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Corraretti G, Meulyzer M, Simon O. Treatment of a subchondral cystic‐like lesion in the distal scapula with a translesional bone screw in a horse. EQUINE VET EDUC 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - O. Simon
- Equine Clinic De Morette Asse Belgium
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Canola PA, Cardenas JJ, Sá GC, de Paula VB. Needle Arthroscopy of the Scapulohumeral Joint and Bicipital BURSA in Horses: An Ex Vivo Study. J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 101:103432. [PMID: 33993951 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the feasibility of performing needle arthroscopy of the scapulohumeral joint and bicipital bursa in standing horses by using the thoracic limbs of euthanized horses. To that purpose, this experimental study was designed. Ten thoracic limbs, five left and five right from euthanized horses were retained in an upright position to simulate a standing horse. The craniolateral and lateral scapulohumeral arthroscopic portals were used to access the articular structures. A third (caudal) portal was also identified and described. The degree of difficulty in accessing the articular space and the optic maneuverability within the joint were compared between portals. The needle arthroscopy image lacks in quality, but the procedure was considered useful as a diagnostic aid for examination of the scapulohumeral joint of horses. Needle arthroscopy of the bicipital bursa was not possible. Needle arthroscopy has a great diagnostic potential for lesions in the scapulohumeral joint of horses. A new access (caudal) to the scapulohumeral joint of horses has been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo A Canola
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Vanessa B de Paula
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
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Pouyet M, Bonilla AG. Diagnostic needle arthroscopy of the scapulohumeral joint in standing sedated horses. Vet Surg 2020; 50:29-37. [PMID: 33074573 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the technique to perform diagnostic standing scapulohumeral joint needle arthroscopy with a 1.2-mm-diameter arthroscope in horses. STUDY DESIGN Experimental study. ANIMALS Eight thoracic limbs in phase 1 and six horses in phase 2. METHODS In phase 1, the feasibility of the technique was evaluated by using a craniolateral arthroscopic approach. An evaluation of the visible structures of the scapulohumeral joint was performed with both a needle arthroscope and a 4-mm-diameter arthroscope. In phase 2, the technique was performed in six healthy sedated horses to validate the technique in live animals and to report any complications or limitations. RESULTS In phase 1, joint evaluation was similar between arthroscopes and allowed complete evaluation of approximately the lateral half of the humeral head and the lateral glenoid rim. In phase 2, all joints were successfully accessed, and fluid extravasation was mild. Arthroscopic visualization was complete for the centrolateral aspect of the joint in all horses and either complete (3/6) or partial (3/6) for the craniolateral and caudolateral structures, respectively. The procedure was rapidly performed and well tolerated, and no postoperative complications occurred. CONCLUSION The described technique was simple and allowed direct inspection of the scapulohumeral joint. Nonetheless, the standing nature of the technique prevents evaluation of the medial aspect of the humeral head and most of the glenoid cavity. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Needle arthroscopy of the scapulohumeral joint is feasible in horses and offers a diagnostic technique that may improve the surgeon's diagnostic ability for certain shoulder pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Pouyet
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Alvaro G Bonilla
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Fadul M, von Rotz A, Alsaaod M, Sato R, Steiner A. Arthroscopic approaches to and anatomy of the shoulder joint of cattle: a cadaver study. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:150. [PMID: 32448261 PMCID: PMC7245894 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02337-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Arthroscopic surgery is described as a minimally invasive technique for diagnosis, exploration and treatment of joint disorders. It allows intraarticular structures to be assessed accurately, thereby improving the diagnostic capabilities, and it broadens the spectrum of surgical techniques feasible for treatment of articular pathologies in cattle. This study aimed to assess for cattle the described arthroscopic approaches to the shoulder joint of horses, and to describe the appearance of the corresponding intraarticular structures of the shoulder joint. Additionally, to perform histological examination where tissues were identified and assessed arthroscopically, but the tissue type was uncertain using cadaveric limbs from cattle of different age categories without any signs of orthopedic diseases of the front limbs. Results An anatomic and arthroscopic investigation with 34-cadaveric forelimbs from 20-cattle was performed. The arthroscope was inserted either immediately cranial or 1-cm caudal to the tendon of the infraspinatus muscle for the cranial and caudal approaches, respectively. The shoulder joints were examined with the limbs in either horizontal non-pulled position, abducted non-pulled position using a three-pod limb holder adjustable in height, or horizontal manually pulled position. Arthroscopy was performed using a rigid 30°arthroscope (18-cm length, 4-mm outer diameter) to view the synovial pouches with their synovial villi and the following structures: cranial rim of the glenoid, cranial portion of the humeral head, incisura-glenoidalis, caudal rim of the glenoid, caudal portion of the humeral head, and cranial and caudal cul-de-sac. Abduction of the limb allowed improved visualization of the lateral portion of the joint. Pulling the limb facilitated investigation of the medial portion of the joint. Generally, the distention range was higher in younger as compared to adult cattle, and visualization of the medial portion of the joint was, therefore, facilitated in younger animals. The main complications observed were subcutaneous fluid extravasations and partial-thickness articular cartilages wear-lines. Conclusion The described arthroscopic techniques allowed good overall visualization of the most relevant anatomical structures within the healthy cadaveric joint. Further investigations are warranted to evaluate the diagnostic and therapeutic applications of these techniques and the prognosis of arthroscopic surgery as a tool for the treatment of joint lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Fadul
- Clinic for Ruminants, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Berne, CH-3001, Bern, Switzerland. .,Department of Surgery and Anesthesia, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, P.O. Box 32, Khartoum North, Khartoum, Sudan.
| | - Alois von Rotz
- Division of Veterinary Anatomy, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Berne, CH-3001, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Maher Alsaaod
- Clinic for Ruminants, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Berne, CH-3001, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Reiichiro Sato
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Adrian Steiner
- Clinic for Ruminants, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Berne, CH-3001, Bern, Switzerland
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Ortved KF. Surgical Management of Osteochondrosis in Foals. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2017; 33:379-396. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Nixon AJ, Fortier LA, Goodrich LR, Ducharme NG. Arthroscopic reattachment of osteochondritis dissecans lesions using resorbable polydioxanone pins. Equine Vet J 2010; 36:376-83. [PMID: 15253076 DOI: 10.2746/0425164044868477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Debridement of osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) cartilage lesions results in fibrocartilage and imperfect hyaline repair tissue, and forms a permanent irregularity to the subchondral bone plate. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the clinical, radiographic and outcome effects of OCD cartilage flap reattachment for select lesions as an alternative to OCD debridement. HYPOTHESIS Separated cartilage flaps resulting from OCD lesions may be re-incorporated into the hyaline cartilage surface by reattachment rather than debridement and removal. METHODS Resorbable polydioxanone pins were used to reattach OCD flap lesions in 16 joints of 12 horses. Criteria for attachment, rather than removal, included an unmineralised cartilage flap on preoperative radiographs and a relatively smooth surface with some residual perimeter attachment at surgery. RESULTS There were 12 subjects, 6 males and 6 females, 7 Thoroughbred or Standardbred weanlings, 3 Warmbloods, 1 Arabian and 1 Quarter Horse, mean age at surgery 6.8 months. All horses had effusion of the affected femoropatellar joint (n = 9), tarsocrural joint (n = 1) or fetlock (n = 2). Radiographic lesions varied in length between 1.8-6.3 cm; reattachment was used in 16 of 18 affected joints and the OCD cartilage was not satisfactory for salvage in 2 stifles. Number of pins required was 2-10. One horse was subjected to euthanasia due to a tendon laceration 8 weeks after surgery; of the remaining 11 horses, mean duration of follow-up was 3.9 years (range 4 months-8 years). Nine of these were sound and had entered work, while 2 were sound but remained unbroken 4 and 6 months post operatively, respectively. Radiographic resolution of the OCD lesion occurred in 14 of 16 pinned joints in the 9 horses with long-term follow-up. The 2 remaining joints had a 3 and a 5 mm mineralised flap in the original defect sites. CONCLUSIONS This study indicated cartilage flap reattachment was an alternative to removal in selected OCD lesions. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE Relatively smooth OCD cartilage flaps may be salvaged by reattachment and can result in normal radiographic subchondral contour and a high likelihood of athletic performance. Further case numbers are required to determine which lesions are too irregular or contain too much mineral for effective incorporation after reattachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Nixon
- Department of Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-6401, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe surgical arthrodesis of the scapulohumeral joint and to evaluate its efficacy in reducing morbidity associated with severe shoulder dysfunction in miniature horses. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective study. ANIMALS Four miniature horses. METHODS Medical records and radiographs were reviewed for history, physical examination findings, lameness evaluation, radiographic evaluation, surgical techniques, postoperative complications, and outcome. A 10- or 11-hole, 4.5-mm narrow dynamic compression plate and 4.5-mm cortical screws were applied to the cranial surface of the scapula and cranial surface of the humerus after osteotomy of the intermediate tubercle. In most horses, 1 or 2 screws were inserted in lag fashion across the joint, through holes in the plate. RESULTS Scapulohumeral osteoarthritis was diagnosed radiographically in 4 horses, and 3 horses had concurrent shoulder luxation or subluxation. All horses had grade 3 or 4 lameness before surgery, and most improved by 1 to 2 grades after surgery. Despite complications of implant failure (2 horses), infection (2 horses), scapular fracture (1 horse), and atrophy of the shoulder muscles (1 horse), functional arthrodesis reduced morbidity in all horses. CONCLUSIONS Scapulohumeral arthrodesis facilitates early return to weight bearing in miniature horses with severe scapulohumeral joint osteoarthrosis. Despite functional gait abnormality, the horses ambulated quite well after surgery. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Scapulohumeral arthrodesis should be considered for debilitating conditions of the shoulder joint in miniature horses, especially when the intended outcome is breeding or pasture soundness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy A Semevolos
- Department of Large Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- A Muttini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Veterinarie dell'università degli Studi di Teramo, Viale Crispi 212, Località Cartecchio, Teramo, Italy.
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Textor JA, Nixon AJ, Lumsden J, Ducharme NG. Subchondral cystic lesions of the proximal extremity of the tibia in horses: 12 cases (1983-2000). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2001; 218:408-13. [PMID: 11201569 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2001.218.408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine clinical and radiographic features of subchondral cystic lesions (SCL) of the proximal extremity of the tibia in horses that could be used to classify these lesions as being related to osteochondrosis or osteoarthritis and to evaluate results of surgical debridement. DESIGN Retrospective study. ANIMALS 12 horses with 14 SCL. PROCEDURE Medical records and radiographs obtained before and after treatment were reviewed. RESULTS In 6 young horses (8 lesions), SCL were considered to be related to osteochondrosis; all involved the lateral tibial condyle. The remaining 6 horses were mature and had radiographic evidence of osteoarthritis in addition to SCL. Arthroscopic debridement was performed in 4 horses in which lesions were considered to be a result of osteochondrosis and in 3 horses with osteoarthritis. Three horses in which SCL were considered to be a result of osteochondrosis performed athletically after debridement. Two horses with moderate osteoarthritis returned to work after arthroscopic debridement but at a lower level of athletic performance. One horse with SCL related to osteochondrosis responded to medical treatment and went on to race. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggest that arthroscopic debridement of SCL is feasible in horses in which lesions involve the cranial portion of the lateral or medial tibial condyle, and that treated horses may be able to perform athletically.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Textor
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Doyle PS, White NA. Diagnostic findings and prognosis following arthroscopic treatment of subtle osteochondral lesions in the shoulder joint of horses: 15 cases (1996-1999). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000; 217:1878-82. [PMID: 11132896 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2000.217.1878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine clinical, scintigraphic, radiographic, and arthroscopic findings and results of treatment in horses with lameness attributable to subtle osteochondral lesions of the shoulder joint. DESIGN Retrospective study. ANIMALS 15 horses. PROCEDURE Medical records were reviewed, and results of physical examination, scintigraphy, radiography, arthroscopy, and treatment were recorded. RESULTS Severity of lameness ranged from grade 1 to 4. Response to shoulder flexion or extension was variable. Twelve horses had a narrow upright foot. Intra-articular anesthesia of the shoulder joint localized the cause of the lameness to the shoulder joint in 9 of 10 horses. Scintigraphic abnormalities were detected in 4 of 6 horses. Radiographic lesions were subtle and included glenoid sclerosis, focal glenoid lysis, small glenoid cysts, and alterations in the humeral head contour. Arthroscopic evaluation confirmed clefts in the glenoid cartilage, glenoid cysts, a humeral head cyst, fibrillation of the humeral head cartilage, cartilage fragmentation, or a nondisplaced fracture of the humeral head. After treatment, 12 horses returned to their previous level of performance, 1 was sound for light riding, 1 remained lame, and 1 was euthanatized because of chronic lameness. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggest that a combination of physical examination, scintigraphy, and radiography is necessary to diagnose subtle osteochondral lesions of the shoulder joint in horses. Arthroscopy can be used to confirm the diagnosis and treat cartilage and subchondral bone lesions. Young and middle-aged horses with subtle osteochondral lesions of the shoulder joints have a good prognosis for return to performance following arthroscopic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Doyle
- The Marion duPont Scott Equine Medical Center, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Leesburg 20177, USA
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Bree H, Ryssen B, Desmidt M. OSTEOCHONDROSIS LESIONS OF THE CANINE SHOULDER: CORRELATION OF POSITIVE CONTRAST ARTHROGRAPHY AND ARTHROSCOPY. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1992. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.1992.tb00157.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Mcilwraith CW. Subchondral cystic lesions in the horse - the indications, methods and results of surgery. EQUINE VET EDUC 1990. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.1990.tb01393.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Twenty-three shoulders of 21 dogs were treated arthroscopically for osteochondritis dissecans (OCD). Thirteen dogs had bilateral lesions detectable radiographically; however, only two dogs had arthroscopic surgery on both shoulders. Arthroscopic procedures included removal of the osteochondral flap, curettage of the subchondral defect, and partial synovectomy. Fourteen dogs were using the treated limb within 1 day and eight dogs within 2 days, although some lameness may have persisted for several weeks. Force plate evaluation was effective for comparison of preoperative and postoperative mean peak force/body weight (PF/BW) values. Improvement was detected objectively in 9 of the 10 dogs returned for postoperative force plate analysis. All owners were satisfied with the cosmetic results and the rapid return to function.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Person
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-6610
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Abstract
Treatment of degenerative joint disease (osteoarthritis) is discussed in relationship to pathogenesis of five clinical entities, defined to facilitate discussion:-1) occurring in high motion joints and associated with synovitis; 2) associated with low motion joints; 3) "non-progressive" articular cartilage erosion; 4) secondary to other identified problems (intra-articular fractures, ligamentous damage, wounds, septic arthritis, osteochondrosis); and 5) chondromalacia of the patella. In addition to direct damage to articular cartilage, synovitis and capsulitis and depletion of matrical glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans play important roles. The natural healing response in damaged articular cartilage is inadequate. The principles of treatment are divided into: 1) prevention or treatment of primary causes. These include the effects of track surface, shoeing, and the appropriate resolution of intra-articular fractures, septic arthritis and osteochondritis dissecans. 2) treatment of active soft tissue disease contributing to articular cartilage degeneration, including rest, physical therapy, synovectomy and administration of anti-inflammatory drugs, sodium hyaluronate and polysulfated glycosaminoglycans. 3) attempts at treatment of articular cartilage loss or degeneration, including articular cartilage curettage, subchondral bone drilling, osteophyte removal, articular cartilage grafting and arthrodesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W McIlwraith
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, USA
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