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Gasiorowski J. Surgical considerations for carpal slab fracture repair in racehorses. EQUINE VET EDUC 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Gasiorowski
- Mid‐Atlantic Equine Medical Center Ringoes New Jersey USA
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The effect of curve running on distal limb kinematics in the Thoroughbred racehorse. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0244105. [PMID: 33373408 PMCID: PMC7771664 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
During racing, injury is more likely to occur on a bend than on a straight segment of track. This study aimed to quantify the effects of galloping at training speeds on large radius curves on stride parameters and limb lean angle in order to assess estimated consequences for limb loading. Seven Thoroughbred horses were equipped with a sacrum-mounted inertial measurement unit with an integrated GPS, two hoof-mounted accelerometers and retro-reflective markers on the forelimbs. Horses galloped 2–4 circuits anticlockwise around an oval track and were filmed at 120 frames per second using an array of ten cameras. Speed and curve radius were derived from GPS data and used to estimate the centripetal acceleration necessary to navigate the curve. Stride, stance and swing durations and duty factor (DF) were derived from accelerometer data. Limb markers were tracked and whole limb and third metacarpus (MCIII) angles were calculated. Data were analysed using mixed effects models with a significance level of p < 0.05. For horses galloping on the correct lead, DF was higher for the inside (lead) leg on the straight and on the curve. For horses galloping on the incorrect lead, there was no difference in DF between inside and outside legs on the straight or on the curve. DF decreased by 0.61% of DF with each 1 m s-2 increase in centripetal acceleration (p < 0.001). Whole limb inclination angle increased by 1.5° per 1 m s-1 increase in speed (p = 0.002). Limb lean angles increase as predicted, and lead limb function mirrors the functional requirements for curve running. A more comprehensive understanding of the effects of lean and torque on the distal limb is required to understand injury mechanisms.
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Olusa TAO, Akbar Z, Murray CM, Davies HMS. Morphometric analysis of the intercarpal ligaments of the equine proximal carpal bones during simulated flexion and extension of cadaver limbs. Anat Histol Embryol 2020; 50:151-160. [PMID: 32901991 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Despite many reported cases of carpal lameness associated with intercarpal ligament injuries in horses, the morphometry, movement pattern and general intrinsic biomechanics of the carpus are largely unknown. Using osteoligamentous preparation of the carpus prepared from 14 equine cadaver forelimbs (aged 9.62 ± 4.25 years), locomotory simulations of flexion and extension movements of the carpal joint were carried out to observed carpal biomechanics and, thereafter, the limbs were further dissected to obtain morphometric measurements of the medial and lateral collateral ligaments (MLC and LCL); medial and lateral palmar intercarpal ligaments (MPICL and LPICL); intercarpal ligaments between radial (Cr) and intermediate (Ci) carpal bones (Cr-Ci ICL); and intercarpal ligaments between Ci and ulnar (Cu) carpal bones (Ci-Cu ICL). The Cr, Ci, Cu and Ca are held together by a series of intercarpal ligaments and move in unison lateropalmarly during flexion, and mediodorsally during extension with a distinguishable proximo-distal sliding movement (gliding) of Cr and Ci against each other during movement. The mean length of MCL (108.82 ± 9.64 mm) was significantly longer (p = 0.042) than LCL (104.43 ± 7.65 mm). The Cr-Ci ICL has a dorsopalmar depth of 37.58 ± 4.14 mm and a midpoint width of 12.05 ± 3.09 mm and its fibres ran diagonally from the medial side of the Ci in a proximo-palmar disto-dorsal direction (i.e. palmarodistally) to the lateral side of the Cr. The specialized movement of the Cr-Ci ICL, which appeared to be further facilitated by a longer MCL suggest a biomechanical function by which carpal damage may be minimized in the equine carpus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A O Olusa
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Vic., Australia
| | - Zeeshan Akbar
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Vic., Australia
| | - Christina M Murray
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Vic., Australia
| | - Helen M S Davies
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Vic., Australia
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Olusa T, Murray C, Davies H. Radiographic assessment of the equine carpal joint under incremental loads and during flexion. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.3920/cep180044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Non-physiologic loading of the carpal bones is believed to result in osteochondral fractures, ligament rupture and axial instability in the equine forelimb; however, the mechanism of carpal damage due to non-physiologic loading of the carpus is largely unknown. To investigate carpal stability (alignment and direction of carpal bones’ movement) under load and during flexion, some previously described carpal parameters were measured on radiographs obtained from 24 equine cadaver limbs (aged 10.71±4.15 years). The limbs were transected at the antebrachial midshaft, axially loaded in a commercial press and serially radiographed under a range of incremental loads (extension) and 2 flexion positions. The extensions were measured by a 10° decrease in the dorsal fetlock angle (DFA) from 160° to 110° (DFA160 to DFA110) using the jacking system of the press; and flexions at palmar carpal angle of 45° and 90° (PCA45 and PCA90). As loading increased from DFA160 to DFA110 there was a progressive significant increase in Third Carpal bone Palmar Facet Angle (C3PalFCA: 86.46±2.54° to 88.60±2.51°) but a decrease in Dorsal Carpal Angle (DCA: 173.03±3.47° to 159.65±4.09°); Medial Carpal Angle (MCA: 186.31±1.90° to 184.61±2.26°); and Groove width of the Cr-Ci intercarpal ligament (GW.Cr-Ci ICL: 9.35±1.20° to 8.83±1.13°) while no significant differences were observed for Distal Radial Slope Carpal Angle (DRSCA) and Intermediate carpal bone Proximal Tuberosity-Radial Angle (CiPxTRA). A generalised medio-distal directional displacement in the carpal bones’ movement were observed. In conclusion, increased load on the forelimb (carpus) produced carpal hyperextension with measurable radiographic changes in the position and alignment of the carpal bones. The non-stretching (strain) or shortening of the Cr-Ci ICL during loading, indicated by the decrease in GW.Cr-Ci ICL, suggests a relaxed intercarpal ligament within a confined space which appears to absorb compressional load transferred from carpal bones and redistribution of concussion forces within the carpal joint during loading thereby providing a useful mechanism to minimise carpal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- T.A.O. Olusa
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee VIC 3030, Australia
| | - C.M. Murray
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee VIC 3030, Australia
| | - H.M.S. Davies
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee VIC 3030, Australia
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Engiles JB, Stewart H, Janes J, Kennedy LA. A diagnostic pathologist's guide to carpal disease in racehorses. J Vet Diagn Invest 2017; 29:414-430. [PMID: 28580838 DOI: 10.1177/1040638717710238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As a pathologist, postmortem examination of the equine carpus can be daunting. The anatomy is complex and oftentimes, small or subtle lesions have significant impact on lameness and secondary lesions such as catastrophic musculoskeletal fractures and other injuries. In performance horses, particularly racehorses, the carpus is a common site of injury and source of lameness. Given the predisposition of racehorses to developing carpal disease, familiarity with clinically relevant anatomy and common developmental, degenerative, traumatic, and inflammatory processes are imperative for thorough postmortem examination. Our aim is (1) to provide a concise summary of clinically relevant anatomy and function that serves as a guide for postmortem evaluation of the equine carpus, and (2) to review common carpal injuries and diseases in actively training, racing, or retired racehorses, including developmental lesions (incomplete ossification, osteochondromata), infectious and inflammatory lesions (septic arthritis and tenosynovitis), and degenerative and traumatic lesions (degenerative and traumatic osteoarthritis, osteochondral fragmentation, and polyostotic catastrophic "breakdown" fractures). Representative gross and histologic images are presented along with corresponding antemortem and postmortem diagnostic images, and a review of current scientific literature pertaining to the pathogenesis of these equine carpal lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie B Engiles
- Department of Pathobiology, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA (Engiles).,Gail Holmes Orthopaedic Research Center, Department of Clinical Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (Stewart).,Department of Veterinary Science, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Janes, Kennedy)
| | - Holly Stewart
- Department of Pathobiology, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA (Engiles).,Gail Holmes Orthopaedic Research Center, Department of Clinical Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (Stewart).,Department of Veterinary Science, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Janes, Kennedy)
| | - Jennifer Janes
- Department of Pathobiology, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA (Engiles).,Gail Holmes Orthopaedic Research Center, Department of Clinical Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (Stewart).,Department of Veterinary Science, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Janes, Kennedy)
| | - Laura A Kennedy
- Department of Pathobiology, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA (Engiles).,Gail Holmes Orthopaedic Research Center, Department of Clinical Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (Stewart).,Department of Veterinary Science, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Janes, Kennedy)
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Lardé H, Nichols S, Babkine M, Desrochers A. Dorsal Arthroscopic Approach and Intra-Articular Anatomy of the Bovine Antebrachiocarpal and Middle Carpal Joints. Vet Surg 2016; 45:609-18. [PMID: 27265238 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.12488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine arthroscopic approaches to the dorsal synovial compartments of the antebrachiocarpal and middle carpal joints in adult cattle, and to describe the arthroscopic intra-articular anatomy from each approach. STUDY DESIGN Ex vivo study. ANIMALS Six fresh adult bovine cadavers. METHODS Two carpi were injected with latex and dissected to determine the ideal location for arthroscopic portals. Arthroscopy of the antebrachiocarpal and middle carpal joints of 10 carpi was then performed. The dorsolateral approach was made between the extensor carpi radialis and common digital extensor tendons. The dorsomedial approach was made medial to the extensor carpi radialis tendon, midway between the distal radius and proximal row of carpal bones (antebrachiocarpal joint) and midway between the two rows of carpal bones (middle carpal joint), with the joint in flexion. RESULTS Arthroscopy of the antebrachiocarpal joint allowed visualization of the distal radius, proximal aspect of the radial, intermediate and ulnar carpal bones, and a palmar ligament located between the radius and the intermediate carpal bone. The approach to the middle carpal joint allowed visualization of the distal aspect of the radial, intermediate, and ulnar carpal bones, the proximal aspect of the fourth and fused second and third carpal bones and an interosseous ligament. The most lateral articular structures (lateral glenoid cavity of the distal radius, ulnar carpal and fourth carpal bones) were difficult to assess. CONCLUSION Dorsal approaches to the antebrachiocarpal and middle carpal joints allowed visualization of most intra-articular dorsal structures in adult cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Lardé
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Sylvain Nichols
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie Babkine
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - André Desrochers
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
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Nagy A, Dyson S. The challenge of diagnosing soft tissue injuries in the palmar aspect of the carpus. EQUINE VET EDUC 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Nagy
- Old Town; Dubai United Arab Emirates
| | - S. Dyson
- Centre for Equine Studies; Animal Health Trust; Suffolk UK
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Barba M, McMaster M, Albanese V, Cole R, Caldwell F, Schumacher J. Carpal hyperextension in a Percheron mare caused by a palmar carpal ligament tear. EQUINE VET EDUC 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Barba
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University; Alabama USA
| | - M. McMaster
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University; Alabama USA
| | - V. Albanese
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University; Alabama USA
| | - R. Cole
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University; Alabama USA
| | - F. Caldwell
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University; Alabama USA
| | - J. Schumacher
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University; Alabama USA
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Gray SN, Puchalski SM, Galuppo LD. COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC ARTHROGRAPHY OF THE INTERCARPAL LIGAMENTS OF THE EQUINE CARPUS. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2013; 54:245-52. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N. Gray
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital
| | - Sarah M. Puchalski
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine University of California; Davis 95616; CA
| | - Larry D. Galuppo
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine University of California; Davis 95616; CA
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Pepe M, Beccati F, Gialletti R, Moriconi F. Bilateral Rupture of the Palmar Carpal Ligament in a Horse Suffering from Acute Diaphragmatic Hernia. J Equine Vet Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Driver AJ, Barr FJ, Fuller CJ, Barr ARS. Ultrasonography of the medial palmar intercarpal ligament in the Thoroughbred: technique and normal appearance. Equine Vet J 2010; 36:402-8. [PMID: 15253080 DOI: 10.2746/0425164044868459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Tearing of the medial palmar intercarpal ligament (MPICL) has been recognised as a cause of lameness in the Thoroughbred, but diagnosis is difficult due to the nonspecific clinical signs, and can be achieved only by performing arthroscopy on the mid carpal joint (MCJ). It would be beneficial to be able to image the MPICL using ultrasonography to determine whether pathology is present in the ligament in order to aid diagnosis and prognosis. OBJECTIVES To determine whether the MPICL could be imaged using ultrasound from the dorsal aspect of the MCJ, and to describe the technique and normal ultrasonographic appearance of the ligament. METHODS A pilot study was performed using 2 cadaver carpi. Each carpus in turn had the MPICL imaged simultaneously using arthroscopy and ultrasound, with a metallic probe positioned on the dorsal aspect of the ligament to highlight the position of the MPICL. Six further pairs of carpi had the MPICL imaged ultrasonographically followed by dissection of the carpus to evaluate the ligament and relate its anatomy to the ultrasound images. Finally, 15 Thoroughbreds with no history of lameness isolated to the carpus had their MPICLs assessed and measured ultrasonographically. RESULTS The MPICL could be imaged via the dorsal aspect of the MCJ using standard ultrasound equipment. The body and division into medial and lateral branches could be seen as a distinct, moderately dense granular echogenic structure in the palmar aspect of the joint, with clearly defined margins. CONCLUSIONS The normal MPICL can be imaged reliably using ultrasound in the Thoroughbred from the dorsal aspect of the MCJ. There is a wide range in the normal width of the lateral aspect of the MPICL, but there is good symmetry between contralateral limbs. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE This report of the normal ultrasonographic appearance of the ligament will be beneficial in acting as a reference for the detection of pathology using ultrasound.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Driver
- Department of Companion Animals, School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK
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Kim W, Kawcak CE, McIlwraith CW, Firth EC, McArdle BH, Broom ND. Influence of early conditioning exercise on the development of gross cartilage defects and swelling behavior of cartilage extracellular matrix in the equine midcarpal joint. Am J Vet Res 2009; 70:589-98. [PMID: 19405897 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.70.5.589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the influence of early conditioning exercise on the development of gross cartilage defects and swelling behavior of cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) in the midcarpal joint of horses. ANIMALS 12 Thoroughbreds. PROCEDURES 6 horses underwent early conditioning exercise from birth to 18 months of age (CONDEX group), and 6 horses were used as control animals (PASTEX group). The horses were euthanized at 18 months of age, and the midcarpal joints were harvested. Gross defects of the cartilage surface were classified and mapped. Opposing surfaces of the third and radial carpal bones were used to quantify swelling behavior of the cartilage ECM. RESULTS A wide range of gross defects was detected in the cartilage on the opposing surfaces of the bones of the midcarpal joint; however, there was no significant difference between the CONDEX and PASTEX groups. Similarly, no significant difference in swelling behavior of the cartilage ECM was evident between the CONDEX and PASTEX groups. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In the study reported here, we did not detect negative influences of early conditioning exercise on the prevalence of gross defects in cartilage of the midcarpal joint or the quality of the cartilage ECM as defined by swelling behavior. These results suggested that early conditioning exercise may be used without negative consequences for the midcarpal joint and the cartilage ECM of the third and radial carpal bones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woong Kim
- Biomaterials Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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Beinlich CP, Nixon AJ. Prevalence and response to surgical treatment of lateral palmar intercarpal ligament avulsion in horses: 37 cases (1990-2001). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005; 226:760-6. [PMID: 15776950 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2005.226.760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To clarify the diagnosis of avulsion of the lateral palmar intercarpal ligament (LPICL), correlate avulsion of this ligament with lameness, determine the prevalence of avulsion of the LPICL in a hospital population, and evaluate the response to surgical removal of the avulsion fragment in horses. DESIGN Retrospective study. ANIMALS 37 horses with avulsion of the LPICL. PROCEDURE Medical records and radiographs of horses with avulsion of the LPICL were reviewed; follow-up information was obtained from race records and from owners via a telephone survey. RESULTS Of 6,418 horses evaluated for forelimb lameness from March 1, 1990, to December 31, 2001, 37 (0.5%) had avulsion of the LPICL; each horse had a discrete fragment associated with avulsion of the ligament origin from the ulnar carpal bone. Twenty-six horses underwent arthroscopic fragment removal; 20 of 22 (91%) horses for which follow-up information was available returned to work. Of 9 horses treated conservatively, 5 returned to work. Odds ratio calculations indicated that horses treated surgically were 8 times as likely to return to work than those not treated surgically. Twelve horses had LPICL avulsion without concurrent osteochondral fragmentation in the same or additional joints; follow-up information was available for 9 of those horses, of which 8 returned to athletic work. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In horses, discrete avulsion of the LPICL can be a cause of lameness and arthroscopic debridement may be the treatment of choice. Prognosis for return to work of horses with avulsion of the LPICL is good.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Beinlich
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Beinlich CP, Nixon AJ. RADIOGRAPHIC AND PATHOLOGIC CHARACTERIZATION OF LATERAL PALMAR INTERCARPAL LIGAMENT AVULSION FRACTURES IN THE HORSE. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2004; 45:532-7. [PMID: 15605844 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2004.04091.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the radiographic and histologic appearance of lateral palmar intercarpal ligament (LPICL) avulsion in the horse was characterized. Thirty-seven horses with radiographic evidence of avulsion fragments originating from the medial palmar aspect of the ulnar carpal bone were examined. The dorsolateral to palmaromedial projection was useful for evaluating the size and shape of the avulsed bone fragment, and the dorsopalmar projection added information on the relative proximity of the fragment to its fracture bed. Radiographic features that differentiated LPICL avulsion from subchondral cystic lesions of the ulnar carpal bone included a variable-sized osseous opacity adjacent to the lucent concavity of the fracture bed and the consistent location within the palmar transition zone at the confluence of LPICL insertion and hyaline cartilage on the palmar surface of the ulnar carpal bone. All 26 horses having surgical removal of the fragments had arthroscopic confirmation that the fragment was within the LPICL. Histologic examination confirmed the fragments were fracture related rather than developmental or the result of dystrophic mineralization. Many of the fragments had attached remnants of a ligament. This study describes the radiographic, surgical, and histologic features in 37 horses which better characterize LPICL avulsion fracture in the carpus and provide differentiating features to assist in separating this syndrome from true osseous cyst-like lesions within the ulnar carpal bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Beinlich
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report a severe form of carpometacarpal osteoarthritis (CMC-OA) affecting primarily older Arabian horses. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective study. ANIMALS Thirty-one horses with CMC-OA. METHODS Carpal radiographs (405 sets) from 3 hospitals were evaluated to identify horses with marked osteoproliferative reaction across the medial aspect of the CMC joint. Owners were contacted to obtain detailed histories and status updates. Necropsy specimens of the CMC joint were evaluated at 2 hospitals to determine the prevalence of 2 variations in the articulation between the proximal second and third metacarpal bones. RESULTS Thirty-one horses were identified as having marked osteoproliferative reaction at the CMC joint. Twenty-three (74%) were Arabian horses. Of the Arabian horses, the average age at admission was 14.4 years. Eight (34.8%) Arabian horses had a known history of trauma. Most were no longer rideable at presentation. Ten of the horses were subsequently euthanatized because of lameness. The dorsal and palmar articulations between the second and third metacarpal bones were examined in 177 horses. The palmar articulation was absent in 48% of Arabian horses and 12.5% of non-Arabian horses at 1 center, including 4 horses with CMC-OA. At the second center, the palmar articulation was present in 8 of 8 Arabian horses but was absent in 22 of 92 (24%) non-Arabian horses. CONCLUSIONS An increased frequency of this crippling form of OA was observed in Arabian horses. It may reflect an increased prevalence, in some geographical regions, of an absent palmar articulation between the second and third metacarpal bones. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Carpal trauma in some Arabian horses may result in unexpectedly severe carpometacarpal osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin D Malone
- Department of Clinical and Population Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Whitton RC, Kannegieter NJ, Rose RJ. The intercarpal ligaments of the equine midcarpal joint, Part 3: Clinical observations in 32 racing horses with midcarpal joint disease. Vet Surg 1997; 26:374-81. [PMID: 9381662 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.1997.tb01696.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the clinical features of intercarpal ligament pathology and to determine the relationship among palmar intercarpal ligament tearing, dorsomedial intercarpal ligament (DMICL) hypertrophy, and other intraarticular lesions. STUDY DESIGN Prospective clinical observations. ANIMALS OR SAMPLE POPULATION Twenty-eight thoroughbred and four standardbred race horses. METHODS Clinical, radiographic, and arthroscopic examination of 53 midcarpal joints of 32 horses. RESULTS Palmar intercarpal ligament tearing was observed in 30 joints of 22 horses. Some tearing of the medial palmar intercarpal ligament (MPICL) was present in 27 joints of 20 horses, and tearing of the lateral palmar intercarpal ligament in 9 joints of 7 horses. There was no correlation between the severity of clinical signs recorded and the degree of MPICL tearing. Joints with grade 2-4 MPICL tearing had significantly less cartilage and bone damage than joints with grade 1 or no ligament damage (P < .05). There was a significant inverse relationship between the number and size of intra-articular fractures, as assessed radiographically, and ligament damage (R = -.31). The DMICL was identified in all joints, and in 18 joints the ligament was enlarged. There was a significant correlation between MPICL damage and hypertrophy of the DMICL (R = .35). There was no correlation between DMICL hypertrophy and articular cartilage damage or subchondral bone damage. CONCLUSIONS Severe subchondral bone and MPICL damage rarely occur in the same joint and DMICL hypertrophy may be associated with, rather than a cause of, joint disease. CLINICAL RELEVANCE There are no clinical or radiographic findings that will differentiate intercarpal ligament injury from other carpal injuries. Diagnosis is only possible by arthroscopic examination of the midcarpal joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Whitton
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Sydney, Australia
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