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Annamma LM, Hattori M, Ali IE, Dsouza J, Waqar A, Chugh A, Sumita YI. Frequently used extraoral maxillofacial prosthetic materials and their longevity - A comprehensive review. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2024; 60:137-147. [PMID: 38595985 PMCID: PMC11001625 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2024.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The longevity of an extraoral prosthesis depends on its physical and mechanical properties and user maintenance. Faced with multiple outcome measures, researchers find it difficult to determine the most appropriate extraoral prosthetic material. This comprehensive review evaluates the most used extraoral prosthesis materials and qualitatively assesses their longevity and function. The study aims to identify and interpret the results of current updates on the factors that affect longevity and functionality. This comprehensive review summarizes and evaluates differences in the properties of commonly used extraoral maxillofacial prosthetic materials. The review was planned to focus on all factors related to the longevity and function of the extraoral maxillofacial prosthetics. An electronic search covered English articles in PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and grey literature. Manual searching was also performed. Six authors participated in the screening. Search engines extracted 1107 records, and 88 studies were included for qualitative and bias assessments. Silicones are the most frequently used extraoral maxillofacial prosthetic materials. Heat-cured silicones are more color-stable than those cured at room temperature. Additional ingredients and processing techniques affect prosthesis longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lovely M. Annamma
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mariko Hattori
- Advanced Prosthodontics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Islam E. Ali
- Advanced Prosthodontics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Jovita Dsouza
- Department of Periodontics, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Anam Waqar
- AI Hayat Medical Center, UmAl Quain, UAE
| | - Anshul Chugh
- Advanced Prosthodontics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuka I. Sumita
- Division of General Dentistry 4, Nippon Dental University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
- Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Generalova AN, Vikhrov AA, Prostyakova AI, Apresyan SV, Stepanov AG, Myasoedov MS, Oleinikov VA. Polymers in 3D printing of external maxillofacial prostheses and in their retention systems. Int J Pharm 2024; 657:124181. [PMID: 38697583 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Maxillofacial defects, arising from trauma, oncological disease or congenital abnormalities, detrimentally affect daily life. Prosthetic repair offers the aesthetic and functional reconstruction with the help of materials mimicking natural tissues. 3D polymer printing enables the design of patient-specific prostheses with high structural complexity, as well as rapid and low-cost fabrication on-demand. However, 3D printing for prosthetics is still in the early stage of development and faces various challenges for widespread use. This is because the most suitable polymers for maxillofacial restoration are soft materials that do not have the required printability, mechanical strength of the printed parts, as well as functionality. This review focuses on the challenges and opportunities of 3D printing techniques for production of polymer maxillofacial prostheses using computer-aided design and modeling software. Review discusses the widely used polymers, as well as their blends and composites, which meet the most important assessment criteria, such as the physicochemical, biological, aesthetic properties and processability in 3D printing. In addition, strategies for improving the polymer properties, such as their printability, mechanical strength, and their ability to print multimaterial and architectural structures are highlighted. The current state of the prosthetic retention system is presented with a focus on actively used polymer adhesives and the recently implemented prosthesis-supporting osseointegrated implants, with an emphasis on their creation from 3D-printed polymers. The successful prosthetics is discussed in terms of the specificity of polymer materials at the restoration site. The approaches and technological prospects are also explored through the examples of the nasal, auricle and ocular prostheses, ranging from prototypes to end-use products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla N Generalova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia; Federal Scientific Research Center "Crystallography and Photonics" of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119333 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Alexander A Vikhrov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna I Prostyakova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Samvel V Apresyan
- Institute of Digital Dentistry, Medical Institute, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander G Stepanov
- Institute of Digital Dentistry, Medical Institute, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maxim S Myasoedov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir A Oleinikov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
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Shah KK, Rajaraman V, Veeraiyan DN, Maiti S. A Systematic Review on Maxillofacial Prosthesis with Respect to Their Color Stability. J Long Term Eff Med Implants 2024; 34:43-53. [PMID: 38505893 DOI: 10.1615/jlongtermeffmedimplants.2023048802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review was to identify and analyze the findings of various studies that analyzed the changes in the color stability of maxillofacial prosthetic materials after the addition of various colorants and nanoparticles and assess the change in color after being subjected to either natural or artificial accelerated aging as well as outdoor aging. This systematic review was conducted in accordance with the guidelines of transparent reporting of systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA Statement). The primary objective of this systematic review was to evaluate the color stability of maxillofacial prosthesis. The secondary objective was to assess the effect of various colorants; pigments; opacifiers; UV absorbers-such as inorganic colorants (dry earth pigments); metal oxides; and organic colorants. The time period of the included studies extended from 2013 to 2023. Electronic database search identified a total of 217 studies. Ten studies were included to meet the research question. All 10 included studies analyzed the effect of various colorants and their exposure to various aging and weathering conditions. It was found that various pigments and nanoparticles had an effect on the color stability. Also weathering and aging conditions had a direct effect on the color stability as well. In terms of disinfection, although there was not much color difference observed, highest change in color stability was observed when rubbing or brushing of the prosthesis was carried out. In conclusion, the color stability of maxillofacial prosthetics is a critical factor that influences both patient satisfaction and the overall cosmetic look. The potential of pigments and nanoparticles to enhance the color stability of silicone-based maxillofacial prosthesis has received much research. By avoiding color fading and discoloration brought on by environmental variables including UV radiation, aging, and chemical exposure, the inclusion of various pigments and nanoparticles has been demonstrated to improve the color stability of silicone maxillofacial prostheses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vaishnavi Rajaraman
- Department of Prosthodontics and Implantology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai-600077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Deepak Nallaswamy Veeraiyan
- Department of Prosthodontics and Implantology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Subhabrata Maiti
- Department of Prosthodontics and Implantology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science, Saveetha University, Chennai, 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
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Al-Kadi FK, Adbulkareem JF, Azhdar BA. Evaluation of the Mechanical and Physical Properties of Maxillofacial Silicone Type A-2186 Impregnated with a Hybrid Chitosan-TiO 2 Nanocomposite Subjected to Different Accelerated Aging Conditions. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:539. [PMID: 37999180 PMCID: PMC10669078 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8070539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of incorporating a pioneer chitosan-TiO2 nanocomposite on the mechanical and physical properties of room-temperature vulcanization (RTV) maxillofacial A-2186 silicone under accelerated aging protocols were rigorously examined. This investigation utilized 450 samples distributed across five distinct silicone classifications and assessed their attributes, such as tensile strength, elongation, tear strength, hardness, and surface roughness, before and after various accelerated aging processes. Statistical methodologies, including a one-way ANOVA, Tukey's HSD, and Dunnett's T3, were employed based on the homogeneity of variance, and several key results were obtained. Silicones infused with 1 wt.% chitosan-TiO2 showed enhanced tensile strength across various aging procedures. Moreover, the 1 wt.% TiO2/Chitosan noncombination (TC) and 2 wt.% TiO2 compositions exhibited pronounced improvements in the elongation percentage. A consistent rise was evident across all silicone categories regarding tear strength, with the 1 wt.% chitosan-TiO2 variant being prominent under certain conditions. Variations in hardness were observed, with the 1 wt.% TC and 3 wt.% chitosan samples showing distinctive responses to certain conditions. Although most samples displayed a decreased surface roughness upon aging, the 1 wt.% chitosan-TiO2 variant frequently countered this trend. This investigation provides insights into the potential of the chitosan-TiO2 nanocomposite to influence silicone properties under aging conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faten K. Al-Kadi
- Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah 46001, Iraq;
| | - Jwan Fateh Adbulkareem
- Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah 46001, Iraq;
| | - Bruska A. Azhdar
- Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah 46001, Iraq;
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Kiat-amnuay S, Cevik P, Kurtoglu C. Effect of Thixotropic Agent on the Color Stability of Platinum-Based Silicone Maxillofacial Elastomers after Artificial Aging. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5867. [PMID: 37687559 PMCID: PMC10488689 DOI: 10.3390/ma16175867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Maxillofacial prostheses are essential for restoring natural appearance and function in individuals with defects in the head and neck regions. Thixotropic agents, as liquid additives, are known to increase the viscosity of silicone elastomers. However, color deterioration remains a challenge in facial prostheses, leading to the need for refabrication. Despite this, there is limited research on the effect of thixotropic agents on the color stability of silicone maxillofacial elastomers. This study aims to investigate the impact of different thixotropic agent amounts on the color degradation of various maxillofacial silicone elastomers. Three elastomers (A-2000, A-2006, and A-2186) were combined with five pigments (no pigment as control, red, yellow, blue, and a mixture of red, yellow, and blue), and mixed with six thixotropic agent quantities (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 drops). A total of 450 specimens were fabricated (n = 5) and aged in an artificial aging chamber. L*, a*, b* readings were obtained before and after aging using a digital spectrophotometer. Color difference (ΔE*) means and standard deviations for 150 kj/m2, 300 kj/m2, and 450 kj/m2 were calculated. Statistical analyses, including four-way ANOVA and Fisher's PLSD test, were conducted to determine any significant differences (p < 0.05) among the groups. A comprehensive analysis revealed significant four-way interactions among the groups. In the mixed-pigmentation group, adding 4 drops of thixotropic agent resulted in ΔE* above 3 only in A-2186 silicone at 300 and 450 kj/m2 energy levels. However, the color stability of mixed-pigmented A-2000 and A-2006 remained within the acceptable thresholds of 3 ΔE* at all irradiance levels in this study. At each energy level, A-2006 exhibited the highest color stability with an increasing thixotropic agent quantity among all the silicones. Conversely, A-2186 was more affected by the increased number of thixotropic agent drops in each pigmentation group, including the control group at 450 kj/m2. The quantity of thixotropic agent plays a crucial role in determining the color stability of different silicone elastomers pigmented with various intrinsic pigments. The thixotropic agent amount has a more significant impact on color stability than the type of pigment used in the silicone elastomers. A key overarching insight from this investigation is the identification of a safety threshold for the thixotropic agent quantity of 3 drops for each silicone type, pigmentation, and energy level. These findings highlight the importance of considering the proper combination of thixotropic agents, pigments, and silicone materials to achieve optimal color stability in maxillofacial prosthetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudarat Kiat-amnuay
- Department of General Practice and Dental Public Health, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
- Houston Center for Biomaterials and Biomimetics, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Pinar Cevik
- Department of General Practice and Dental Public Health, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
- Houston Center for Biomaterials and Biomimetics, Houston, TX 77054, USA
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Ankara 06490, Türkiye;
| | - Cem Kurtoglu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Cukurova University, Adana 01250, Türkiye
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Al-Kadi FK, Abdulkareem JF, Azhdar BA. Hybrid Chitosan-TiO 2 Nanocomposite Impregnated in Type A-2186 Maxillofacial Silicone Subjected to Different Accelerated Aging Conditions: An Evaluation of Color Stability. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2379. [PMID: 37630964 PMCID: PMC10460059 DOI: 10.3390/nano13162379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
This study explores the impact of the incorporation of a chitosan-TiO2 nanocomposite on the color stability of pigmented room-temperature vulcanization maxillofacial silicone under various accelerated aging conditions. Five hundred disk-shaped specimens were formed with type A-2186 silicone elastomer, and they were distributed into groups based on pigment types and nanoparticle treatments. The color difference (ΔE) was assessed using a colorimeter in the CIELAB color system before and after exposure to aging conditions, including UV-accelerated aging and outdoor weathering. ANOVA, Dennett's T3, and Tukey HSD tests revealed significant color alterations across all silicone types, with the most pronounced being in the red-colored 3% chitosan specimens and the least pronounced being in the 2% TiO2 specimens that underwent UV-accelerated aging. Outdoor weathering consistently increased the ΔE values across all categories. This study suggests that while nanoparticles may offer some resistance against accelerated aging, they fall short in adequately defending against UV radiation during outdoor weathering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faten K. Al-Kadi
- Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah 46001, Iraq;
| | - Jwan F. Abdulkareem
- Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah 46001, Iraq;
| | - Bruska A. Azhdar
- Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah 46001, Iraq;
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Turhan Bal B, Bankoğlu Güngör M, Karakoca Nemli S, Aydın C, Kaşko Arıcı Y. Effect of ultraviolet protective agents on maxillofacial silicone elastomer, part 1: Color stability after artificial aging. J Prosthet Dent 2023; 129:513-519. [PMID: 34330532 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2021.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Silicone elastomers have been widely used for rehabilitation of facial defects for more than 50 years. However, color change is the most common problem limiting the service life of facial prostheses. Whether the addition of ultraviolet protectives may enhance color stability of these materials is unclear. PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to investigate the effect of ultraviolet protectives on the color stability of maxillofacial silicones after artificial aging. MATERIAL AND METHODS Six color groups (unpigmented, white, yellow, red, blue, and mixed) of addition-type maxillofacial silicone were prepared. Four ultraviolet protectives benzophenone-3, ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate, titanium dioxide, and ethylhexyl salicylate at 0.5% and 1% concentrations by weight were incorporated into the silicone before polymerization. The specimens were artificially aged in an accelerated weathering chamber for 300 and 600 hours and in a thermocycling device. The color change values (E) of the maxillofacial silicones were evaluated. Data were statistically analyzed by using 4-way ANOVA. The differences were compared by the Tukey honestly significant difference test (α=.05). RESULTS Benzophenone-3 and ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate protectives did not reduce the ΔE values, and the 1% titanium dioxide groups exhibited lower ΔE values than the 0.5% titanium dioxide groups. Ethylhexyl salicylate protective generally reduced the ΔE values significantly in all color and aging groups when compared with the control groups (P<.05). In all control and ultraviolet protective groups, the highest ΔE values were seen with the red color in 300 and 600 hours of aging. Generally, no significant difference (P>.05) was seen in the ΔE values, which were clinically acceptable among the thermocycled color groups. After 600 hours of accelerated aging, the ΔE values were found to be higher than the values of 300-hour aging. CONCLUSIONS Ethylhexyl salicylate protective incorporated into maxillofacial silicones may improve color stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilge Turhan Bal
- Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Merve Bankoğlu Güngör
- Associate Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Seçil Karakoca Nemli
- Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cemal Aydın
- Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yeliz Kaşko Arıcı
- Assistant Professor, Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey
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Mahale H, Deshpande S, Radke U, Patil PG. Opacifiers on color stability of maxillofacial silicone under aging and Indian weathering conditions: An in vitro study. J Prosthet Dent 2021; 129:805-810. [PMID: 34649721 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2021.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Resistance to long-term color change is a desirable property for facial prosthetic elastomers. Evidence for the color stability of maxillofacial silicones under aging and hot and humid Indian weathering conditions is lacking. PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of adding opacifiers on the color stability of maxillofacial silicone under human aging and Indian weather conditions. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 93 specimen disks were obtained from the A-2186, platinum-based, room-temperature vulcanized, maxillofacial silicone elastomer by using a Ø30×6-mm stainless-steel die. The specimens were divided into 3 main groups (n=30), C (control), T (titanium dioxide), and B (barium sulfate), and 1 additional specimen (n=1) from each group was stored in a closed box and further subgrouped as outdoor weathering (COut, TOut, BOut), acidic perspiration (CAcid, TAcid, BAcid), sebum (CSebum, TSebum, BSebum) (n=10), and visual comparison (CVis, TVis, BVis) (n=1). Baseline L∗, a∗, b∗ values were recorded by using a spectrophotometer and visual perception. The specimens were subjected to human and extraoral aging conditions, and the values were recorded again after 6 months. Data were analyzed statistically by using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc analysis with the Tukey post hoc test. RESULTS In group C, the mean color change for COut was 3.69 ±0.49; CAcid, 3.58 ±0.68; and CSebum, 7.53 ±0.22 (P<.001). In group T, the mean color change for TOut was 2.60 ±0.24; TAcid, 2.35 ±0.13; and TSebum, 4.91 ±0.44 (P<.001). In group B, BOut was 1.59 ±0.28, BAcid was 1.46 ±0.28, and BSebum was 4.03 ±0.71 (P<.001). The specimens containing barium sulfate showed the maximum color stability. The least color stability was observed in all specimens exposed to sebum solution and was significantly different (P<.001) from the outdoor weather and acidic perspiration specimens. Visually perceivable color changes were observed in specimens exposed to the sebum solution. CONCLUSIONS The addition of titanium dioxide and barium sulfate as opacifiers resulted in clinically acceptable color change when exposed to outdoor weathering and acidic perspiration but not in sebum solution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saee Deshpande
- Associate Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, VSPM Dental College and Research Centre, Nagpur, India
| | - Usha Radke
- Professor and Head, Department of Prosthodontics, VSPM Dental College and Research Centre, Nagpur, India
| | - Pravinkumar G Patil
- Senior Lecturer in Prosthodontics, Division of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Gupta P, Deshpande S, Radke U, Ughade S, Sethuraman R. The color stability of maxillofacial silicones: A systematic review and meta analysis. J Indian Prosthodont Soc 2021; 21:138-149. [PMID: 33938863 PMCID: PMC8262445 DOI: 10.4103/jips.jips_253_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim This systematic review aims to identify and interpret results of studies that evaluated the changes in the color stability of maxillofacial prosthetic materials due to chemical instability of silicones and pigments and the effect of exposure to environmental conditions and aging factors on the same. Settings and Design This systematic review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines (PRISMA). Materials and Methods Relevant articles written in English only, before November 15, 2019, were identified using an electronic search in the PubMed/Medline conducted to identify pertinent articles. The relevancy of the articles was verified by screening the title, abstract, and full text, if they met the inclusion criteria. A total of 42 articles satisfied the criteria, from which data were extracted for qualitative synthesis. This review protocol was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO registration number CRD42019124562). Statistical Analysis Used Since considerable data heterogenicity was present in all studies except the ones on incorporation of TiO2 for which meta-analysis using random effects model was performed. Results The database search resulted in 234 studies, of which 202 articles were excluded due to lack of relevance, duplication, and unavailability of data. The remaining 32 fulltext articles were assessed for eligibility, out of which 2 articles were excluded. Twelve articles were yielded by manual search. A total of 42 studies were included in the present systematic review. Due to heterogeneous data, meta-analysis could be only carried out with the effect of TiO2 nano particle on color stability. Conclusions Although there has been extensive amount of research in this field, an ideal maxillofacial silicone exhibiting good color stability in various human and environmental aging conditions is yet to be identified. Human and environmental aging conditions have an adverse effect on the color stability and addition of TiO2 nano particle seems to improve the same.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Gupta
- Department of Prosthodontics, VSPMDCRC, VSPM Dental College, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Saee Deshpande
- Department of Prosthodontics, VSPM Dental College, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Usha Radke
- Department of Prosthodontics, VSPMDCRC, VSPM Dental College, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Suresh Ughade
- Department of PSM, Government Medical College, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rajesh Sethuraman
- Department of Prosthodontics, K. M. Shah Dental College, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
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Paulini MB, Micheline Dos Santos D, de Moraes Melo Neto CL, Bitencourt SB, Freitas da Silva EV, Pereira de Caxias F, Ribeiro RP, Rangel EC, Sônego MV, Goiato MC. Analysis of physical properties of facial silicones with different pigmentations submitted to nonthermal plasma treatment and accelerated aging. J Prosthet Dent 2020; 124:815.e1-815.e7. [PMID: 33268070 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2020.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Exposure of silicone prostheses to environmental factors can alter their properties, affecting longevity. However, whether nonthermal plasma (NTP) can prevent these alterations is unclear. PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the surface roughness (Ra), sorption, solubility, and color stability (ΔE00) of the MDX4-4210 and A-120 silicones, with and without NTP treatment in accordance with an independent analysis of the use of 2 pigmentations. MATERIAL AND METHODS One hundred sixty specimens were fabricated and distributed into 16 groups (n=10) as per the silicone, pigmentation, and NTP coating. The NTP was applied, and the Ra, sorption, solubility, and ΔE00 were evaluated before and after accelerated aging. ANOVA was used, and the HSD Tukey test was applied (α=.05). RESULTS NTP generated an increase in roughness after aging, regardless of pigmentation or silicone. A-120 silicone without NTP showed a reduction in roughness after aging, regardless of pigmentation. For sorption and solubility, the bronze pigmentation (for A-120 and MDX4-4210) presented the smallest results after NTP treatment. For MDX4-4210 with pink pigmentation and NTP, sorption decreased and solubility increased. For A-120 with pink pigmentation and NTP, sorption and solubility increased. Sorption was reduced in all situations, except for A-120 with pink pigmentation, which increased. Regardless of the silicone used, solubility was reduced after NTP for bronze pigmentation. For A-120 and MDX4-4210 with pink pigmentation and NTP, the solubility increased. For both pigmentations, the NTP treatment promoted lower color alteration only for the A-120 silicone after accelerated aging (within the acceptability threshold). CONCLUSIONS The NTP protocol of this study, which was applied to facial silicones, generated inconsistent results between the evaluated properties. Therefore, the NTP protocol used does not seem to be ideal for the treatment of silicone surfaces after aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Borghi Paulini
- Postgraduate student, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniela Micheline Dos Santos
- Professor, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics and Oral Oncology Center, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clóvis Lamartine de Moraes Melo Neto
- Postgraduate student, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandro Basso Bitencourt
- Postgraduate student, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Emily Vivianne Freitas da Silva
- Postgraduate student, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Pereira de Caxias
- Postgraduate student, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Parra Ribeiro
- Postgraduate student, Technological Plasma Laboratory, Experimental Campus of Sorocaba, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Sorocaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elidiane Cipriano Rangel
- Professor, Technological Plasma Laboratory, Experimental Campus of Sorocaba, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Sorocaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Vilela Sônego
- Postgraduate student, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Coelho Goiato
- Professor, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics and Oral Oncology Center, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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11
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Powell SK, Cruz RLJ, Ross MT, Woodruff MA. Past, Present, and Future of Soft-Tissue Prosthetics: Advanced Polymers and Advanced Manufacturing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2001122. [PMID: 32909302 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202001122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Millions of people worldwide experience disfigurement due to cancers, congenital defects, or trauma, leading to significant psychological, social, and economic disadvantage. Prosthetics aim to reduce their suffering by restoring aesthetics and function using synthetic materials that mimic the characteristics of native tissue. In the 1900s, natural materials used for thousands of years in prosthetics were replaced by synthetic polymers bringing about significant improvements in fabrication and greater realism and utility. These traditional methods have now been disrupted by the advanced manufacturing revolution, radically changing the materials, methods, and nature of prosthetics. In this report, traditional synthetic polymers and advanced prosthetic materials and manufacturing techniques are discussed, including a focus on prosthetic material degradation. New manufacturing approaches and future technological developments are also discussed in the context of specific tissues requiring aesthetic restoration, such as ear, nose, face, eye, breast, and hand. As advanced manufacturing moves from research into clinical practice, prosthetics can begin new age to significantly improve the quality of life for those suffering tissue loss or disfigurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean K Powell
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Rena L J Cruz
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Maureen T Ross
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Maria A Woodruff
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
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12
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Dos Santos DM, Borgui Paulini M, Silva Faria TG, de Moraes Melo Neto CL, Freitas da Silva EV, de Caxias FP, Bertoz APDM, Coelho Goiato M. Analysis of Color and Hardness of a Medical Silicone with Extrinsic Pigmentation after Accelerated Aging. Eur J Dent 2020; 14:634-638. [PMID: 32916719 PMCID: PMC7535967 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1715782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective
The aim of this study is to evaluate the color alteration and shore A hardness of a medical silicone with extrinsic pigmentation, before and after accelerated aging.
Materials and Methods
Twenty samples (Silastic Q7–4735) were made with an intrinsic pigmentation. This intrinsic pigmentation was composed of a pink pigment (H-109-P, Factor II) and an opacifier (ZnO). All samples had standardized dimensions (45-mm diameter and 2-mm thickness). Half of the 20 samples manufactured subsequently received an extrinsic pigment (Tan FE–215, Factor II). Therefore, two groups were created (
n
= 10): Group 1, group with intrinsic pigmentation and without extrinsic pigmentation (control) and Group 2, group with intrinsic and extrinsic pigmentation. Samples were submitted to color and Shore A hardness tests, before and after 1,008 hours of aging.
Statistical Analysis
Color alteration data were submitted to Student’s
t
-test (
α
= 0.05). Shore A hardness data were submitted to two-way analysis of variance and Tukey test (
α
= 0.05).
Results
The incorporation of the extrinsic pigment on the silicone did not affect its color (ΔE) when the two groups were compared (
p
= 0.232). Regarding the hardness test, the interaction between group and period did not interfere with the hardness results(
p
=0.599). However, the period factor showed that there was a reduction in the hardness of the silicone after aging (
p
< 0.05).
Conclusion
In this study, all the hardness and color results of the silicone used were clinically acceptable, regardless of the presence of extrinsic pigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Micheline Dos Santos
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University, School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcela Borgui Paulini
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University, School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tamires Gabrielle Silva Faria
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University, School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Emily Vivianne Freitas da Silva
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University, School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Pereira de Caxias
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University, School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo Coelho Goiato
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University, School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
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13
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Charoenkijkajorn D, Sanohkan S. The Effect of Nano Zinc Oxide Particles on Color Stability of MDX4-4210 Silicone Prostheses. Eur J Dent 2020; 14:525-532. [PMID: 32898868 PMCID: PMC7535975 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1713058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective
This article aimed to study the effect of different concentrations of nano zinc oxide particles on the color change of MDX4–4210 facial silicone elastomer after artificial aging.
Materials and Methods
Silicone specimens (
N
= 150) were fabricated by incorporating intrinsic pigments and divided into three groups—white, yellow, and red, each group consisting of 50 specimens (
n
= 50). In each color, specimens were subdivided into five subgroups according to the quantity of zinc oxide nanoparticles (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0% weight), where the 0% weight served as the control in each group. All specimens were then subjected to artificial aging using an accelerated aging machine chamber for 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours. L*a*b* values of specimens were noted after a different aging period by a spectrophotometer and ∆
E
* was calculated.
Statistical Analysis
Two-way repeated analysis of variance (ANOVA) was done to examine the effects under test conditions (concentration and aging time) of each color group. Then color, concentration, and the aging period were subjected to three-way repeated ANOVA to investigate the effects of different colors and concentrations on ∆
E
*. Bonferroni’s test was performed to identify differences between groups. The significant level was at
p
= 0.05.
Results
The control group showed significantly higher ∆
E
* values than the test groups. The 1.5% test group showed significantly lower ∆
E
* compared with the others. The 0.5 to 2.0% of nano zinc oxide significantly decreased the color change of the silicone elastomer (
p
< 0.05), but there were no significant differences among groups.
Conclusions
Incorporation of 1.5% of nano zinc oxide can improve the color stability of silicone prosthesis (MDX4–4210).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dittaya Charoenkijkajorn
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Sasiwimol Sanohkan
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
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14
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Influence of Different Pigmentations and Accelerated Aging on the Hardness and Tear Strength of the A-2186 and MDX4-4210 Silicones. Int J Dent 2020; 2020:8492091. [PMID: 32884572 PMCID: PMC7455814 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8492091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the influence of different pigmentations and accelerated aging on the hardness and tear strength of the A-2186 and MDX4-4210 silicones. Materials and Methods The samples A-2186 and MDX4-4210 were manufactured without and with pigmentations (black, bronze, and pink). For the Shore A hardness test, 80 samples of each silicone were fabricated, and for the tear strength test, 320 samples of each silicone were fabricated. Eight groups were created for each test (n = 10). These tests were performed before and after 252, 504, and 1008 hours of aging. Three-way repeated-measures analysis of variance and the Tukey test were performed (α = 0.05). Results The A-2186 silicone showed higher hardness and tear strength when compared with the MDX4-4210 silicone (p < 0.05), except in the hardness of the A-2186 and MDX4-4210 groups without pigmentation after 1008 hours (p > 0.05). All hardness values were between 25 and 35 units, regardless of the silicone type, period, and pigmentation (or no pigmentation). In most situations, the hardness of silicones used increased after 252 hours (p < 0.05). The nonpigmented MDX4-4210 group and all A-2186 groups showed an increase in tear strength after 252 hours (p < 0.05). For the nonpigmented MDX4-4210 group, from 252 to 1008 hours, there was no change in tear strength (p > 0.05). All pigmented MDX4-4210 groups showed no change in tear strength from 0 (initial) to 1008 hours of aging (p > 0.05). In all A-2186 groups, from 252 to 504 hours, there was a reduction in tear strength (p < 0.05), and from 504 to 1008 hours, there was an increase in tear strength (p < 0.05), except in the bronze A-2186 group (p > 0.05). Conclusion In most situations, the A-2186 silicone showed significantly higher values of hardness and tear strength than the MDX4-4210 silicone. All hardness values were considered clinically acceptable. Accelerated aging could increase, decrease, or not significantly change the hardness and tear strength of the silicones used. The results of hardness and tear strength suggest that MDX4-4210 was more influenced by the presence of pigmentation after aging.
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15
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Cruz RLJ, Ross MT, Powell SK, Woodruff MA. Advancements in Soft-Tissue Prosthetics Part B: The Chemistry of Imitating Life. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:147. [PMID: 32391336 PMCID: PMC7191111 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Each year, congenital defects, trauma or cancer often results in considerable physical disfigurement for many people worldwide. This adversely impacts their psychological, social and economic outlook, leading to poor life experiences and negative health outcomes. In many cases of soft tissue disfigurement, highly personalized prostheses are available to restore both aesthetics and function. As discussed in part A of this review, key to the success of any soft tissue prosthetic is the fundamental properties of the materials. This determines the maximum attainable level of aesthetics, attachment mechanisms, fabrication complexity, cost, and robustness. Since the early-mid 20th century, polymers have completely replaced natural materials in prosthetics, with advances in both material properties and fabrication techniques leading to significantly improved capabilities. In part A, we discussed the history of polymers in prosthetics, their ideal properties, and the application of polymers in prostheses for the ear, nose, eye, breast and finger. We also reviewed the latest developments in advanced manufacturing and 3D printing, including different fabrication technologies and new and upcoming materials. In this review, Part B, we detail the chemistry of the most commonly used synthetic polymers in soft tissue prosthetics; silicone, acrylic resin, vinyl polymer, and polyurethane elastomer. For each polymer, we briefly discuss their history before detailing their chemistry and fabrication processes. We also discuss degradation of the polymer in the context of their application in prosthetics, including time and weathering, the impact of skin secretions, microbial growth and cleaning and disinfecting. Although advanced manufacturing promises new fabrication capabilities using exotic synthetic polymers with programmable material properties, silicones and acrylics remain the most commonly used materials in prosthetics today. As research in this field progresses, development of new variations and fabrication techniques based on these synthetic polymers will lead to even better and more robust soft tissue prosthetics, with improved life-like aesthetics and lower cost manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rena L J Cruz
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Maureen T Ross
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Sean K Powell
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Maria A Woodruff
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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16
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Tear Strength Analysis of MDX4-4210 and A-2186 Silicones with Different Intrinsic Pigments Incorporated by Mechanical and Industrial Methods. Int J Dent 2020; 2019:2573095. [PMID: 31933644 PMCID: PMC6942869 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2573095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the tear strength of MDX4-4210 and A-2186 silicones with different intrinsic pigments incorporated by mechanical and industrial methods, comparing nonaged and aged groups. Materials and Methods Twenty-four groups were created according to the American Society for Testing and Materials D-624/type C, half nonaged and half aged (n = 10): bronze mechanical MDX4-4210, bronze industrial MDX4-4210, black mechanical MDX4-4210, black industrial MDX4-4210, pink mechanical MDX4-4210, pink industrial MDX4-4210, bronze mechanical A-2186, bronze industrial A-2186, black mechanical A-2186, black industrial A-2186, pink mechanical A-2186, and pink industrial A-2186. All specimens were submitted to tear strength analysis. Data were submitted to the ANOVA and Tukey test (p < 0.05). Results An increase in the tear strength values was observed only for the bronze and black MDX4-4210, comparing nonaged and aged silicones (p < 0.05), regardless of the manufacturing method. There was a difference in all comparisons between MDX4-4210 and A-2186 silicones with the same pigment type (p < 0.05), regardless of the manufacturing method. In all cases, there was no difference in the manufacturing method comparing the MDX4-4210 or A-2186 groups with the same pigment. Conclusion Accelerated aging did not influence the tear strength in all aged A-2186 silicones and in aged pink industrial and mechanical MDX4-4210 silicones. The other MDX4-4210 groups had an increase in the results after aging. In all cases compared, the A-2186 groups had higher tear strength values than the MDX4-4210 groups. Mechanical and industrial methods can be used for silicone preparation, without changing the tear strength.
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17
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Nobrega AS, Malavazi EM, Melo Neto CLDM, Ervolino ICDS, Bannwart LC, Bertoz APDM, Goiato MC. Influence of Different Pigment Incorporation Methods on Color, Dimensional Stability, and Detail Reproduction of Silicones. Eur J Dent 2019; 13:399-404. [PMID: 31795004 PMCID: PMC6890512 DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1700768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective
To analyze the influence of three pigment incorporation methods on color change, dimensional stability, and detail reproduction of the MDX4–4210 and A-2186 silicones.
Materials and Methods
The A-2186 and MDX4–4210 silicones were used for preparation of samples, with the incorporation of bronze, black and pink pigments, usingconventional, mechanical, and industrial incorporation methods. Samples were submitted to the initial readings of color (
n
= 10; 22-mm diameter × 2-mm thickness), detail reproduction, and dimensional stability (
n
= 10; 30-mm diameter × 3-mm thickness). Readings were also taken at the end of 252, 504 and 1,008 hours of aging cycles.
Results
Quantitative data were evaluated by ANOVA and Tukey test, with a level of significance of 5%. The mechanical and industrial methods caused smaller color changes of all samples compared with the conventional method (
p
< 0.05). In most cases, the mechanical and industrial methods caused less samples’ contraction than the conventional method after aging (
p
< 0.05). The color change values increased progressively in each aging period for all samples (
p
< 0.05). The contraction values increased progressively in each aging period for all samples (
p
< 0.05). In the qualitative analysis of detail reproduction, all samples presented full reproduction of the three grooves, with accurate angles, initially and after the aging periods.
Conclusions
The industrial and mechanical methods showed the best results for color and dimensional stability. Despite the statistical differences, all pigment incorporation methods generated acceptable dimensional and color changes of the MDX4-4210 and A-2186 silicones, regardless of the pigment and aging. In addition, the detail reproduction was satisfactory after aging periods in all cases of this study, showing the excellent quality of the A-2186 and MDX4–4210 silicones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adhara Smith Nobrega
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Estefania Marrega Malavazi
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Isabela Caroline de Sousa Ervolino
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lisiane Cristina Bannwart
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo Coelho Goiato
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
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18
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Alfenas ER, da Silva JGBP, Silveira MES, Fonseca MFL, de Arruda JAA, Moreno A. A Painting Technique Using Ceramic Pigments for the Artificial Iris of an Ocular Prosthesis Guided by Applying Newton's Color Wheel. J Prosthodont 2018; 28:e822-e825. [DOI: 10.1111/jopr.12919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Rodrigues Alfenas
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry; Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF); Juiz de Fora Minas Gerais Brazil
| | | | | | - Maria Fernanda Lopes Fonseca
- Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, School of Dentistry; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG); Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - José Alcides Almeida de Arruda
- Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, School of Dentistry; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG); Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Amália Moreno
- Department of Oral Surgery, Pathology and Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG); Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
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19
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Cevik P, Yildirim-Bicer AZ. Effect of different types of disinfection solution and aging on the hardness and colour stability of maxillofacial silicone elastomers. Int J Artif Organs 2017; 41:0. [PMID: 29148020 DOI: 10.5301/ijao.5000659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Understanding the effect of aging and different disinfecting agents on the physical properties of pigmented maxillofacial silicones may help eliminate the current uncertainty as to the best follow-up suggestions for the patients treated with silicone prostheses. METHODS One hundred fifty specimens (14 × 2 mm) were evaluated for colour and 75 specimens (30 × 10 mm) for hardness (total, 225 specimens). Five specimens were used for hardness testing in each disinfecting solution while 10 silicone specimens were used for colour evaluation. The samples were separated into 5 groups and the initial hardness and colour evaluations were performed and placed in disinfectant solution (neutral soap, effervescent tablet, 0.2% chlorhexidine, 4% chlorhexidine, sodium hypochlorite). A second set of colour and hardness measurements was taken after 48 hours of disinfection and 1,008 hours of artificial aging in a QUV-accelerated weathering tester. Two-way and 1-way analysis of variance with Tukey tests and paired t-test were used for statistical analysis (α = 0.05). RESULTS Before artificial aging, the hardness value of the red pigment group was found to be significantly lower than that of the brown pigment group. After aging, the lowest Shore A value was seen in the neutral soap group, while the highest was seen in the effervescent tablet. CONCLUSIONS Based on the results of this study, chlorohexidine 0.2% was found to be most suitable agent for disinfection of the prostheses. Washing with neutral soap caused loss of pigment from the surface of the silicones. Sodium hypochlorite was found to have a colour-fading effect on silicone specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinar Cevik
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Ankara - Turkey
| | - Arzu Z Yildirim-Bicer
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Ankara - Turkey
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20
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Nobrega AS, Andreotti AM, Moreno A, Sinhoreti MAC, Dos Santos DM, Goiato MC. Influence of adding nanoparticles on the hardness, tear strength, and permanent deformation of facial silicone subjected to accelerated aging. J Prosthet Dent 2016; 116:623-629.e1. [PMID: 27157603 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM The efficiency of adding nanoparticles to silicone protection has proven to prevent color degradation. However, reports of other physical property changes in facial silicone are scarce. PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the influence of adding nanoparticles on the hardness, tear strength, and permanent deformation of a facial silicone. MATERIAL AND METHODS Specimens were made for each test, with 140 for the hardness test, 140 for the permanent deformation test, but 280 for the rupture test. This higher number was due to the fact that the first 140 specimens were ruptured and unusable after the initial reading. ZnO, BaSO4, and TiO2 nanoparticles at concentrations of 1% and 2% of silicone were used, as well as specimens without nanoparticles that consisted of only oil paint and of only silicone. Outcomes were measured before and after 1008 hours of accelerated aging. Data were analyzed by nested analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey honest significant differences test (α=.05). RESULTS Results showed that the presence of nanoparticles influenced the properties of the assessed groups. The nanoparticles decreased hardness values. The highest values of tear strength were observed for the groups with addition of BaSO4. The 1% ZnO group without oil paint showed the lowest values of permanent deformation. CONCLUSIONS Based on the findings of this in vitro study, the use of ZnO nanoparticles is recommended, since they did not negatively affect the properties of the materials evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adhara S Nobrega
- Doctoral student, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Aracatuba Dental School, Sao Paulo State University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Agda M Andreotti
- Doctoral student, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Aracatuba Dental School, Sao Paulo State University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amália Moreno
- Adjunct Professor, Department of Oral Surgery, Pathology and Dental Clinical, School of Dentistry, Minas Gerais Federal University, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mário A C Sinhoreti
- Professor, Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, Campinas University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniela M Dos Santos
- Professor, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Aracatuba Dental School, Sao Paulo State University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo C Goiato
- Professor, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Aracatuba Dental School, Sao Paulo State University, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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21
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Guiotti AM, Goiato MC, Dos Santos DM, Vechiato-Filho AJ, Cunha BG, Paulini MB, Moreno A, de Almeida MTG. Comparison of conventional and plant-extract disinfectant solutions on the hardness and color stability of a maxillofacial elastomer after artificial aging. J Prosthet Dent 2015; 115:501-8. [PMID: 26602149 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Silicone elastomers undergo physical and chemical degradation with disinfecting solutions. Phytotherapy may be a suitable solution for disinfection. However, its effect on the properties of the silicone material is unknown. PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of disinfection with conventional and plant-extract solutions and of artificial aging on the hardness and color stability of a facial silicone associated with pigments and an opacifier. MATERIAL AND METHODS Four hundred specimens of silicone (MDX4-4210) were fabricated (5×6 mm). Two pigment shades and 1 dry opacifier were combined in the tested material, and 4 groups (n=10) were obtained: colorless (GI), colorless with opacifier (GII), medium pigment with opacifier (GIII), and black pigment with opacifier (GIV). Specimens were subjected to disinfection (30 days) using saline solution, water, and neutral soap (digital friction, 30 seconds), chlorhexidine 4%, Hydrastis canadensis, and Cymbopogon nardus extracts (immersion, 10 minutes). Shore A hardness (ASTM D2240) and color analyses were performed before and after disinfection. Specimens were then exposed to 1008 hours of artificial aging (ASTM 53) and subjected to final hardness and color readings. The results were analyzed with ANOVA and the Tukey significant difference test (α=.05). RESULTS The opacifier increased the hardness (GII). For GII, the H. canadensis solution and the friction with water and soap promoted significantly reduced hardness; the friction also promoted a reduction in this property for GIV. The GIII was not affected after disinfection. A significant difference was found between the ΔE values of the specimens disinfected with H. canadensis, C. nardus, and chlorhexidine, and specimens subjected to saline solution and neutral soap. CONCLUSION The hardness of MDX4-4210 after the experimental procedure was considered clinically acceptable for facial prostheses. All groups showed clinically unacceptable color alterations regardless of the disinfecting solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimée Maria Guiotti
- Assistant Professor, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araçatuba Dental School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Coelho Goiato
- Titular Professor, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araçatuba Dental School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniela Micheline Dos Santos
- Assistant Professor, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araçatuba Dental School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aljomar José Vechiato-Filho
- Doctoral student, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araçatuba Dental School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Guandalini Cunha
- Graduate student, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araçatuba Dental School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcela Borghi Paulini
- Graduate student, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araçatuba Dental School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amália Moreno
- Professor, Oral Patology and Surgery Department, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Andreotti AM, Goiato MC, Moreno A, Nobrega AS, Pesqueira AA, dos Santos DM. Influence of nanoparticles on color stability, microhardness, and flexural strength of acrylic resins specific for ocular prosthesis. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9:5779-87. [PMID: 25525359 PMCID: PMC4266267 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s71533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the effect of adding nanoparticles to N1 acrylic resin intended for artificial sclera, in terms of the color stability, microhardness, and flexural strength of the resin. Three hundred samples of N1 acrylic resin were used: 100 samples for color stability and microhardness tests (each test was performed on the opposite side of each sample), and 200 samples for flexural strength testing (100 samples before and after 1,008 hours of accelerated aging). Samples for each test were separated into ten groups (n=10), ie, without nanoparticles (control group) or with nanoparticles of zinc oxide, titanium dioxide (TiO2), and barium sulfate at weight concentrations of 1%, 2%, and 2.5% (nanoparticle groups). Data were subjected to statistical analysis with nested analysis of variance and Tukey’s test (P<0.05 significance level). Among the nanoparticle groups, the TiO2 groups showed better color stability at all concentrations. Microhardness values increased after artificial aging, except for the control and zinc oxide groups. After aging, the 1%–2% TiO2 groups had significantly higher microhardness values compared with the other nanoparticle groups. Before aging, there was a significant difference in flexural strength between the control and nanoparticle groups. After aging, the control and TiO2 groups, regardless of concentration, showed the lowest flexural strength values. Incorporation of nanoparticles directly influenced the acrylic resin properties, with TiO2 being the most influential nanoparticle in terms of the evaluated properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amália Moreno
- Araçatuba Dental School, São Paulo State University, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adhara Smith Nobrega
- Araçatuba Dental School, São Paulo State University, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
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Eleni PN, Krokida MK, Polyzois GL, Gettleman L. Effect of different disinfecting procedures on the hardness and color stability of two maxillofacial elastomers over time. J Appl Oral Sci 2013; 21:278-83. [PMID: 23857654 PMCID: PMC3881904 DOI: 10.1590/1679-775720130112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Disinfection procedures often cause deterioration in a maxillofacial prosthesis. Color and hardness alterations could lead to a replacement of the prosthesis. MATERIAL AND METHODS An experimental chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) and a commercial polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS) sample were treated with four different disinfection procedures for a period which simulates 1 year of clinical service. The applied disinfection procedures included microwave exposure and immersion in three solutions, sodium hypochlorite, neutral soap and a commercial disinfecting soap. Shore A hardness (∆H) and color differences (∆E) were determined before and after each procedure. All data were analyzed by Two Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's post hoc tests at a level of α=0.05. RESULTS The samples presented significant alterations in color and hardness after the different disinfection treatments. The color differences (∆E) were at least eye detectable in all cases and clinically unacceptable in most of the cases, with values ranging from 1.51 to 4.15 and from 1.54 to 5.92 for the PDMS and CPE material, respectively. Hardness was decreased after all the disinfection procedures in the PDMS, while for the CPE, a decrement was observed after disinfection with sodium hypochlorite and neutral soap and an increment after microwave exposure and the disinfection with a commercial antimicrobial agent. The PDMS samples presented greater alterations in color and hardness after disinfection with sodium hypochlorite solution, while the microwave exposure caused negligible effects. The CPE samples were affected most after disinfection when treated with neutral soap, and more slightly when disinfected with sodium hypochlorite solution. CONCLUSIONS The disinfection procedures caused alterations in color and hardness of the examined materials. The most suitable disinfection procedure for the PDMS material is microwave exposure, while disinfection with sodium hypochlorite solution is not recommended. The CPE material is suggested to be disinfected with sodium hypochlorite solution and the use of neutral soap is not recommended. Comparing the two materials, the PDMS material is most color stable, while the CPE material presented fewer changes in hardness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota N Eleni
- Laboratory of Process Analysis and Design, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus, Athens, Greece.
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Effects of pigment, disinfection, and accelerated aging on the hardness and deterioration of a facial silicone elastomer. Polym Degrad Stab 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Filié Haddad M, Coelho Goiato M, Micheline Dos Santos D, Moreno A, Filipe D'almeida N, Alves Pesqueira A. Color stability of maxillofacial silicone with nanoparticle pigment and opacifier submitted to disinfection and artificial aging. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2011; 16:095004. [PMID: 21950913 DOI: 10.1117/1.3625401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the color stability of a maxillofacial elastomer with the addition of a nanoparticle pigment and∕or an opacifier submitted to chemical disinfection and artificial aging. Specimens were divided into four groups (n = 30): group I: silicone without pigment or opacifier, group II: ceramic powder pigment, group III: Barium sulfate (BaSO(4)) opacifier, and group IV: ceramic powder and BaSO(4) opacifier. Specimens of each group (n = 10) were disinfected with effervescent tablets, neutral soap, or 4% chlorhexidine gluconate. Disinfection was done three times a week during two months. Afterward, specimens were submitted to different periods of artificial aging. Color evaluation was initially done, after 60 days (disinfection period) and after 252, 504, and 1008 h of artificial aging with aid of a reflection spectrophotometer. Data were analyzed by three-way ANOVA and Tukey test (α = 0.05). The isolated factor disinfection did not statistically influence the values of color stability among groups. The association between pigment and BaSO(4) opacifier (GIV) was more stable in relationship to color change (△E). All values of △E obtained, independent of the disinfectant and the period of artificial aging, were considered acceptable in agreement with the norms presented in literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Filié Haddad
- UNESP, Araçatuba Dental School, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Rua José Bonifácio, 1193. CEP 16015-050. Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
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Influence of Pigment and Opacifier on Dimensional Stability and Detail Reproduction of Maxillofacial Silicone Elastomer. J Craniofac Surg 2011; 22:1612-6. [DOI: 10.1097/scs.0b013e31822e5ef2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Goiato MC, Haddad MF, Pesqueira AA, Moreno A, dos Santos DM, Bannwart LC. Effect of Chemical Disinfection and Accelerated Aging on Color Stability of Maxillofacial Silicone with Opacifiers. J Prosthodont 2011; 20:566-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-849x.2011.00755.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Goiato MC, Haddad MF, Sinhoreti MAC, dos Santos DM, Pesqueira AA, Moreno A. Influence of opacifiers on dimensional stability and detail reproduction of maxillofacial silicone elastomer. Biomed Eng Online 2010; 9:85. [PMID: 21162729 PMCID: PMC3224922 DOI: 10.1186/1475-925x-9-85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We evaluated the influence of chemical disinfection and accelerated aging on the dimensional stability and detail reproduction of a silicone elastomer containing one of two opacifiers. METHODS A total of 90 samples were fabricated from Silastic MDX 4-4210 silicone and divided into groups (n = 10) according to opacifier content (barium sulfate or titanium dioxide) and disinfectant solution (neutral soap, Efferdent, or 4% chlorhexidine). The specimens were disinfected 3 times per week during 60 days and then subjected to accelerated aging for 1008 hours. Dimensional stability and detail reproduction tests were performed after specimens' fabrication (baseline), chemical disinfection and periodically during accelerated aging (252, 504, and 1008 hours). The results were analyzed using 3-way repeated-measures ANOVA and the Tukey HSD test (α = 0.05). RESULTS All groups exhibited dimensional changes over time. The opacifier (p = .314), period (p < .0001) and their interactions (p = .0041) affected the dimensional stability of the silicone. Statistical significant dimensional differences occurred between groups with (0.071) and without opacifiers (0.053). Accelerated aging influenced the dimensional stability of the samples. All groups scored 2 in the detail reproduction tests, which represents the fully reproducing of three test grooves with accurate angles. CONCLUSIONS Incorporation of opacifiers alters the dimensional stability of silicones used in facial prosthetics, but seems to have no influence on detail reproduction. Accelerated aging is responsible for most of the dimensional changes in Silastic MDX4 4210, but all dimensional changes measured in this study remained within the limits of stability necessary for this application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo C Goiato
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araçatuba Dental School, UNESP, Rua José Bonifácio 1193, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil.
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