2023; 102:227-237. [PMID: 36303441 DOI: 10.1177/00220345221130305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Stressful stimuli can activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Clinically, it has been widely reported that stressful events are often accompanied by teeth clenching and bruxism, while mastication (chewing) can promote coping with stress. Trigeminal motoneurons in the trigeminal motor nucleus supplying the chewing muscles receive direct inputs from interneurons within the peritrigeminal premotor area (Peri5). Previous studies found that the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVH) participates in trigeminal activities during stressful events. However, the neural pathway by which the stress-induced oral movements alleviate stress is largely unknown. We hypothesized that paraventricular-trigeminal circuits might be associated with the stress-induced chewing movements and anxiety levels. First, we observed the stress-coping effect of wood gnawing on stress-induced anxiety, with less anxiety-like behaviors seen in the open field test and elevated plus maze, as well as decreased corticosterone and blood glucose levels, in response to stress in mice. We then found that excitotoxic lesions of PVH reduced the effect of gnawing on stress, reflected in more anxiety-like behaviors; this emphasizes the importance of the PVH in stress responses. Anterograde, retrograde, transsynaptic, and nontranssynaptic tracing through central and peripheral injections confirmed monosynaptic projections from PVH to Peri5. We discovered that PVH receives proprioceptive sensory inputs from the jaw muscle and periodontal ligaments, as well as provides motor outputs via the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (Me5) and Peri5. Next, pathway-specific functional manipulation by chemogenetic inhibition was conducted to further explore the role of PVH-Peri5 monosynaptic projections. Remarkably, PVH-Peri5 inhibition decreased gnawing but did not necessarily reduce stress-induced anxiety. Moreover, neuropeptide B (NPB) was expressed in Peri5-projecting PVH neurons, indicating that NPB signaling may mediate the effects of PVH-Peri5. In conclusion, our data revealed a PVH-Peri5 circuit that plays a role in the stress response via its associations with oromotor movements and relative anxiety-like behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Xiao
- Department of Prosthodontics, Stomatological Hospital and Dental School of Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - A Hu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Stomatological Hospital and Dental School of Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - B Meng
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Y Zhang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Stomatological Hospital and Dental School of Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - W Han
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
| | - J Su
- Department of Prosthodontics, Stomatological Hospital and Dental School of Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
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Hashimoto A, Nozaki A, Inoue H, Kuwano T. High masticatory ability attenuates psychosocial stress: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0279891. [PMID: 36652405 PMCID: PMC9847911 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mastication interventions have previously been shown to alleviate acute stress. However, the relationship between masticatory performance and stress response among individuals remains unclear. This study aimed to examine the relationship between masticatory ability and stress response in young women by measuring the autonomic nerve function and salivary α-amylase activity during psychosocial stress. Eighty women (aged 20.0 ± 1.9 years) were divided into either a low or high masticatory performance group, and the Trier Social Stress Test was conducted. Moreover, the autonomic function was measured at rest, immediately before stress, immediately after stress, and 10 min after stress. The salivary α-amylase activity was also measured at rest, 5 min after stress, and 15 min after stress. The visual analog scale (VAS) was used for subjective stress evaluation. There was a significant increase in the autonomic balance of both groups immediately before stress loading, but whilst the high masticatory ability group showed a return to resting-state levels after stress loading, the low masticatory ability group showed elevated levels after stress loading. Salivary α-amylase activity significantly increased 5 min after stress loading in the low, but not high, masticatory ability group. Furthermore, the VAS scores for tension and confusion after stress were significantly higher in the low masticatory ability group than in the high masticatory ability group. Our findings suggest that high masticatory performance may contribute to alleviating psychosocial stress. This is the first study to clarify the relationship between habitual masticatory performance and psychosocial stress suppression in young women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Hashimoto
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Home Economics, Kyoto Women’s University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Aya Nozaki
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroko Inoue
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Faculty of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Toyo University, Gunma, Japan
| | - Toshiko Kuwano
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Winocur-Arias O, Winocur E, Shalev-Antsel T, Reiter S, Shifra L, Emodi-Perlman A, Friedman-Rubin P. Painful Temporomandibular Disorders, Bruxism and Oral Parafunctions before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic Era: A Sex Comparison among Dental Patients. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11030589. [PMID: 35160041 PMCID: PMC8837112 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11030589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To evaluate the effect of the current coronavirus pandemic on the prevalence of bruxism, oral parafunctions and painful Temporo-Mandibular Disorders (TMDs) and to evaluate the influence of the pandemic on both sexes. Methods: This retrospective study included 288 dental patients who underwent complete anamnesis and examination according to the Diagnostic Criteria for TMD. The study evaluated two patient populations according to the date of examination: (a) pre-COVID-19 pandemic era (108 patients); (b) COVID 19 pandemic era, where 180 patients were examined during the pandemic. Results: A significant increase in parafunction activity was found in both men and women (p < 0.001) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Awake bruxism (AB) and sleep bruxism (SB) was more prevalent during the COVID-19 pandemic solely in women (AB-p < 0.001; SB-p = 0.014). Conclusions: Men and women were affected by the ongoing stress due to the COVID-19 pandemic, yet women showed a higher influence as compared to men. The long-term exposure to elevated levels of anxiety and stress may aggravate or trigger stomatognathic detrimental conditions. Dentists should be aware and regularly monitor their patients regarding the possible existence and consequences of bruxism and TMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orit Winocur-Arias
- Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, The Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6139001, Israel; (O.W.-A.); (R.S.)
| | - Efraim Winocur
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, The Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6139001, Israel; (E.W.); (T.S.-A.); (L.S.); (P.F.-R.)
| | - Tamar Shalev-Antsel
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, The Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6139001, Israel; (E.W.); (T.S.-A.); (L.S.); (P.F.-R.)
| | - Shoshana Reiter
- Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, The Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6139001, Israel; (O.W.-A.); (R.S.)
| | - Levartovsky Shifra
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, The Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6139001, Israel; (E.W.); (T.S.-A.); (L.S.); (P.F.-R.)
| | - Alona Emodi-Perlman
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, The Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6139001, Israel; (E.W.); (T.S.-A.); (L.S.); (P.F.-R.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Pessia Friedman-Rubin
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, The Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6139001, Israel; (E.W.); (T.S.-A.); (L.S.); (P.F.-R.)
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8
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Schmalbach I, Herhaus B, Pässler S, Schmalbach B, Berth H, Petrowski K. Effects of stress on chewing and food intake in patients with anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 2021; 54:1160-1170. [PMID: 33751639 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study investigates the impact of psychosocial stress on chewing and eating behavior in patients with anorexia nervosa (PAN ). METHOD The eating and chewing behavior of PAN were examined in a standardized setting by means of a chewing sensor. These procedures encompassed n = 19 PAN , age, and gender matched to n = 19 healthy controls (HC). Food intake and chewing frequency were assessed in two experimental conditions: rest versus stress (via Trier Social Stress Test). To verify stress induction, two appraisal scales were employed. In addition, chronic stress, psychological distress and eating disorder symptoms were assessed. RESULTS In terms of food intake and chewing frequency, the results of the 2x2 ANOVA demonstrated a significant effect of condition and group. During stress, all participants demonstrated a higher chewing frequency and a decreased ingestion. In general, patients ate less at a lower chewing frequency (vs. HC). However, sample specific analyses demonstrated that the eating and chewing behavior of PAN remained unchanged regardless of the condition, except for their drinking. Food choices were comparable between the groups, but appetite values significantly differed. DISCUSSION The increase in chewing frequency in all participants during stress suggests that chewing might impact affect regulation, however, not specifically in PAN . Future research should clarify to what extent the normalization of chewing behavior could ameliorate ED-symptoms (incl. food intake) in PAN . The application of a chewing sensor could support this aim and future interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ileana Schmalbach
- Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany.,Technische Universität Dresden, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Research Group Applied Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Benedict Herhaus
- Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sebastian Pässler
- Abteilung für Innere Medizin III, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus an der Technischen Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Bjarne Schmalbach
- Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hendrik Berth
- Technische Universität Dresden, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Research Group Applied Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Katja Petrowski
- Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany.,Abteilung für Innere Medizin III, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus an der Technischen Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Miró A, Buscà B, Aguilera-Castells J, Arboix-Alió J. Acute Effects of Wearing Bite-Aligning Mouthguards on Muscular Strength, Power, Agility and Quickness in a Trained Population: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18136933. [PMID: 34203502 PMCID: PMC8297034 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18136933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present systematic review was to determine the acute effects of wearing bite-aligning mouthguards on muscle strength, power, agility and quickness in athletes. A search of the current literature was performed using the electronic databases (until 1 May 2021) Web of Science, Scopus and Medline. The inclusion criteria were: (1) descriptive design studies; (2) with randomized clinical trials; (3) examining the within-subject acute effects of wearing mouthguards on functional and neuromuscular performance parameters; (4) in physical active, recreational or high-standard athletes. Twenty-seven studies met the inclusion criteria. Sixteen reported positive effects in some of the variables assessed, two reported negative effects and the rest found no significant differences. Overall, the main findings described in the literature are inconclusive concerning the neuromuscular advantages of using mouthguards in muscle strength, power, agility and quickness. These discrepancies might be related to several factors such as differences in testing protocols, poor control of the jaw magnitude and improper mouthguard designs. Despite these differences, after conducting the present systematic review, the authors speculate that jaw clenching while wearing custom-made, bite-aligning oral devices might promote beneficial effects in lower limb power actions, especially in jump ability and knee extension movements. Thus, athletes might consider the use of mouthguards, not only for their protective role but also for the potential ergogenic effects in specific actions, mainly those for which lower limb muscular power are required.
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Lässing J, Schulze A, Falz R, Kwast S, Busse M. A randomized crossover study on the effects of a custom-made mouthguard on cardiopulmonary parameters and cortisol differences in a validated handball specific course. Injury 2021; 52:825-830. [PMID: 33008634 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2020.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The importance of mouthguards for handball players has been proven however, most players are reluctant to use it. The impact on physical capacity is assessed heterogeneously in the literature. This study aimed to investigate the influence of custom-made mouthguards (CMGs) under handball specific stress. METHODS This randomized crossover study used data from 15 youth professional handball players (age 17.0 ±0.5 years, weight 85.1±8.0 kg and height 191.2±6.9 cm) who performed a validated handball specific course and a lung function test. Pulmonary (spirometry), metabolic (blood lactate), and cortisol parameters were observed using a normal custom-made mouthguard without (nCMG) and with respiratory channels (CMGvent) in comparison to no mouthguard (Co). RESULTS In resting spirometry, no differences in the parameter peak flow were observed using the CMGvent (9.57±1.59 l·s-1) and nCMG (9.17±1.03 l·s-1) in comparison to the Co (9.38±1.26 l·s-1). Under maximum stress, there were no differences in ventilation using CMGvent (151.2±15.64 L ·min-1), nCMG (148.6±12.51 l·min-1), and without mouthguard (145.8±14.32 l·min-1). Similar oxygen uptake was observed when using a CMGvent (45.51±4.14 L ·min-1·kg-1), nCMG (45.50±5.06 ml·min-1 ·kg-1), and without CMG (Co 43.90±4.02 mL ·min-1). The parameters of HR (CMGvent 185.2±11.63 bpm vs. Co 179.4±13.24 bpm p=0.46, nCMG 178.2±11.54 bpm vs. Co p=0.97; CMGvent vs. nCMG p=0.08) and in the blood lactate values (CMGvent: 9.66±2.3 mmol·l-1 vs. Co 9.07±2.1 mmol·l-1 p=0.63; nCMG 9.39±2.8 mmol·l-1 vs. Co p=0.87; CMGvent vs. nCMG p=0.91) displayed no differences. The cortisol production under stress showed no differences in the performance with the CMGvent (1.78±3.58 ng/ml), nCMG (0.74±4.52 ng/mL), and in the procedure without mouthguard (0.25. ±5.01 ng/ml). CONCLUSION The results showed that under stress, there were no differences in the cortisol, ventilation, cardiac, and metabolic responses for all three conditions. Finally, the study shows that the use of a custom-made mouthguard does not negatively affect handball specific performance. Due to the preventive aspect of the mouthguard, the use of a custom-made mouthguard in handball is strongly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Lässing
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Prevention, University of Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Antina Schulze
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Prevention, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - Roberto Falz
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Prevention, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan Kwast
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Prevention, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Busse
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Prevention, University of Leipzig, Germany
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Soto-Goñi XA, Alen F, Buiza-González L, Marcolino-Cruz D, Sánchez-Sánchez T, Ardizone-García I, Aneiros-López F, Jiménez-Ortega L. Adaptive Stress Coping in Awake Bruxism. Front Neurol 2020; 11:564431. [PMID: 33362686 PMCID: PMC7755641 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.564431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have analyzed the relationship between psychological factors and bruxism. However, the data are often obscured by the lack of precise diagnostic criteria and the variety of the psychological questionnaires used. The purpose of this study is to determine the association between awake bruxism and psychological factors (anxiety, depression, sociability, stress coping, and personality traits). With this aim, 68 participants (13 males) completed a battery of psychological questionnaires, a self-reported bruxism questionnaire, and a clinical examination. Based on their scores on the bruxism questionnaire and the clinical examination, subjects were divided into two groups. Subjects who met the criteria for “probable awake bruxism” were assigned to the case group (n = 29, five males). The control group (n = 39, nine males) was composed of subjects who showed no signs or symptoms of bruxism in the examination nor in the questionnaire. The probable awake bruxism group presented significantly higher levels of trait and state anxiety, symptoms of somatization, and neuroticism than the control group. Despite this, and when their problem coping strategies were considered, awake bruxers showed higher levels in Positive Reappraisal (p < 0.05), a strategy generally considered as adaptive. In conclusion, although awake bruxers in our study showed larger levels of anxiety, somatization, and neuroticism, they also displayed more adapted coping strategies, while according to previous data TMD patients (which generally also present high levels of anxiety, somatization and neuroticism) might tend to present less adaptive coping styles. Thus, awake bruxism may play a positive role in stress coping, which would be compatible with the hypothesis of mastication as a means of relieving psychological tension. This finding should be further confirmed by future research comparing TMD patients with definitive awake bruxers and controls and using larger and more representative samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xabier Ander Soto-Goñi
- Department of Psychobiology and Behavioral Sciences Methods, Faculty of Odontology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Alen
- Department of Psychobiology and Behavioral Sciences Methods, Faculty of Odontology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Leticia Buiza-González
- Department of Psychobiology and Behavioral Sciences Methods, Faculty of Odontology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Danielle Marcolino-Cruz
- Department of Psychobiology and Behavioral Sciences Methods, Faculty of Odontology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Sánchez-Sánchez
- Department of Conservative and Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Odontology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Ardizone-García
- Department of Conservative and Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Odontology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Aneiros-López
- Department of Conservative and Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Odontology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Jiménez-Ortega
- Department of Psychobiology and Behavioral Sciences Methods, Faculty of Odontology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Centre for Human Evolution and Behaviour, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM-ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
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12
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Lou T, Tran J, Castroflorio T, Tassi A, Cioffi I. Evaluation of masticatory muscle response to clear aligner therapy using ambulatory electromyographic recording. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2020; 159:e25-e33. [PMID: 33234460 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2020.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Patients undergoing clear aligner therapy (CAT) report muscle tenderness and produce wear facets on their aligner trays. However, little is known about the masticatory muscle response to clear aligners. Here, we measured the activity of the masseter during CAT using ambulatory electromyography. We also explored whether psychological traits modulate the masticatory muscle response to CAT. METHODS Using portable data loggers, we recorded the electromyographic (EMG) activity in the right masseter muscle of 17 healthy adults without temporomandibular disorder (16 females, 1 male; mean age ± standard deviation, 35.3 ± 17.6 years) commencing treatment with CAT over 4 weeks, under the following conditions: week 1 without aligners (baseline), week 2 with a passive aligner (dummy), week 3 with their first active aligner (active1), and week 4 with their second active aligner (active2). We used a mixed-effect model to test differences in EMG activity over the 4-weeks and a general linear model to test the effect of psychological traits on EMG activity. RESULTS The EMG activity of the masseter increased significantly with aligners compared with baseline. The largest relative increase in EMG activity was seen during the dummy (152%; P <0.001) and active1 (155%; P <0.001) stages. During active2, the activity of the masseter decreased significantly toward baseline levels. Participants' trait anxiety was positively associated with increases in EMG activity (P = 0.027). CONCLUSIONS CAT is associated with a transient increase in masticatory muscle activity, possibly because of an increase in wake-time parafunctional tooth clenching. Temporomandibular disorder-free patients adapt well to CAT as the masticatory muscle activity decreases toward baseline levels after 2 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantong Lou
- Faculty of Dentistry, Graduate Program in Orthodontics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Johnny Tran
- Division of Graduate Orthodontics, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Ali Tassi
- Division of Graduate Orthodontics, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Iacopo Cioffi
- Faculty of Dentistry, Discipline of Orthodontics, Centre for Multimodal Sensorimotor and Pain Research, Centre for The Study of Pain, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Dentistry, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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13
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The intensity of awake bruxism episodes is increased in individuals with high trait anxiety. Clin Oral Investig 2020; 25:3197-3206. [PMID: 33098032 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03650-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Trait anxiety is associated with an increased occurrence of awake bruxism episodes, a behavior characterized by clenching of the teeth contributing to temporomandibular disorders in some individuals. Here we measured the activity of the masseter and the intensity and duration of spontaneous wake-time tooth clenching episodes in healthy individuals with different levels of trait anxiety (TA). MATERIALS AND METHODS Two hundred fifty-five individuals completed a web survey. Using their TA scores, we allocated them in low (< 20th percentile of the TA score distribution), intermediate (between 20th and 80th ), and high (> 80th) TA groups. We analyzed the electromyographic (EMG) activity of the right masseter during a 15-min silent reading task in forty-three individuals with low (n = 12), intermediate (n = 17), and high TA (n = 14). We tested between-group differences in EMG activity of the masseter, as well as postural activity-the muscular activity that maintains mandibular posture, and amplitude and duration of spontaneous tooth clenching episodes. RESULTS The activity of the masseter (mean ± SEM %maximum voluntary contraction/MVC) was greater in the high TA (10.23 ± 0.16%MVC) than the intermediate (8.49 ± 0.16%MVC) and low (7.97 ± 0.22%MVC) TA groups (all p < 0.001). Postural activity did not differ between groups (all p > 0.05). The EMG amplitude of tooth clenching episodes was greater in the high TA (19.97 ± 0.21 %MVC) than the intermediate (16.40 ± 0.24%MVC) and low (15.48 ± 0.38 %MVC) TA groups (all p < 0.05). The cumulative duration of clenching episodes was not different between groups (p = 0.390). CONCLUSIONS Increased TA is associated with both increased masseter muscle activity and intensity of wake-time tooth clenching episodes. CLINICAL RELEVANCE TA may contribute significantly to masticatory muscle overload.
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14
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Imbriglio TV, Moayedi M, Freeman BV, Tenenbaum HC, Thaut M, Cioffi I. Music Modulates Awake Bruxism in Chronic Painful Temporomandibular Disorders. Headache 2020; 60:2389-2405. [PMID: 32997813 DOI: 10.1111/head.13971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this experimental study, we aimed to determine whether guided music listening (GML) - a music intervention based on models of mood mediation and attention modulation - modulates masticatory muscle activity and awake bruxism in subjects with chronic painful muscular temporomandibular disorders (TMD myalgia, mTMD), a condition causing a significant burden to patients, their families, and healthcare systems. BACKGROUND Awake bruxism - a stress behavior characterized by clenching of the teeth - is a strong contributor to chronic mTMD. GML modulates psychological stress and motor responses and could thus reduce muscle activity in chronic musculoskeletal conditions, including mTMD. METHODS We recorded the electromyographic (EMG) activity in the right masseter of 14 women with chronic (>6 months) mTMD (median [IQR] = 39.5.3 [24.3] years) and 15 pain-free women (median [IQR] = 30.0 [3.5] years) during a GML session, including 3 music (stressful, relaxing, and participants' favorite music) and a no-music (pink noise) control blocks, each lasting 15 minutes. We measured the motor effort of the right masseter relative to the participants' maximum voluntary contraction (MVC), the muscular effort to maintain mandibular posture (EMGposture ), and to produce spontaneous awake bruxism episodes (EMGbruxism ), and the duration and frequency of spontaneous awake bruxism episodes. We tested between-group and within-group (between blocks) differences, as well as the effect of the interaction group by experimental block on these outcome measures. RESULTS In both groups, EMGposture was significantly affected by the interaction group by experimental block (P < .001). Compared to pink noise [mean (95% CI); mTMD: 2.2 (1.6-2.8) %MVC; Controls: 1.1 (0.5-1.7) %MVC], EMGposture increased during the stressful music block [contrast estimate (95% CI); mTMD: +0.8 (0.7-0.8) %MVC; Controls: +0.3 (0.3-0.4) %MVC; both P < .001], and decreased during the relaxing [mTMD: -0.4 (-0.5 to -0.4) %MVC; Controls: -0.3 (-0.4 to -0.3) %MVC; both P < .001] and favorite [mTMD: -0.5 (-0.6 to -0.5) %MVC; Controls: -0.5 (-0.5 to -0.4) %MVC; both P < .001] music blocks. EMGposture was greater in mTMD individuals than controls during the favorite music [contrast estimate (95% CI): +1.1 (0.2-1.9) %MVC; P = .019] and the pink noise [+1.1 (0.2-2.0) %MVC; P = .014] blocks. EMGbruxism was significantly affected by the interaction group by experimental block (P < .001). In mTMD participants, compared to the pink noise block [mean (95% CI); 23.8 (16.0-31.6) %MVC], EMGbruxism increased during the stressful music block [contrast estimate (95% CI); +10.2 (8.6-11.8) %MVC], and decreased during the relaxing [-6.2 (-8.1 to -4.3) %MVC; P < .001] and favorite [-10.2 (-12.2 to -9.1) %MVC; P < .001] music blocks. These effects were not observed in the control group [mean (95% CI); pink noise: 19.3 (10.9-27.6); stressful: 21.2 (12.9-29.4) %MVC; relaxing: 21.6 (13.3-29.9) %MVC; favorite: 24.2 (15.8-32.7) %MVC; all P > .05]. EMGbruxism was significantly greater in mTMD participants than controls during the stressful music block [contrast estimate (95% CI): +12.9 (1.6-24.2) %MVC; P = .026). GML did not affect the duration or the frequency of awake bruxism in either group (median [IQR], mTMD: 23.5 [96.7] s, range 1-1300 seconds; Controls: 5.5 [22.5], range 0-246 seconds; P = .108). The frequency of awake bruxism episodes was greater in the mTMD group compared to controls only during the pink noise block (median [IQR], mTMD: 5 [15.3] episodes, range 0-62 episodes; Controls: 1 [3] episode, range 0-27 episodes; P = .046). No significant between-group differences were found in either the overall time spent engaging in awake bruxism (median [IQR], mTMD: 23.5 [96.7] s, range 1-1300 seconds; Controls: 5.5 [22.5], range 0-246 seconds; P = .108), or during each block (all P > .05). CONCLUSIONS In subjects with chronic mTMD, relaxing music and the individual's favorite music decreased the muscular effort during spontaneous awake bruxism episodes by 26% and 44% (relative changes), respectively. In contrast, stressful music increases it by about 43%. Because of its positive effects on awake bruxism, GML with selected music could be a promising and non-invasive component of a multimodal approach for the management of chronic mTMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Veronica Imbriglio
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Centre for Multimodal Sensorimotor and Pain Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Massieh Moayedi
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Centre for Multimodal Sensorimotor and Pain Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,University of Toronto Centre for the Study of Pain, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Dentistry, Centre for Advanced Dental Research and Care, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bruce Victor Freeman
- Department of Dentistry, Centre for Advanced Dental Research and Care, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Howard Charles Tenenbaum
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Dentistry, Centre for Advanced Dental Research and Care, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Thaut
- Faculty of Music, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Iacopo Cioffi
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Centre for Multimodal Sensorimotor and Pain Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,University of Toronto Centre for the Study of Pain, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Dentistry, Centre for Advanced Dental Research and Care, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
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15
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Mogenot M, Hein-Halbgewachs L, Goetz C, Ouamara N, Droz-Desprez D, Strazielle C, Albecker S, Mengus B, Strub M, Manière MC, Richardin P, Wang S, Piga G, Dalstein A, Anastasio D. Efficacy, tolerability, and safety of an innovative medical device for improving oral accessibility during oral examination in special-needs patients: A multicentric clinical trial. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239898. [PMID: 32986784 PMCID: PMC7521731 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background People with special needs have high unmet oral healthcare needs, partly because dentists find it difficult to access their oral cavity. The Oral Accessibility Spatula aims to improve oral accessibility. This prospective multicenter interventional open-label non-randomized patient-self-controlled trial assessed the ability of the spatula to improve the oral accessibility of special-needs patients during dental examinations. Methods The cohort was a convenience sample of minor and adult patients with special needs due to physical, intellectual, and/or behavioral disorders who underwent dental check-up/treatment in five French tertiary hospitals/private clinics in 2016–2018 and evinced some (Venham-Score = 2–4) but not complete (Venham-Score = 5) resistance to oral examination. After inclusion, patients underwent oral examination without the spatula and then immediately thereafter oral examination with the spatula. Primary outcome was Oral Accessibility Score (0–12 points; higher scores indicate visualization and probing of the tooth sectors). Secondary outcomes were patient toleration (change in Venham-Score relative to first examination), safety, and Examiner Satisfaction Score (0–10; low scores indicate unsatisfactory examination). Results The 201 patients were mostly non-elderly adults (18–64 years, 65%) but also included children (21%), adolescents (11%), and aged patients (3%). One-quarter, half, and one-quarter had Venham-Score = 2, 3, and 4 at inclusion, respectively. The spatula significantly improved Oral Accessibility Score (4.8 to 10.8), Venham-Score (3.1 to 2.6), and Examiner Satisfaction Score (3.4 to 7.2) (all p<0.001). There were no severe spatula-related adverse events. Conclusion The spatula significantly improved oral access, was safe and well-tolerated by the patients, and markedly improved oral examination quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Mogenot
- Department of Odontology, Metz-Thionville Regional Hospital, Bel-Air Hospital, Thionville, France
| | | | - Christophe Goetz
- Clinical Research Support Unit, Metz-Thionville Regional Hospital, Mercy Hospital, Metz, France
| | - Nadia Ouamara
- Clinical Research Support Unit, Metz-Thionville Regional Hospital, Mercy Hospital, Metz, France
| | | | | | - Sylvie Albecker
- Handident Alsace Network, St François Clinic, Haguenau, France
| | - Brigitte Mengus
- Handident Alsace Network, St François Clinic, Haguenau, France
| | - Marion Strub
- Department of Odontology, Strasbourg Regional University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - Marie-Cécile Manière
- Department of Odontology, Strasbourg Regional University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - Pascal Richardin
- Department of Odontology, Metz-Thionville Regional Hospital, Mercy Hospital, Metz, France
| | - Stéphane Wang
- Department of Odontology, Metz-Thionville Regional Hospital, Mercy Hospital, Metz, France
| | - Giuseppa Piga
- Clinical Research Support Unit, Metz-Thionville Regional Hospital, Mercy Hospital, Metz, France
| | - Amélie Dalstein
- Department of Odontology, Emile-Durkenheim Hospital, Epinal, France
| | - Daniel Anastasio
- Department of Odontology, Metz-Thionville Regional Hospital, Bel-Air Hospital, Thionville, France
- * E-mail:
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16
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Abstract
Bruxism: Classification, Diagnostics and Treatment Abstract. Bruxism, the grinding or clenching of teeth, is common in the population. Stress, anxiety syndromes and genetic disposition seem to be dominant factors that lead to increased muscle tension. A distinction is made between two circadian manifestations, sleep and wake bruxism. Bruxism is a major risk factor for tooth structure and dentures. The diagnosis is based on a targeted medical history and examination. Sleep bruxism can be demonstrated by electromyography and video recording in the sleep laboratory. The treatment aims to protect the hard tooth substance and preserve the denture using occlusal splints. Relaxation exercises can improve bruxism. Specialized physiotherapy can improve tension, pain and restricted movement. Botulinum toxin treatment reduces the subjective complaints during the period of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Vavrina
- Medizinische Fakultät, Universität Zürich
- ORL HNO Seepraxen, Horgen und Wädenswil
| | - Josef Vavrina
- ORL HNO Seepraxen, Horgen und Wädenswil
- Schlafzentrum See-Spital, Kilchberg
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17
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Solana-Tramunt M, Buscà B, Morales J, Miró A, Aguilera-Castells J, Arboix-Alió J. Effects of Wearing a Jaw-repositioning Intra-oral Device in Synchronized Swimming Athletes. Int J Sports Med 2020; 41:839-845. [PMID: 32590846 DOI: 10.1055/a-1179-5806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The effects of wearing an intra-oral device on several ventilatory and fatigue markers have been reported for a variety of sports. The quality of the figures performed in synchronized swimming is directly affected by fatigue, and can be monitored during training sessions (TS). The aim of the study was to investigate the acute effects of wearing customized intra-oral devices on heart rate variability, rating of perceived exertion, blood lactate accumulation, and salivary cortisol production during a competitive training session. Twelve highly trained elite female athletes (age: 21.0±3.6 years) participated in the study. Fatigue markers were assessed at the beginning and at the end of the 3rd and 5th afternoon TS for that week, once with and once without an intra-oral device, in random order. Salivary cortisol levels were higher in relation to the baseline in the intra-oral device condition (P<0.05) but not in athletes without an intra-oral device. No differences between conditions were found in rating of perceived exertion (P=0.465) and blood lactate (P=0.711). No time or condition interactions or main effects were shown for heart rate variability. Thus, there is no evidence that wearing a low-arch intra-oral device is a good recommendation for high-standard athletes performing long and stressful routines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Solana-Tramunt
- Facultat de Psicologia, Ciències de l'Educació i de l'Esport Blanquerna, Fundacio Blanquerna Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bernat Buscà
- Facultat de Psicologia, Ciències de l'Educació i de l'Esport Blanquerna, Fundacio Blanquerna Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Morales
- Facultat de Psicologia, Ciències de l'Educació i de l'Esport Blanquerna, Fundacio Blanquerna Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adrià Miró
- Facultat de Psicologia, Ciències de l'Educació i de l'Esport Blanquerna, Fundacio Blanquerna Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Aguilera-Castells
- Facultat de Psicologia, Ciències de l'Educació i de l'Esport Blanquerna, Fundacio Blanquerna Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Arboix-Alió
- Facultat de Psicologia, Ciències de l'Educació i de l'Esport Blanquerna, Fundacio Blanquerna Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
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18
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Effect of Gum Chewing on PFC Activity During Discomfort Sound Stimulation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020. [PMID: 31893402 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34461-0_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is sensitive to the stress exposure and involved in stress coping. And the effects of gum chewing on the stress have been studied using NIRS. However, when measuring NIRS on PFC during gum chewing, blood flows in shallow tissues (scalp, skin, muscle) might be affected. A NIRS used in the present study first, which has a short distance (1 cm) and the usual (3 cm) source-detector (S-D) regression, can allow eliminating shallow tissues effect of gum chewing. The aim of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that gum chewing activates the right prefrontal cortex (PFC) in stress coping against negative sounds (NS) from the International Affective Digitized Sounds-2 (IADS) as a mental stress task. NS showed activation in the right PFC. There was a significant difference between NS, and NS with Gum, where NS with Gum showed an increased PFC activity, increased alpha wave appearance rate, a higher value in heart rate level, and a higher VAS score indicating 'pleasant'. Gum chewing activated right PFC activity while exposed to negative sounds from IADS as a mental stress task.
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19
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Kubo KY, Suzuki A, Iinuma M, Sato Y, Nagashio R, Ohta E, Azuma K. Vulnerability to stress in mouse offspring is ameliorated when pregnant dams are provided a chewing stick during prenatal stress. Arch Oral Biol 2018; 97:150-155. [PMID: 30390464 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether maternal chewing during prenatal stress alters the responsivity of young offspring to novel stress, we examined the expression of hippocampal glucocorticoid receptors and mineralocorticoid receptors, and the levels of hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone in young adult mouse offspring of dams exposed to restraint stress during pregnancy. DESIGN To induce stress, the dams were placed in a ventilated restraint tube for 45 min each day from day 12 of pregnancy through parturition. While restrained in the tube, one group of dams was provided a wooden stick for chewing. Hippocampal expression of glucocorticoid receptor and mineralocorticoid receptor messenger ribonucleic acid was assessed in 1-month-old pups. Hypothalamic expression of corticotropin-releasing hormone messenger ribonucleic acid was examined before and after exposing the offspring to a novel stressor. RESULTS Prenatal stress significantly decreased hippocampal expression of both glucocorticoid receptor and mineralocorticoid receptor messenger ribonucleic acid in the offspring, and increased the expression of corticotropin-releasing hormone messenger ribonucleic acid in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus in the offspring after novel stress exposure. Maternal chewing during exposure to prenatal stress attenuated the decreased hippocampal expression of both glucocorticoid receptor and mineralocorticoid receptor messenger ribonucleic acid, and the increased corticotropin-releasing hormone messenger ribonucleic acid expression in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus in the offspring. CONCLUSIONS Downregulation of hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor and mineralocorticoid receptor expression in offspring due to prenatal stress, which may be associated with increased susceptibility to novel stress in adulthood, are attenuated by allowing the dams to chew on a wooden stick.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kin-Ya Kubo
- Graduate School of Human Life Science, Nagoya Women's University, 3-40, Shioji-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8610, Japan.
| | - Ayumi Suzuki
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Asahi University School of Dentistry, 1851 Hozumi, Mizuho, Gifu, 501-0296, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Iinuma
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Asahi University School of Dentistry, 1851 Hozumi, Mizuho, Gifu, 501-0296, Japan
| | - Yuichi Sato
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Science, 1-15-1, Minamiku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan; R & D Center for Cell Design, Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Cell Design, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, 1-15-1, Minamiku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Ryo Nagashio
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Science, 1-15-1, Minamiku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan; R & D Center for Cell Design, Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Cell Design, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, 1-15-1, Minamiku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Etsuro Ohta
- R & D Center for Cell Design, Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Cell Design, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, 1-15-1, Minamiku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan; Department of Immunology, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato, 1-15-1, Minamiku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Kagaku Azuma
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 807-8555, Japan
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20
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Sriharsha P, Gujjari AK, Dhakshaini MR, Prashant A. Comparative Evaluation of Salivary Cortisol Levels in Bruxism Patients Before and After Using Soft Occlusal Splint: An in vivo Study. Contemp Clin Dent 2018; 9:182-187. [PMID: 29875558 PMCID: PMC5968680 DOI: 10.4103/ccd.ccd_756_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bruxism is defined as a nonfunctional activity or a parafunctional habit characterized by the unconscious repetitive motion of clenching and/or grinding of the teeth. Soft occlusal splints have been considered as the first-line strategy for treating nocturnal bruxism. Cortisol is a major steroid hormone secreted by fascicular zone of the adrenal cortex, belonging to the glucocorticosteroidal group of hormones. Clinical studies have shown that when humans are placed under stress, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis is activated, leading to an increase in cortical secretion. However, the effect of splint is questionable by some researchers, and best way to perceive the effect of soft splints in patients with bruxism is by evaluating the stress levels. Materials and Methods A total of 20 individuals suffering from bruxism were selected from the Outpatient Department of Prosthodontics and Crown and Bridge, JSS Dental College and Hospital, Mysore. Saliva samples were collected before and after using the occlusal soft splints and subjected to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for determining the salivary cortisol levels. Results The collected data were subjected to appropriate descriptive statistics, paired sample t-test, and one sample t-test. The paired sample t-test shows that intragroup comparison of the mean cortisol level in the study group shows near significant values, which means there is a decrease in the salivary cortisol levels in patients after using soft occlusal splint, but statistically nonsignificant. Conclusion In the present study, it has been found that 70% of individuals after using the soft occlusal splint showed decreased cortisol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pudi Sriharsha
- Department of Prosthodontics and Crown and Bridge, JSS Dental College and Hospital, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - Anil Kumar Gujjari
- Department of Prosthodontics and Crown and Bridge, JSS Dental College and Hospital, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - M R Dhakshaini
- Department of Prosthodontics and Crown and Bridge, JSS Dental College and Hospital, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - Akila Prashant
- Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore, Karnataka, India
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Simultaneous measurement of salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase: Application and recommendations. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 83:657-677. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Tasaka A, Kikuchi M, Nakanishi K, Ueda T, Yamashita S, Sakurai K. Psychological stress-relieving effects of chewing - Relationship between masticatory function-related factors and stress-relieving effects. J Prosthodont Res 2017; 62:50-55. [PMID: 28676294 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpor.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of the present study was to investigate the relationship between masticatory function-related factors (masticatory performance, occlusal contact area, maximum bite force, number of chewing strokes, and muscle activity) and the stress-relieving effects of chewing. METHODS A total of 28 healthy male subjects were instructed to rest or chew for 10min after 30min of stress loading with arithmetic calculations. Their stress state was assessed by measuring salivary cortisol levels. Saliva was collected at three time points: before stress loading, immediately after stress loading, and 10min after stress loading. Compared to resting, chewing produced a significantly greater reduction in the rate of change in salivary cortisol levels 10min after stress loading. RESULTS A negative correlation was observed between the rate of decrease in salivary cortisol levels and the number of chewing strokes. No significant correlation was observed between the rate of decrease in salivary cortisol levels and other measurement items. CONCLUSION In healthy dentulous people, the number of chewing strokes has been shown to be a masticatory function-related factor that affects stress relief from chewing, suggesting the possibility that more appropriate chewing would produce a greater effect psychological stress relief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinori Tasaka
- Department of Removable Partial Prosthodontics, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Manaki Kikuchi
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics and Gerodontology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kousuke Nakanishi
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics and Gerodontology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ueda
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics and Gerodontology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuichiro Yamashita
- Department of Removable Partial Prosthodontics, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaoru Sakurai
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics and Gerodontology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
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Hasegawa Y, Tachibana Y, Ono T, Kishimoto H. Flavour-enhanced cortisol release during gum chewing. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173475. [PMID: 28379983 PMCID: PMC5381771 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
There is some evidence to suggest that chewing gum reduces chronic stress. However, it remains controversial how the taste and odour properties of chewing gum influence stress. The present study was designed to investigate this issue in human subjects. Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, we tested salivary cortisol concentration, which is thought to be a stress marker, in 96 adults who chewed gum with different combinations of taste and odour. Subjects could discriminate between the types of gum without prior information. Salivary cortisol concentrations were highest and lowest for the subjects who chewed the most flavourful gum and the least flavourful gum, respectively. These findings suggest that the salivary cortisol level during gum chewing is not a marker of negative emotions (i.e., stressful conditions) as traditionally considered but, rather, an index of positive emotions that can facilitate biological responses to overcome stressful conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Hasegawa
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Yoshihisa Tachibana
- Division of System Neuroscience, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ono
- Division of Comprehensive Prosthodontics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Kishimoto
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
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Chewing unflavored gum does not reduce cortisol levels during a cognitive task but increases the response of the sympathetic nervous system. Physiol Behav 2016; 154:8-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Nishigawa K, Suzuki Y, Matsuka Y. Masticatory performance alters stress relief effect of gum chewing. J Prosthodont Res 2015; 59:262-7. [PMID: 26342527 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpor.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We evaluated the effects of gum chewing on the response to psychological stress induced by a calculation task and investigated the relationship between this response and masticatory performance. METHODS Nineteen healthy adult volunteers without dental problems undertook the Uchida-Kraepelin (UK) test (30 min of reiterating additions of one-digit numbers). Before and immediately after the test, saliva samples were collected from the sublingual area of the participants. Three min after the UK test, the participants were made to chew flavorless gum for 3 min, and the final saliva samples were collected 10 min after the UK test. The experiment was performed without gum chewing on a different day. Masticatory performance was evaluated using color-changing chewing gum. RESULTS Salivary CgA levels at immediately and 10 min after the UK test were compared with and without gum chewing condition. Two-way repeated measures analysis of variance revealed significant interaction between gum chewing condition and changes in CgA levels during post 10 min UK test period. A significant correlation was found between changes in CgA levels and masticatory performance in all participants. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that gum chewing may relieve stress responses; however, high masticatory performance is required to achieve this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Nishigawa
- Department of Stomatognathic Function and Occlusal Reconstruction, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan.
| | - Yoshitaka Suzuki
- Department of Stomatognathic Function and Occlusal Reconstruction, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yoshizo Matsuka
- Department of Stomatognathic Function and Occlusal Reconstruction, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
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Chew the Pain Away: Oral Habits to Cope with Pain and Stress and to Stimulate Cognition. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:149431. [PMID: 26090381 PMCID: PMC4450211 DOI: 10.1155/2015/149431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The acute effects of chewing gum on cognitive performance, stress, and pain have been intensively studied in the last decade. The results have been contradicting, and replication studies proved challenging. Here, we review some of the recent findings of this topic and explore possible explanations for these discrepancies by incorporating knowledge derived from studies into oral habits and bruxism. Both stress and cerebral functional specialization (i.e., the involvement of specific brain structures in distinctive cognitive processes) are hypothesized to play a major role in the underlying physiological mechanisms of the diverse effects of chewing gum on cognition, stress, and pain.
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Mastication as a Stress-Coping Behavior. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:876409. [PMID: 26090453 PMCID: PMC4450283 DOI: 10.1155/2015/876409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to chronic stress induces various physical and mental effects that may ultimately lead to disease. Stress-related disease has become a global health problem. Mastication (chewing) is an effective behavior for coping with stress, likely due to the alterations chewing causes in the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and autonomic nervous system. Mastication under stressful conditions attenuates stress-induced increases in plasma corticosterone and catecholamines, as well as the expression of stress-related substances, such as neurotrophic factors and nitric oxide. Further, chewing reduces stress-induced changes in central nervous system morphology, especially in the hippocampus and hypothalamus. In rodents, chewing or biting on wooden sticks during exposure to various stressors reduces stress-induced gastric ulcer formation and attenuates spatial cognitive dysfunction, anxiety-like behavior, and bone loss. In humans, some studies demonstrate that chewing gum during exposure to stress decreases plasma and salivary cortisol levels and reduces mental stress, although other studies report no such effect. Here, we discuss the neuronal mechanisms that underline the interactions between masticatory function and stress-coping behaviors in animals and humans.
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Alghadir A, Zafar H, Whitney SL, Iqbal Z. Effect of chewing on postural stability during quiet standing in healthy young males. Somatosens Mot Res 2014; 32:72-6. [DOI: 10.3109/08990220.2014.969837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Petrowski K, Wintermann GB, Joraschky P, Päßler S. Chewing after stress: psychosocial stress influences chewing frequency, chewing efficacy, and appetite. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2014; 48:64-76. [PMID: 24997349 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychosocial stress is accompanied by an increase in the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA)-axis and by an increase in food intake. At present, no studies have been conducted to examine the impact of a potent laboratory stress test on the chewing frequency. METHODS Thirty-one healthy participants (14 females, mean age 27.13) were compared after they had fulfilled the protocol of a standardized psychosocial stress test, the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST), and after a resting condition of silent reading in reference to their chewing frequency, chewing efficacy, food intake, and eating preferences. As part of the design free salivary cortisol levels and heart rate variability were measured repeatedly before and after the TSST and the resting condition. RESULTS After the TSST, the participants exhibited a significantly higher mean chewing frequency than after the resting condition (F(2,60)=3.600, p=.035, η(2)=.107). The testing condition had no influence on the amount of food intake. Following the psychosocial stress, however, the participants reported a significantly less general appetite (Z=-3.921, p<.001) and less of an appetite for eggs (Z=-2.023, p=.043) than after their resting condition. No correlation was found between the salivary cortisol response and the chewing frequency. CONCLUSION The results indicated that psychosocial stress is associated with an increase in chewing frequency, as measured with a sound-based apparatus, and with a decrease in appetite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Petrowski
- Institute of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, School of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany.
| | - Gloria-Beatrice Wintermann
- Institute of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, School of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Peter Joraschky
- Institute of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, School of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Sebastian Päßler
- Institute of Semiconductors and Microsystems, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Photonic Microsystems (IPMS), Dresden, Germany
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Tasaka A, Takeuchi K, Sasaki H, Yoshii T, Soeda R, Ueda T, Sakurai K. Influence of chewing time on salivary stress markers. J Prosthodont Res 2014; 58:48-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpor.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Castelo PM, Barbosa TDS, Pereira LJ, Fonseca FLA, Gavião MBD. Awakening salivary cortisol levels of children with sleep bruxism. Clin Biochem 2012; 45:651-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2012.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Johnston CA, Tyler C, Stansberry SA, Moreno JP, Foreyt JP. Brief report: Gum chewing affects standardized math scores in adolescents. J Adolesc 2012; 35:455-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2011.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Garner DP, Dudgeon WD, McDivitt EJ. The effects of mouthpiece use on cortisol levels during an intense bout of resistance exercise. J Strength Cond Res 2012; 25:2866-71. [PMID: 21912342 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e31820ae849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Research has suggested mouthpiece use during exercise results in an increase in muscle strength and endurance. However, the research is difficult to replicate, and the methodology suggested measures that were too subjective to determine a mouthpiece effect. Thus, the purpose of this study was to use an objective measure to determine a possible physiological mechanism occurring during and after exercise with mouthpiece use. A within-subjects design was used in which 28 division I football players, aged 18-22 years, performed 2 identical bouts of a 1-hour intense resistance exercise, with each subject being randomly assigned the use of a custom-fit mouthpiece either during the first or second session. During both exercise sessions, saliva was analyzed for cortisol at the following time points: pre-exercise, 25, 45, and 60 minutes of exercise, and 10 minutes postexercise. The results revealed a significant difference in cortisol levels with the use of a mouthpiece vs. no mouthpiece (p = 0.019) at 10 minutes postexercise. Additionally, although the expected increase in cortisol levels from pre to 10 minutes postexercise was present in the no-mouthpiece group (p = 0.01), no such increase was observed in the mouthpiece group. These observations are most likely because of the decrease in cortisol from post to 10 minutes post (p = 0.04) in the mouthpiece group. These data demonstrate that although cortisol continued to increase in the no-mouthpiece session, there was a significant decrease in cortisol in the no-mouthpiece condition 10 minutes postexercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dena P Garner
- Department of Health, Exercise and Sport Science, The Citadel, Charleston, South Carolina., USA.
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Soeda R, Tasaka A, Sakurai K. Influence of chewing force on salivary stress markers as indicator of mental stress. J Oral Rehabil 2011; 39:261-9. [PMID: 22040229 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2842.2011.02264.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of chewing force on salivary stress markers (alpha-amylase activity, salivary cortisol level and secretory immunoglobulin A secretion rate) as indicators of mental stress. Participants comprised 20 healthy men. The first set of saliva specimens (S1) was collected at immediately after a 20-min rest to evaluate stress markers. As stress loading, the participants were required to perform arithmetic calculations for 20 min, after which the second set of saliva specimens (S2) was collected. Each participant was then required to chew a piece of tasteless gum for 10 min, after which the third set of saliva specimens (S3) was collected. After a 20-min rest, the fourth set of saliva specimens (S4) was collected. Weak, habitual and strong chewing forces were assigned. Change rates of stress markers between S2 and S3, and S2 and S4 were calculated. A significant difference was observed in the change rate of cortisol levels between S2 and S3. Cortisol level decreased more under strong chewing than under weak chewing. No significant differences were observed in the change rate of amylase activity or s-IgA secretion rate among the three chewing forces. The results suggest that differences in chewing force influence the salivary cortisol level of the three stress markers, and that a strong chewing force induces a greater reduction in mental stress than a weak one.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Soeda
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics and Gerodontology, Tokyo Dental College, Chiba, Japan.
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Chewing gum moderates multi-task induced shifts in stress, mood, and alertness. A re-examination. Appetite 2011; 56:408-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2010.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Iida T, Kato M, Komiyama O, Suzuki H, Asano T, Kuroki T, Kaneda T, Svensson P, Kawara M. Comparison of cerebral activity during teeth clenching and fist clenching: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Eur J Oral Sci 2010; 118:635-41. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2010.00784.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kushiro K, Goto F. Effect of masticating chewing gum on postural stability during upright standing. Neurosci Lett 2010; 487:196-8. [PMID: 20959136 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Revised: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of masticating chewing gum on postural stability during upright standing. To address this issue, 12 healthy subjects performed quiet standing on a force platform for the posturography study. The subjects were instructed to stand as stable as possible on the force platform in order to record the trajectory of the center-of-pressure (COP). After measuring the postural sway in the initial condition (pre-condition), the subjects were asked to stand while masticating chewing gum (gum-condition). Following the gum-condition, quiet standing without mastication was evaluated (post-condition) to ensure the effect of masticating chewing gum on postural stability. The trajectory and velocity of the COP were analyzed for each condition. We found that the postural stability tended to enhance during mastication of chewing gum. The rectangle area of the COP trajectory significantly diminished in the gum-condition and significantly enlarged in the post-condition. A similar effect was observed in the maximum velocity and standard deviation (SD) of the fore-aft amplitude of the COP trajectory. The values were significantly smaller in the gum-condition compared to those in the post-condition. These findings suggest that mastication of chewing gum affects the postural control by enhancing the postural stability during upright standing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Kushiro
- Kyoto University, Yoshida-Nihonmatsu-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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Ono Y, Yamamoto T, Kubo KY, Onozuka M. Occlusion and brain function: mastication as a prevention of cognitive dysfunction. J Oral Rehabil 2010; 37:624-40. [PMID: 20236235 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2842.2010.02079.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Research in animals and humans has shown that mastication maintains cognitive function in the hippocampus, a brain area important for learning and memory. Reduced mastication, an epidemiological risk factor for the development of dementia in humans, attenuates spatial memory and causes hippocampal neurons to deteriorate morphologically and functionally, especially in aged animals. Active mastication rescues the stress-attenuated hippocampal memory process in animals and attenuates the perception of stress in humans by suppressing endocrinological and autonomic stress responses. Active mastication further improves the performance of sustained cognitive tasks by increasing the activation of the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex, the brain regions that are essential for cognitive processing. Abnormal mastication caused by experimental occlusal disharmony in animals produces chronic stress, which in turn suppresses spatial learning ability. The negative correlation between mastication and corticosteroids has raised the hypothesis that the suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis by masticatory stimulation contributes, in part, to preserving cognitive functions associated with mastication. In the present review, we examine research pertaining to the mastication-induced amelioration of deficits in cognitive function, its possible relationship with the HPA axis, and the neuronal mechanisms that may be involved in this process in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ono
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Kanagawa Dental College, Yokosuka, Japan.
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Scholey A, Haskell C, Robertson B, Kennedy D, Milne A, Wetherell M. Chewing gum alleviates negative mood and reduces cortisol during acute laboratory psychological stress. Physiol Behav 2009; 97:304-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2008] [Revised: 01/29/2009] [Accepted: 02/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether gum chewing affects perceived levels of everyday stress among persons who (1) regularly chew gum or (2) do not chew gum on a regular basis. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Two Internet-based studies were conducted. Study 1 enrolled participants who chewed gum > or =4 days per week, chewed > or =11 pieces of gum per week, and chewed gum during the previous week (frequent or heavy chewers, n = 280). Study 2 enrolled participants who had chewed gum previously but did so infrequently and had not chewed during at least the 7 days before recruitment (n = 212). Both studies used a randomized, crossover design: each participant either chewed gum or abstained from chewing for a number of sequential days, then switched to the opposite behavior for the same number of days. Stress levels were assessed by means of self-reported responses to the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) at screening and after each test sequence. RESULTS More participants (54% in study 1 [p < or = 0.10] and 57% in study 2 [p < or = 0.05]) reported that chewing gum reduced their stress level at least a little, compared with those who reported no effect on or an increase in stress. In both studies, mean STAI state scores increased significantly after the abstaining period, indicating an increase in the perceived level of stress, and decreased significantly after the gum-chewing period. Particular stress-specific emotions (e.g., not feeling relaxed, feeling tense) were reported to have significantly increased when participants abstained from chewing gum and to have decreased when they chewed. More severe levels of stress (e.g., being upset or frightened) were not affected by chewing or abstaining from chewing gum. The studies had several potential limitations, including self-reporting, a large initial recruitment, and the need for habit alteration. CONCLUSIONS The findings point to a relationship between decreased stress and gum chewing and suggest chewing gum may help reduce perceived levels of everyday stress.
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Tasaka A, Tahara Y, Sugiyama T, Sakurai K. Influence of chewing rate on salivary stress hormone levels. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 52:482-7. [PMID: 19037143 DOI: 10.2186/jjps.52.482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to clarify the effect of different chewing rates on salivary cortisol levels as a stress indicator. METHODS The subject group consisted of 16 healthy males. They were required to rest for 30 min, and then given arithmetic calculations to perform for 30 min as stress loading. Immediately after, the first set of saliva specimens (S1) was collected over a period of 1 min to measure cortisol levels. Next, they were asked to chew a tasteless gum base for 10 min, and the second set of saliva specimens (S2) was collected in the same manner. They were then required to rest for 10 min, after which the third set of saliva specimens (S3) was collected. Chewing rates were set to slow, habitual, and fast in time with a metronome. Salivary cortisol levels were analyzed by radioimmunoassay. Changes in salivary cortisol levels comparing S1 with S2, and S1 with S3 were determined. RESULTS Changes in salivary cortisol levels between S1 and S2 showed a reduction of 4.7%, 14.6%, and 16.2% with slow, habitual, and fast chewing, respectively. A significant difference was observed between slow and fast chewing. Changes in salivary cortisol levels between S1 and S3 showed a reduction of 14.4%, 22.2%, and 25.8% with slow, habitual, and fast chewing, respectively. A significant difference was observed between slow and fast chewing. CONCLUSION This study showed that differences in chewing rate affected salivary cortisol levels as a stress indicator, and suggested that the effect on stress release with fast chewing is greater than that with slow chewing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinori Tasaka
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics and Gerodontology, Tokyo Dental College, Chiba, Japan.
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