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Ide K, Tokunaga M, Hiratsuka S, Iwasaki T, Nishifuji K. Validation of laser doppler flowmetry to measure dermal blood flow of the pinnae in dogs with pinnal alopecia. Vet Dermatol 2023; 34:70-76. [PMID: 36229967 DOI: 10.1111/vde.13126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) is a noninvasive method of measuring regional blood flow in humans. However, this method has not been widely applied to measure blood flow in dogs. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES We hypothesised that LDF can measure changes in blood flow in canine pinnae accurately. The objectives were to determine whether LDF could accurately detect dermal blood flow changes in canine pinnae caused by haemodynamic drugs and characterize the dermal blood flow in dogs with pinnal alopecia. ANIMALS Sixteen laboratory-owned healthy dogs, 25 client-owned healthy control dogs and six dogs with pinnal alopecia suspected to be secondary to ischaemic dermatoses. MATERIALS AND METHODS Clinical doses of the haemodynamic drugs atropine, medetomidine and dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate (dBcAMP), as well as topical dBcAMP, were administered to healthy beagles. Subsequently, an LDF apparatus was attached to the pinnae to analyse changes in dermal blood flow. Finally, LDF was used to measure auricular dermal blood flow in dogs with pinnal alopecia compared to healthy dogs. RESULTS Dermal blood flow increased after atropine injection, during dBcAMP infusion and after topical dBcAMP ointment application, and decreased after medetomidine injection. Auricular dermal blood flow (in mL/min/100 g tissue) was significantly (p < 0.05) lower in dogs with pinnal alopecia than in healthy dogs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Laser Doppler flowmetry is useful for measuring dermal blood flow in canine pinnae; it can be a noninvasive method to monitor ischaemic conditions of dog skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Ide
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Tokunaga
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shogo Hiratsuka
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiroh Iwasaki
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan.,Pet Skin Clinic, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Koji Nishifuji
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
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2
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Moore SA, Olby NJ, Brisson B, Fenn J, Flegel T, Kortz G, Lewis M, Tipold A. ACVIM consensus statement on diagnosis and management of acute canine thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:1570-1596. [PMID: 35880267 PMCID: PMC9511077 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion (TL‐IVDE) is the most common cause of acute paraparesis and paraplegia in dogs; however, guidelines on management of the condition are lacking. Objectives To summarize the current literature as it relates to diagnosis and management of acute TL‐IVDE in dogs, and to formulate clinically relevant evidence‐based recommendations. Animals None. Methods A panel of 8 experts was convened to assess and summarize evidence from the peer‐reviewed literature in order to develop consensus clinical recommendations. Level of evidence available to support each recommendation was assessed and reported. Results The majority of available literature described observational studies. Most recommendations made by the panel were supported by a low or moderate level of evidence, and several areas of high need for further study were identified. These include better understanding of the ideal timing for surgical decompression, expected surgical vs medical outcomes for more mildly affected dogs, impact of durotomy on locomotor outcome and development of progressive myelomalacia, and refining of postoperative care, and genetic and preventative care studies. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Future efforts should build on current recommendations by conducting prospective studies and randomized controlled trials, where possible, to address identified gaps in knowledge and to develop cost effectiveness and number needed to treat studies supporting various aspects of diagnosis and treatment of TL‐IVDE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Moore
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Natasha J Olby
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Brigitte Brisson
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joe Fenn
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Flegel
- Department for Small Animals, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gregg Kortz
- VCA Sacramento Veterinary Referral Center, Sacramento, California, USA.,VCA Sacramento Veterinary Referral Center, UC Davis, California, USA
| | - Melissa Lewis
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Andrea Tipold
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Hanover, Germany
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3
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Jeffery ND, Mankin JM, Ito D, Boudreau CE, Kerwin SC, Levine JM, Krasnow MS, Andruzzi MN, Alcott CJ, Granger N. Extended durotomy to treat severe spinal cord injury after acute thoracolumbar disc herniation in dogs. Vet Surg 2020; 49:884-893. [PMID: 32277768 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report recovery of ambulation of dogs treated with extended thoracolumbar durotomy for severe spinal cord injury caused by intervertebral disc herniation. STUDY DESIGN Descriptive cohort. ANIMALS Twenty-six consecutive paraplegic dogs presented with loss of deep pain sensation after acute thoracolumbar intervertebral disc herniation. METHODS Each dog underwent routine diagnostic assessment and surgery for removal of extradural herniated intervertebral disc, followed by a four-vertebral body length durotomy centered on the herniated disc. Each dog was followed up until it was able to walk 10 steps without assistance or until 6 months after surgery. RESULTS Sixteen of 26 dogs recovered to walk unaided (all but one also recovered fecal and urinary continence), and six dogs did not; four dogs were lost to follow-up. One dog was euthanized because of signs consistent with progressive myelomalacia. There was no evidence of detrimental effects of durotomy within the period of study. Using Bayesian analysis, we found a point estimate of successful outcome of 71% with 95% credible interval from 52% to 87%. CONCLUSION Extended durotomy seemed to improve the outcome of dogs in our case series without increase in morbidity. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Extended durotomy appears safe and may improve the outcome of dogs with severe thoracolumbar mixed contusion and compressive injuries associated with acute intervertebral disc extrusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick D Jeffery
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Joe M Mankin
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Daisuke Ito
- Division of Veterinary Neurology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - C Elizabeth Boudreau
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Sharon C Kerwin
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Jon M Levine
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Maya S Krasnow
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Melissa N Andruzzi
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Cody J Alcott
- Veterinary Specialty Center of Tucson, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Nicolas Granger
- CVS Referrals, Bristol Veterinary Specialists at Highcroft, Bristol, United Kingdom.,The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
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4
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Vizcaíno Revés N, Mogel HM, Stoffel M, Summerfield A, Forterre F. Polarization of Macrophages in Epidural Inflammation Induced by Canine Intervertebral Disc Herniation. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:32. [PMID: 32083108 PMCID: PMC7005589 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Canine interverterbral disc (IVD), although physiologically acellular, displays an inflammatory cell population consisting almost exclusively of macrophages (Mϕ) when acutely herniated. Mϕ encompass a heterogenous cell population, roughly divided into classically (M1) or alternatively activated (M2)Mϕ. Polarization into M1 Mϕ leads to strong antimicrobial activity and pro-inflammatory response. In contrast, M2Mϕ exibit anti-inflammatory function and regulate wound healing. The purpose of this study was to characterize the phenotype of the Mϕ population present in naturally occurring IVD herniation. Materials and Methods: IVD material of dogs with IVD disease was collected during standard decompressive surgery. A negative control consisting of IVD material of dogs without IVD degeneration and a positive control consisting of canine liver and lymph node samples were also included. All samples were embedded in OCT and shock frozen. Eight micrometer cryostat sections were prepared, air dried and immunostained without prefixation or permeabilization. CD14 was used as marker Mϕ, MHCII for M1Mϕ and CD206 for M2Mϕ. Results: Fifteen samples of dogs with IVD herniation, 10 negative, and 5 positive control samples were obtained. No positive cell was found in the negative control group. The positive control group displayed several MHCII and CD206 positive cells, all of them being simultaneously positive to CD14. All herniated samples displayed a mixed population of M1Mϕ and M2Mϕ, and some sparse Mϕ displaying markers for both M1 and M2Mϕ simultaneously. Conclusion: The mixed phenotype encountered shows the plasticity and dynamism of Mϕ and evidences the chronic component of IVD disease despite its acute clinical presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Vizcaíno Revés
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Helga Maria Mogel
- Division of Veterinary Anatomy, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael Stoffel
- Division of Veterinary Anatomy, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Artur Summerfield
- Institut für Virologie und Immunologie, Institut für Infektionskrankheiten und Pathobiologie, Universität Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Franck Forterre
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Perry BS, Flower JE, Joslyn S, Mitchell MA. Dorsal Laminectomy to Correct Spinal Stenosis in a Sulcata Tortoise (Centrochelys Sulcata) with Severe Carapacial Pyramiding. J Exot Pet Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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6
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Jeffery ND, Harcourt-Brown TR, Barker AK, Levine JM. Choices and Decisions in Decompressive Surgery for Thoracolumbar Intervertebral Disk Herniation. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2018; 48:169-186. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2017.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Influence of two types of self-retaining retractors on multifidus muscle blood flow during dorso lateral thoracolumbar hemilaminectomy in dogs. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2017; 28:256-62. [DOI: 10.3415/vcot-15-01-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
SummaryObjectives: To assess the influence of the use of Gelpi and Grevel retractors on multifidus muscle blood flow during hemilaminectomy, using a dorsolateral approach, for acute disc extrusion in dogs as measured by laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI).Methods: Blood flow in the multifidus muscles was measured intra-operatively using LSCI prior to insertion of the retractors, immediately after hemilaminectomy and removal of the retractors, and after 10 minutes of lavage of the surgical site. Plasma creatine kinase levels were measured preoperatively and 12–24 hours postoperatively.Results: Muscular blood flow was significantly decreased following retraction and remained lower than initial values 10 minutes after lavage in all dogs. The decrease in blood flow was significantly greater with Gelpi re-tractors (n = 8) than with Grevel retractors (n = 10). No significant relation was found between the duration of retraction and postoperative changes in creatine kinase levels or blood flow.Clinical significance: Findings in this study demonstrate a drop in blood flow within the multifidus muscles using the dorsolateral approach regardless of retractor type used. Gelpi retractors seem to have greater influence on muscular blood flow than Grevel retractors. Further studies are warranted to confirm this second finding.
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Fenn J, Laber E, Williams K, Rousse CA, Early PJ, Mariani CL, Muñana KR, De Decker S, Volk HA, Olby NJ. Associations Between Anesthetic Variables and Functional Outcome in Dogs With Thoracolumbar Intervertebral Disk Extrusion Undergoing Decompressive Hemilaminectomy. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 31:814-824. [PMID: 28295616 PMCID: PMC5435081 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Outcome of acute experimental spinal cord injury is strongly associated with tissue perfusion and oxygenation. Cardiopulmonary depression could affect outcome in dogs undergoing general anesthesia for surgical treatment of thoracolumbar intervertebral disk extrusion (IVDE). Hypothesis/Objectives To evaluate the effects of general anesthesia on functional outcome in dogs undergoing surgery to treat thoracolumbar IVDE. Animals Eighty‐four client‐owned dogs with acute thoracolumbar IVDE treated by decompressive hemilaminectomy. Methods Exploratory, retrospective observational study. Medical records were reviewed for clinical presentation and anesthetic monitoring variables, including duration of anesthesia and surgery, hypotension, bradycardia, temperature, and respiratory parameters. Multivariable regression tree analysis was performed to explore associations between anesthetic variables and functional outcome scores after 6 weeks, as well as return to ambulatory status. Results Episodes of bradycardia (69%) and hypotension (57%) were frequent. Across all outcome measures, regression tree analysis highlighted functional grade at presentation as the primary determining factor, and among pain perception negative dogs, there was a possible association between increased duration of surgery and poorer outcome. In dogs with intact pain perception, duration of bradycardia, mean body temperature, and mean end‐tidal carbon dioxide were highlighted. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Exploratory statistical methods can facilitate hypothesis‐generating studies to inform prospective investigations in veterinary medicine. Although the mechanism is uncertain, increased duration of surgery might be associated with poorer outcome in pain perception negative dogs with thoracolumbar IVDE.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fenn
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - E Laber
- Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - K Williams
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - C A Rousse
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - P J Early
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - C L Mariani
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - K R Muñana
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - S De Decker
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - H A Volk
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - N J Olby
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
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Noussitou FL, Gorgas D, Rohrbach H, Henke D, Howard J, Forterre F. Assessment of Intramedullary Spinal Pressure in Small Breed Dogs With Thoracolumbar Disk Extrusion Undergoing Hemilaminectomy. Vet Surg 2015; 44:944-8. [DOI: 10.1111/vsu.12399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fiammetta L. Noussitou
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - Daniela Gorgas
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - Helene Rohrbach
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - Diana Henke
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - Judith Howard
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - Franck Forterre
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
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10
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Kunz RE, Rohrbach H, Gorgas D, Gendron K, Henke D, Forterre F. Assessment of Intrathecal Pressure in Chondrodystrophic Dogs With Acute Thoracolumbar Disk Disease. Vet Surg 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2014.12319.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rhona E. Kunz
- Department Clinical Veterinary Medicine; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - Helene Rohrbach
- Department Clinical Veterinary Medicine; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - Daniela Gorgas
- Department Clinical Veterinary Medicine; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - Karine Gendron
- Department Clinical Veterinary Medicine; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - Diana Henke
- Department Clinical Veterinary Medicine; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - Franck Forterre
- Department Clinical Veterinary Medicine; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
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How long and low can you go? Effect of conformation on the risk of thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion in domestic dogs. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69650. [PMID: 23894518 PMCID: PMC3722130 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc extrusion (IVDE) is a common neurological disorder in certain dog breeds, resulting in spinal cord compression and injury that can cause pain and neurological deficits. Most disc extrusions are reported in chondrodystrophic breeds (e.g. Dachshunds, Basset Hounds, Pekingese), where selection for 'long and low' morphologies is linked with intervertebral discs abnormalities that predispose dogs to IVDE. The aim of this study was to quantify the relationship between relative thoracolumbar vertebral column length and IVDE risk in diverse breeds. A 14 month cross-sectional study of dogs entering a UK small animal referral hospital for diverse disorders including IVDE was carried out. Dogs were measured on breed-defining morphometrics, including back length (BL) and height at the withers (HW). Of 700 dogs recruited from this referral population, measured and clinically examined, 79 were diagnosed with thoracolumbar IVDE following diagnostic imaging ± surgery. The BL:HW ratio was positively associated with IVDE risk, indicating that relatively longer dogs were at increased risk, e.g. the probability of IVDE was 0.30 for Miniature Dachshunds when BL:HW ratio equalled 1.1, compared to 0.68 when BL:HW ratio equalled 1.5. Additionally, both being overweight and skeletally smaller significantly increased IVDE risk. Therefore, selection for longer backs and miniaturisation should be discouraged in high-risk breeds to reduce IVDE risk. In higher risk individuals, maintaining a lean body shape is particularly important to reduce the risk of IVDE. Results are reported as probabilities to aid decision-making regarding breed standards and screening programmes reflecting the degree of risk acceptable to stakeholders.
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Blaser A, Lang J, Henke D, Doherr MG, Adami C, Forterre F. Influence of durotomy on laser-Doppler measurement of spinal cord blood flow in chondrodystrophic dogs with thoracolumbar disk extrusion. Vet Surg 2011; 41:221-7. [PMID: 22091905 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2011.00909.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess influence of durotomy on spinal cord blood flow (SCBF) in chondrodystrophic dogs with thoracolumbar disk extrusion. STUDY DESIGN Prospective cohort study. ANIMALS Chondrodystrophic dogs with thoracolumbar disk extrusion (n = 11). METHODS Diagnosis was based on neurologic signs, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings, and surgical confirmation. Regional SCBF was measured 3 times intraoperatively by laser-Doppler flowmetry: (1) before surgical decompression; (2) immediately after decompression by hemilaminectomy-durotomy; and (3) after 15 minutes of lesion lavage. A standardized hemilaminectomy and durotomy performed by the same neurosurgeon, was used to minimize factors that could influence measurement readings. RESULTS A significant increase in intraoperative SCBF was found immediately after spinal cord decompression and durotomy in dogs but SCBF returned to previous levels or lower after 15 minutes of lavage. Changes in SCBF were not associated with duration of clinical signs; neurologic status, degree of spinal cord compression, or signal intensity changes as assessed by MRI. CONCLUSION Durotomy does not increase SCBF in dogs with disk extrusion associated spinal cord compression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Blaser
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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