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Woodrow JS, Sheats MK, Cooper B, Bayless R. Asthma: The Use of Animal Models and Their Translational Utility. Cells 2023; 12:cells12071091. [PMID: 37048164 PMCID: PMC10093022 DOI: 10.3390/cells12071091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is characterized by chronic lower airway inflammation that results in airway remodeling, which can lead to a permanent decrease in lung function. The pathophysiology driving the development of asthma is complex and heterogenous. Animal models have been and continue to be essential for the discovery of molecular pathways driving the pathophysiology of asthma and novel therapeutic approaches. Animal models of asthma may be induced or naturally occurring. Species used to study asthma include mouse, rat, guinea pig, cat, dog, sheep, horse, and nonhuman primate. Some of the aspects to consider when evaluating any of these asthma models are cost, labor, reagent availability, regulatory burden, relevance to natural disease in humans, type of lower airway inflammation, biological samples available for testing, and ultimately whether the model can answer the research question(s). This review aims to discuss the animal models most available for asthma investigation, with an emphasis on describing the inciting antigen/allergen, inflammatory response induced, and its translation to human asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Seymour Woodrow
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA
| | - M Katie Sheats
- Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Bethanie Cooper
- Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Rosemary Bayless
- Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
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Ceriotti S, Bullone M, Leclere M, Ferrucci F, Lavoie JP. Severe asthma is associated with a remodeling of the pulmonary arteries in horses. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239561. [PMID: 33091038 PMCID: PMC7580920 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale are complications of severe equine asthma, as a consequence of pulmonary hypoxic vasoconstriction. However, as pulmonary hypertension is only partially reversible by oxygen administration, other etiological factors are likely involved. In human chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary artery remodeling contributes to the development of pulmonary hypertension. In rodent models, pulmonary vascular remodeling is present as a consequence of allergic airway inflammation. The present study investigated the presence of remodeling of the pulmonary arteries in severe equine asthma, its distribution throughout the lungs, and its reversibility following long-term antigen avoidance strategies and inhaled corticosteroid administration. Using histomorphometry, the total wall area of pulmonary arteries from different regions of the lungs of asthmatic horses and controls was measured. The smooth muscle mass of pulmonary arteries was also estimated on lung sections stained for α-smooth muscle actin. Reversibility of vascular changes in asthmatic horses was assessed after 1 year of antigen avoidance alone or treatment with inhaled fluticasone. Pulmonary arteries showed increased wall area in apical and caudodorsal lung regions of asthmatic horses in both exacerbation and remission. The pulmonary arteries smooth muscle mass was similarly increased. Both treatments reversed the increase in wall area. However, a trend for normalization of the vascular smooth muscle mass was observed only after treatment with antigen avoidance, but not with fluticasone. In conclusion, severe equine asthma is associated with remodeling of the pulmonary arteries consisting in an increased smooth muscle mass. The resulting narrowing of the artery lumen could enhance hypoxic vasoconstriction, contributing to pulmonary hypertension. In our study population, the antigen avoidance strategy appeared more promising than inhaled corticosteroids in controlling vascular remodeling. However, further studies are needed to support the reversibility of vascular smooth muscle mass remodeling after asthma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Ceriotti
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Michela Bullone
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mathilde Leclere
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Francesco Ferrucci
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Jean-Pierre Lavoie
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
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Fernandez N, del-Pozo J, Shaw D, Marques AIC. Comparison of two minimally invasive techniques for liver biopsy collection in dogs. J Small Anim Pract 2017; 58:555-561. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Fernandez
- Easter Bush Veterinary Centre; Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies; Roslin Midlothian EH25 9RG UK
| | - J. del-Pozo
- Easter Bush Veterinary Centre; Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies; Roslin Midlothian EH25 9RG UK
| | - D. Shaw
- Easter Bush Veterinary Centre; Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies; Roslin Midlothian EH25 9RG UK
| | - A. I. C. Marques
- Easter Bush Veterinary Centre; Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies; Roslin Midlothian EH25 9RG UK
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Partlow J, David F, Hunt LM, Relave F, Blond L, Pinilla M, Lavoie JP. COMPARISON OF THORACIC ULTRASONOGRAPHY AND RADIOGRAPHY FOR THE DETECTION OF INDUCED SMALL VOLUME PNEUMOTHORAX IN THE HORSE. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2017; 58:354-360. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Florent David
- Bjerke Dyrehospital- En Rikstotoklinikk; Refstadveien 1; Oslo 0589 Norway
| | - Luanne Michelle Hunt
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick), School of Veterinary Studies; Easter Bush Campus; Midlothian, Edinburgh EH25 9RG Scotland United Kingdom
| | - Fabien Relave
- Clinique Équine de Conques; Château de Conques ; 33420 Saint Aubin De Branne France
| | - Laurent Blond
- Clinique Vétérinaire Langedocia; 395 rue Maurice Béjart; 34080 Montpellier France
| | - Manuel Pinilla
- VetCT; St. John's Innovation Centre; Cowley Road Cambridge CB4 0WS United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Pierre Lavoie
- Université de Montréal, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire; Département de Sciences Cliniques; 3200 rue Sicotte Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 7C6 Canada
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Asthma "of horses and men"--how can equine heaves help us better understand human asthma immunopathology and its functional consequences? Mol Immunol 2014; 66:97-105. [PMID: 25547716 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Animal models have been studied to unravel etiological, immunopathological, and genetic attributes leading to asthma. However, while experiments in which the disease is artificially induced have helped discovering biological and molecular pathways leading to allergic airway inflammation, their contribution to the understanding of the causality of the disease has been more limited. Horses naturally suffer from an asthma-like condition called "heaves" which presents sticking similarities with human asthma. It is characterized by reversible airway obstruction, airway neutrophilic inflammation, and a predominant Th2 immune response. This model allows one to investigate the role of neutrophils in asthma, which remains contentious, the regulation of chronic neutrophilic inflammation, and their possible implication in pulmonary allergic responses. Furthermore, the pulmonary remodeling features in heaves closely resemble those of human asthma, which makes this model unique to investigate the kinetics, reversibility, as well as the physiological consequences of tissue remodeling. In conclusion, heaves and asthma share common clinical presentation and also important immunological and tissue remodeling features. This makes heaves an ideal model for the discovery of novel pathways implicated in the asthmatic inflammation and associated tissue remodeling.
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Setlakwe EL, Lemos KR, Lavoie-Lamoureux A, Duguay JD, Lavoie JP. Airway collagen and elastic fiber content correlates with lung function in equine heaves. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 307:L252-60. [PMID: 24879055 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00019.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The consequences on lung function and inflammation of alterations in the extracellular matrix affecting the peripheral airway wall in asthma are largely unknown. We hypothesized that remodeling of collagen and elastic fibers in the peripheral airway wall leads to airway obstruction and contributes to neutrophilic airway inflammation. Animals used were six heaves-affected horses and five controls. Large peripheral lung biopsies were obtained from horses with heaves in clinical remission (Baseline) and during disease exacerbation and from age-matched controls. The area of collagen and elastic fiber content in the lamina propria was measured by histological staining techniques and corrected for airway size. Collagen type 1 and type 3 content was further assessed from additional horses after postmortem lung samples by immunohistochemistry. The collagen breakdown products proline-glycine-proline (PGP) and N-acetylated-PGP (N-α-PGP) were also measured in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF) by mass spectrometry. Compared with controls, heaves-affected horses had an increase in collagen (P = 0.05) and elastic fiber contents (P = 0.04) at baseline. Collagen types 1 and 3 content was also significantly increased in diseased horses (P = 0.015) when both collagen types were combined. No further change in collagen content was observed after a 30-day antigenic challenge. Airway collagen at baseline was positively correlated with pulmonary resistance in asthmatic horses (r(2) = 0.78, P = 0.03) and elastic fiber content was positively associated with pulmonary elastance in controls (r(2) = 0.95, P = 0.02). No difference between groups was appreciated in PGP and N-α-PGP peptides in BALF. Increased airway wall collagen and elastic fiber content may contribute to residual obstruction in the asthmatic airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie L Setlakwe
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Karen R Lemos
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anouk Lavoie-Lamoureux
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-David Duguay
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Lavoie
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- E. S. Groover
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine; Alabama; USA
| | - A. A. Wooldridge
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine; Alabama; USA
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Marvel S, Monnet E. Ex VivoEvaluation of Canine Lung Biopsy Techniques. Vet Surg 2013; 42:473-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2013.01108.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Marvel
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University; Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Eric Monnet
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University; Fort Collins, Colorado
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Cuddy LC, Risselada M, Ellison GW. Clinical evaluation of a pre-tied ligating loop for liver biopsy and liver lobectomy. J Small Anim Pract 2012; 54:61-6. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. C. Cuddy
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville FL USA
| | - M. Risselada
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville FL USA
| | - G. W. Ellison
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville FL USA
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Abstract
Animal models have been developed to investigate specific components of asthmatic airway inflammation, hyper-responsiveness or remodelling. However, all of these aspects are rarely observed in the same animal. Heaves is a naturally occurring disease of horses that combines these features. It is characterized by stable dust-induced inflammation, bronchospasm and remodelling. The evaluation of horses during well-controlled natural antigen exposure and avoidance in experimental settings allows the study of disease mechanisms in the asymptomatic and symptomatic stages, an approach rarely feasible in humans. Also, the disease can be followed over several years to observe the cumulative effect of repeated episodes of clinical exacerbation or to evaluate long-term treatment, contrasting most murine asthma models. This model has shown complex gene and environment interactions, the involvement of both innate and adaptive responses to inflammation, and the contribution of bronchospasm and tissue remodelling to airway obstruction, all occurring in a natural setting. Similarities with the human asthmatic airways are well described and the model is currently being used to evaluate airway remodelling and its reversibility in ways that are not possible in people for ethical reasons. Tools including antibodies, recombinant proteins or gene arrays, as well as methods for sampling tissues and assessing lung function in the horse are constantly evolving to facilitate the study of this animal model. Research perspectives that can be relevant to asthma include the role of neutrophils in airway inflammation and their response to corticosteroids, systemic response to pulmonary inflammation, and maintaining athletic capacities with early intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Leclere
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Canada
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Lavoie JP, Lefebvre-Lavoie J, Leclere M, Lavoie-Lamoureux A, Chamberland A, Laprise C, Lussier J. Profiling of differentially expressed genes using suppression subtractive hybridization in an equine model of chronic asthma. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29440. [PMID: 22235296 PMCID: PMC3250435 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gene expression analyses are used to investigate signaling pathways involved in diseases. In asthma, they have been primarily derived from the analysis of bronchial biopsies harvested from mild to moderate asthmatic subjects and controls. Due to ethical considerations, there is currently limited information on the transcriptome profile of the peripheral lung tissues in asthma. Objective To identify genes contributing to chronic inflammation and remodeling in the peripheral lung tissue of horses with heaves, a naturally occurring asthma-like condition. Methods Eleven adult horses (6 heaves-affected and 5 controls) were studied while horses with heaves were in clinical remission (Pasture), and during disease exacerbation induced by a 30-day natural antigen challenge during stabling (Challenge). Large peripheral lung biopsies were obtained by thoracoscopy at both time points. Using suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH), lung cDNAs of controls (Pasture and Challenge) and asymptomatic heaves-affected horses (Pasture) were subtracted from cDNAs of horses with heaves in clinical exacerbation (Challenge). The differential expression of selected genes of interest was confirmed using quantitative PCR assay. Results Horses with heaves, but not controls, developed airway obstruction when challenged. Nine hundred and fifty cDNA clones isolated from the subtracted library were screened by dot blot array and 224 of those showing the most marked expression differences were sequenced. The gene expression pattern was confirmed by quantitative PCR in 15 of 22 selected genes. Novel genes and genes with an already defined function in asthma were identified in the subtracted cDNA library. Genes of particular interest associated with asthmatic airway inflammation and remodeling included those related to PPP3CB/NFAT, RhoA, and LTB4/GPR44 signaling pathways. Conclusions Pathways representing new possible targets for anti-inflammatory and anti-remodeling therapies for asthma were identified. The findings of genes previously associated with asthma validate this equine model for gene expression studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Lavoie
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada.
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Risselada M, Ellison GW, Bacon NJ, Polyak MMR, van Gilder J, Kirkby K, Kim SE. Comparison of 5 surgical techniques for partial liver lobectomy in the dog for intraoperative blood loss and surgical time. Vet Surg 2011; 39:856-62. [PMID: 20673274 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2010.00719.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare surgical time and intraoperative blood loss for 5 partial liver lobectomy techniques in the dog. STUDY DESIGN Experimental in vivo study. ANIMALS Dogs (n=10). METHODS Five surgical techniques (SurgiTie(™) ; LigaSure(™) ; Ultracision(®) Harmonic Scalpel [UAS]; Suction+Clip; Suction+thoracoabdominal stapler [TA]) for partial liver lobectomy in dogs were evaluated and compared for total surgical time and intraoperative blood loss. Body weight, activated clotting time (ACT), heart rate, and intraoperative blood pressure (BP) were recorded. Blood loss was determined by adding the weight of the blood soaked sponges during surgery (1 g=1 mL) to the amount of suctioned blood (mL). Surgical time (in seconds) was determined from the start of the lobectomy until cessation of bleeding from the stump. Mean surgical time and mean blood loss for each technique were compared using a Tukey's multiple comparison test. RESULTS No significant differences were found between dogs for weight, ACT, heart rate, and intraoperative BP. No complications were seen with the SurgiTie(™) technique in 9 of 10 cases. There was no significant difference in surgical time between techniques however there was a significant difference for blood loss; the Suction+Clip method had significantly more blood loss than the other techniques. CONCLUSIONS Skeletonization of the lobar vessels before individually clipping them (Suction+Clip) resulted in a higher blood loss than using Suction+TA, UAS, SurgiTie(™) or the LigaSure(™) device. The SurgiTie(™) appears to be an acceptable method for partial liver lobectomy. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Although skeletonization and individually clipping the vessels had the highest blood loss, it still was <7.5% of total blood volume. All 5 techniques should be safe for clinical use in small to medium sized dogs up to 26 kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marije Risselada
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0126, USA.
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Relave F, David F, Leclère M, Alexander K, Hélie P, Meulyzer M, Lavoie JP, Marcoux M. Thoracoscopic lung biopsies in heaves-affected horses using a bipolar tissue sealing system. Vet Surg 2011; 39:839-46. [PMID: 20673273 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2010.00720.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To validate the use of the LigaSure™ Vessel Sealing System (LVSS) to perform thoracoscopic lung tissue biopsies in heaves-affected horses. STUDY DESIGN Prospective clinical study. ANIMALS Heaves-affected horses (n=12). METHODS Lung biopsies (n=34) were collected with the LVSS (2-4 biopsies/horse) in horses with and without clinical signs of heaves. Thoracoscope (13th intercostal space [ICS]) and 2 instruments (between the 12-15th ICS) portals were used. Selected clinical and arterial blood gas variables were monitored. Postoperative pneumothorax was evaluated. Depth of thermal injury to the surrounding tissue and representativeness of the biopsies were determined. RESULTS Mean surgical time was 22.9±8.0 minutes. The complication rate was 5.6%, and primarily related to a focal inadequate sealing of the biopsy margin. Five horses in exacerbation required intraoperative intranasal O(2) . Mean PaO(2) was significantly lower in heaves-affected horses with clinical signs compared with those without clinical signs. Postoperative pneumothorax was detected radiographically after 20 of the 34 procedures. One horse with clinical signs of heaves developed a fatal tension pneumothorax 5 days postoperatively despite close radiographic monitoring. CONCLUSION Thoracoscopic lung biopsy using LVSS is a rapid and effective technique to harvest peripheral lung tissues from heaves-affected horses. Although the complication rate was tolerable, tension pneumothorax was a potential life-threatening complication because of incomplete lung sealing. CLINICAL RELEVANCE LVSS can be used with relative safety to perform thoracoscopic lung biopsy, but close postoperative monitoring is necessary to avoid tension pneumothorax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Relave
- Département de Sciences Cliniques, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.
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Leclere M, Lavoie-Lamoureux A, Gélinas-Lymburner E, David F, Martin JG, Lavoie JP. Effect of antigenic exposure on airway smooth muscle remodeling in an equine model of chronic asthma. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2010; 45:181-7. [PMID: 20935189 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2010-0300oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that airway smooth muscle remodeling is an early event in asthma, but whether it remains a dynamic process late in the course of the disease is unknown. Moreover, little is known about the effects of an antigenic exposure on chronically established smooth muscle remodeling. We measured the effects of antigenic exposure on airway smooth muscle in the central and peripheral airways of horses with heaves, a naturally occurring airway disease that shares similarities with chronic asthma. Heaves-affected horses (n = 6) and age-matched control horses (n = 5) were kept on pasture before being exposed to indoor antigens for 30 days to induce airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction. Peripheral lung and endobronchial biopsies were collected before and after antigenic exposure by thoracoscopy and bronchoscopy, respectively. Immunohistochemistry and enzymatic labeling were used for morphometric analyses of airway smooth muscle mass and proliferative and apoptotic myocytes. In the peripheral airways, heaves-affected horses had twice as much smooth muscle as control horses. Remodeling was associated with smooth muscle hyperplasia and in situ proliferation, without reduced apoptosis. Further antigenic exposure had no effect on the morphometric data. In central airways, proliferating myocytes were increased compared with control horses only after antigenic exposure. Peripheral airway smooth muscle mass is stable in chronically affected animals subjected to antigenic exposure. This increased mass is maintained in a dynamic equilibrium by an elevated cellular turnover, suggesting that targeting smooth muscle proliferation could be effective at decreasing chronic remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Leclere
- DVM, Département de Sciences Cliniques, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec J2S 7C6, Canada
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Risselada M, Polyak MMR, Ellison GW, Bacon NJ, Van Gilder JM, Coomer AR, Thieman KE. Postmortem evaluation of surgery site leakage by use of in situ isolated pulsatile perfusion after partial liver lobectomy in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2010; 71:262-7. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.71.3.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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