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Kim CS, Reisbig NA, Carmalt JL. Contrast arthrography of the equine temporomandibular joint. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1368131. [PMID: 38562918 PMCID: PMC10983794 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1368131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Disorders of the equine temporomandibular joint (TMJ) cause clinical problems and detailed investigations of this joint are becoming more common. Specialist radiographic projections have the potential to highlight osseous abnormalities; however, the ability to assess the intra-articular soft tissue structures is currently limited to computed tomography (with, or without contrast enhancement) or magnetic resonance imaging. Both modalities are expensive and not readily accessible. Objective To develop a technique of contrast arthrography of both compartments of the equine TMJ in cadavers and then perform the refined technique in three living horses as a proof-of-principle. Study design A descriptive, experimental, study. Methods Contrast arthrography of the discomandibular and discotemporal joint compartments of both TMJs was performed in 12 cadaveric equine heads using needles placed in the caudal pouches of the respective joint compartments. Radiographs were taken using previously published techniques, repeated with the mouth open and after air had been injected into the joints, to perform a double-contrast study. The TMJs of three healthy horses were subsequently examined to determine the validity of the procedure in live animals. Results Single and double-contrast arthrography allowed delineation of the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the intra-articular disc in addition to filling the rostral and caudal joint pouches of the independent joint compartments. Contrast extravasation was common, and in two instances iatrogenic disc penetration resulted in the false diagnosis of pathologic disc perforation. The techniques were well tolerated in all three live horses. Main limitations Low number of horses. Conclusion Contrast arthrography allows interpretation of intra-articular soft tissue structures, but caution is advised in diagnosing intra-articular disc perforation. Even with experience, accessing the discomandibular joint can be challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - James L. Carmalt
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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White SA, Canada NC, Carmalt JL, Schumacher J, Amitrano FN, Ortved K, Henry TJ, Brounts SH, Arnold CE. Long-Term Outcome of Horses Undergoing Unilateral Mandibular Condylectomy and Meniscectomy for Temporomandibular Joint Disease. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:898096. [PMID: 35585863 PMCID: PMC9108769 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.898096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There are no reports describing the long-term outcome of sport horses undergoing unilateral mandibular condylectomy with meniscectomy (UMC) for treatment for severe temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disease (TMD). Whether horses undergoing UMC require a specialized diet, can return to riding with a bit, or return to intended function after surgery is unknown. Objective To determine the long-term outcome of horses undergoing UMC for treatment of severe TMD. Study Design A multi-institutional, retrospective study. Methods Medical records obtained from seven equine referral hospitals of horses with severe TMD that underwent UMC were reviewed. Details regarding the presenting complaints, results of clinical examination, findings of diagnostic imaging, surgical technique, and outcome (including long-term follow-up with an owner questionnaire) were recorded. Results Eleven horses fit the inclusion criteria. Three had severe idiopathic osteoarthritis, and eight had confirmed septic osteoarthritis of the TMJ. The most common post-operative complications were drainage and peri-incisional swelling (n = 5). One horse developed a hematoma at the surgical site because the facial artery was inadvertently transected during the approach, causing the condylectomy to be postponed. All horses were discharged alive from the hospital, and 10 returned to their previous or intended use. All had complete resolution of clinical signs of TMD. One mare was retired from athletic use due to her genetic value as a broodmare. One horse was euthanized 2 years after UMC due to progressively worsening of clinical signs of temporohyoid osteoarthropathy (THO), which were not present before surgery. When available, owner satisfaction of the results of the procedure was excellent. Main Limitations Sample size; multiple institutions; owner bias. Conclusions Unilateral mandibular condylectomy should not be considered a salvage procedure. Horses treated for severe TMD by UMC can return to their previous or intended level of athletic performance and do not require a specialized diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. White
- Department of Veterinary Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Sarah A. White
| | | | - James L. Carmalt
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - James Schumacher
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Fernando N. Amitrano
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Clinical Centre, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Kyla Ortved
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA, United States
| | - Travis J. Henry
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Large Animal Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Sabrina H. Brounts
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Large Animal Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Carolyn E. Arnold
- Department of Veterinary Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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Carmalt JL, Pimentel KL. The Equine Temporomandibular Joint: Comparisons Between Standard and Needle Arthroscopic Examination of Cadaver Specimens and Standing Horses. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:876041. [PMID: 35558885 PMCID: PMC9087581 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.876041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Definitive diagnosis of equine temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ-OA) may require advanced diagnostic imaging. Arthroscopy is a modern, minimally invasive, diagnostic, and treatment modality. Standing arthroscopic treatment of joint disease is a relatively recent advance in equine surgery, despite which there are few published comparisons between the available arthroscopic systems. Objective To compare and contrast two arthroscopic systems for assessing the equine temporomandibular joint compartments in cadavers and standing horses. Study design Experimental study. Methods Phase I involved the assessment of the discotemporal joint (DTJ) and discomandibular (DMJ) joint compartments of both temporomandibular joints (TMJ) of 14 cadaveric equine heads using a caudally placed arthroscopy portal. Joints were initially examined using the needle arthroscope and the results compared to the findings of examination using a 2.5 mm 30° arthroscope system (standard). Three healthy horses were subsequently examined to determine the validity of the procedure in live animals in Phase II. Results Needle and standard arthroscopy, in combination with mandibular manipulation, allowed evaluation of the caudal aspects of both joint compartments of the TMJ in Phase I. However, the extreme margins of the joint were more commonly visualized using standard arthroscopy. Live horses in phase II were restrained in stocks and both the rostral and caudal aspects of the DTJ and DMJ compartments of both TMJs were examined successfully understanding sedation and local analgesia. The use of a modified Guenther speculum allowed the mandible to be manipulated and offset, which facilitated a complete examination of the joint compartments. Despite adverse behavior encountered during the procedure in one horse, no surgical complications ensued. Main Limitations Not blinded-bias; learning curve. Conclusions The needle arthroscope system is a relatively inexpensive diagnostic tool, which can be used to evaluate the TMJ in the absence of advanced diagnostic imaging such as computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. However, if arthroscopic treatment is required after advanced imaging and pre-operative diagnosis, superior image quality and ease of manipulation may favor the use of the standard equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L. Carmalt
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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4
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Lean NE, Young A, Ahern BJ. Fusobacterium necrophorum
septic arthritis of the temporomandibular joint in an Australian Stockhorse mare. EQUINE VET EDUC 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. E. Lean
- School of Veterinary Science University of Queensland Gatton Queensland Australia
| | - A. Young
- School of Veterinary Science University of Queensland Gatton Queensland Australia
| | - B. J. Ahern
- School of Veterinary Science University of Queensland Gatton Queensland Australia
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5
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Rodríguez MJ. Unusual pathogen in an unusual joint: Implications on antimicrobial resistance. EQUINE VET EDUC 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Baratt RM. Dental Radiography and Radiographic Signs of Equine Dental Disease. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2020; 36:445-476. [PMID: 33067094 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiography is an important imaging modality and is available to most equine veterinarians providing primary care. Diagnostic radiographic imaging of the equine skull and dentition requires careful positioning and technique. This article is aimed at providing the veterinarian with instructions and guidelines for obtaining diagnostic skull and dental radiographs and a discussion of the radiographic signs of dental disease with case-based examples. The limitations of radiography are discussed with regard to determining the need for adjunct diagnostic techniques and more advanced imaging techniques, such as computed tomography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Baratt
- Salem Valley Veterinary Clinic, 12 Centre Street, Salem, CT 06420, USA.
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Luedke LK, Nixon AJ, Whitty JA, Irby NL, Ducharme NG. Bilateral rostral temporomandibular luxation with bilateral coronoid fracture in a Welsh pony. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2018-000785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren K Luedke
- Clinical SciencesCornell University College of Veterinary MedicineIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Alan J Nixon
- Clinical SciencesCornell University College of Veterinary MedicineIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Justin A Whitty
- Clinical SciencesCornell University College of Veterinary MedicineIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Nita L Irby
- Clinical SciencesCornell University College of Veterinary MedicineIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Norm G Ducharme
- Clinical SciencesCornell University College of Veterinary MedicineIthacaNew YorkUSA
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Norvall A, Cota JG, Pusterla N, Cissell D. Ultrasound-guided arthrocentesis of the temporomandibular joint in healthy adult horses is equivalent to blind arthrocentesis. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2020; 61:346-352. [PMID: 31896164 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine temporomandibular joint (TMJ) diseases are increasingly recognized as a problem for the well-being and performance of horses. Diagnosis is confounded by overlap of clinical signs associated with pathology of the oral cavity, poll, and cervical vertebrae. Arthrocentesis for intra-articular analgesia, sampling of synovial fluid, and medication is needed for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Ultrasound features of the normal TMJ and a blind arthrocentesis technique have been described, but a systematic approach to ultrasound-guided (USG) arthrocentesis has not been reported. Ultrasound guidance allows visualization of the TMJ that may prove beneficial in cases when pathology, abnormal anatomy, or clinician inexperience make blind arthrocentesis difficult. We hypothesized that USG arthrocentesis would result in fewer needle repositions than blind arthrocentesis. We also aimed to assess synovial fluid parameters for normal equine TMJs. A prospective randomized method comparison with crossover experimental design compared the number of needle positionings required for accurate injection of the TMJ using each technique. Arthrocentesis technique and operator experience were tested using cadavers and two operators. Injection success was confirmed using CT. The radiologist then applied both techniques in normal live horses. No statistically significant difference was noted between arthrocentesis techniques or operators (P > .05). No complications were observed in live horses following either technique. Synovial fluid parameters were largely within the normal range expected for other synovial joints. Either blind or USG arthrocentesis of the equine TMJ can be performed with minimal prior operator experience. Ultrasound-guided arthrocentesis is an alternative method and can be considered in cases with altered anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Norvall
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Jose Guerrero Cota
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Nicola Pusterla
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Derek Cissell
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
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Frietman SK, van Proosdij ER, Veraa S, de Heer N, Ter Braake F. A minimally invasive partial condylectomy and temporal bone resection for the treatment of a suspected chronic synovial sepsis of the temporomandibular joint in a 3.5-year-old paint horse gelding. Vet Q 2019; 38:118-124. [PMID: 30773124 PMCID: PMC6830993 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2018.1535216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S K Frietman
- a Equine Department , Equine Veterinary Clinic Emmeloord , Espelerlaan 77 , Emmeloord 8302 DC , the Netherlands
| | - E R van Proosdij
- b Equine Department , DAP VUG , Evertsenlaan 18 , Voorthuizen 3781 TB , the Netherlands
| | - S Veraa
- c Division of Diagnostic Imaging , Utrecht University , Yalelaan 108 , Utrecht 3584 CM , the Netherlands
| | - N de Heer
- a Equine Department , Equine Veterinary Clinic Emmeloord , Espelerlaan 77 , Emmeloord 8302 DC , the Netherlands
| | - F Ter Braake
- a Equine Department , Equine Veterinary Clinic Emmeloord , Espelerlaan 77 , Emmeloord 8302 DC , the Netherlands
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10
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Correction: ECG of the Month. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2018; 252:807. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.252.7.807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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True CK, Bolam CJ, Baratt RM, Selberg K. Diagnostic Imaging in Veterinary Dental Practice. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2018; 252:805-807. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.252.7.805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Nicholls VM, Townsend N. Dental Disease in Aged Horses and Its Management. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2016; 32:215-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Carmalt JL, Kneissl S, Rawlinson JE, Zwick T, Zekas L, Ohlerth S, Bienert-Zeit A. COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF THE TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT IN 1018 ASYMPTOMATIC HORSES: A MULTI-INSTITUTION STUDY. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2016; 57:237-45. [PMID: 26773281 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Published descriptions of nonseptic arthritis of the equine temporomandibular joint (TMJ) are rare and large studies investigating variations in the TMJ for asymptomatic horses are lacking. The objectives of this cross-sectional, retrospective, multi-institutional study were to describe anatomical variations in the TMJ detected using computed tomography (CT) in an equid population asymptomatic for TMJ disease and determine whether these variations were associated with patient signalment, reason for CT examination, or CT slice width. Medical records at eight hospitals were searched for horses that had head/neck CT scans and no clinical signs of TMJ disease. Age, breed, sex, clinical presentation, and CT slice width data were recorded. Alterations in CT contour and density of the mandibular condyles, mandibular fossae, and TMJ intra-articular discs were described for each horse. Generalized logistic regression was used to test associations between anatomical variations and horse age. A total of 1018 horses were sampled. Anatomical variations were found in TMJ CT images for 40% of horses and 29% of joints. These were dichotomous with regard to age. Horses <1 year old commonly had alterations in the shape and density of the mandibular condyle. Older horses commonly had spherical hypodensities within the mandibular condyles consistent with bone cysts; and hyperdense regions of the intra-articular disc consistent with dystrophic mineralization. Findings indicated that TMJ anatomic variations were common in CT images of younger and older horses asymptomatic for TMJ disease. Future studies are needed to more definitively characterize these CT variations using gross pathology and histopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Carmalt
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N5B4, Canada
| | - Sibylle Kneissl
- Unit of Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jennifer E Rawlinson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado.,Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Timo Zwick
- Tierärztliche Klinik, Grasweg 2, 86459, Gessertshausen, Germany
| | - Lisa Zekas
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Stefanie Ohlerth
- Clinic for Diagnostic Imaging, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse, 285c, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Astrid Bienert-Zeit
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buenteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany
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Smyth T, Allen AL, Carmalt JL. Clinically significant, nontraumatic, degenerative joint disease of the temporomandibular joints in a horse. EQUINE VET EDUC 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Smyth
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; Western College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada
| | - A. L. Allen
- Department of Veterinary Pathology; Western College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada
| | - J. L. Carmalt
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; Western College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- T. H. Witte
- Clinical Science and Services; Royal Veterinary College; London UK
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16
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Jørgensen E, Christophersen MT, Kristoffersen M, Puchalski S, Verwilghen D. Does temporomandibular joint pathology affect performance in an equine athlete? EQUINE VET EDUC 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Jørgensen
- Department of Large Animal Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Tåstrup Denmark
| | | | - M. Kristoffersen
- Helsingborg Regional Animal Hospital - Evidensia; Helsingborg Sweden
| | - S. Puchalski
- Helsingborg Regional Animal Hospital - Evidensia; Helsingborg Sweden
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis USA
| | - D. Verwilghen
- Department of Large Animal Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Tåstrup Denmark
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17
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Hawkins JF. Osteoarthritis of the temporomandibular joint and what is possible with standing surgery of the horse? EQUINE VET EDUC 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. F. Hawkins
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Purdue University; West Lafayette Indiana USA
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Sanders RE, Schumacher J, Brama PAJ, Zarelli M, Kearney CM. Mandibular condylectomy in a standing horse for treatment for osteoarthritis of the temporomandibular joint. EQUINE VET EDUC 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. E. Sanders
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; University College Dublin; Ireland
| | - J. Schumacher
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Tennessee; Knoxville USA
| | - P. A. J. Brama
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; University College Dublin; Ireland
| | - M. Zarelli
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; University College Dublin; Ireland
| | - C. M. Kearney
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; University College Dublin; Ireland
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Barrett MF, Easley JT. Acquisition and interpretation of radiographs of the equine skull. EQUINE VET EDUC 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. F. Barrett
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences; Colorado State University; USA
| | - J. T. Easley
- Surgical Research Laboratory; Department of Clinical Sciences; Colorado State University; USA
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20
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Henry TJ, Arzi B. Diagnostic imaging in veterinary dental practice. Septic arthritis with Streptococcus zooepidemicus infection of the mandibular head. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 243:337-9. [PMID: 23865874 DOI: 10.2460/javma.243.3.337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Travis J Henry
- Dentistry and Oral Surgery Service, William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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21
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Barnett TP, Powell SE, Head MJ, Marr CM, Steven WN, Payne RJ. Partial mandibular condylectomy and temporal bone resection for chronic, destructive, septic arthritis of the temporomandibular joint in a horse. EQUINE VET EDUC 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. P. Barnett
- Rossdales Equine Hospital and Diagnostic Centre Newmarket UK
| | - S. E. Powell
- Rossdales Equine Hospital and Diagnostic Centre Newmarket UK
| | - M. J. Head
- Rossdales Equine Hospital and Diagnostic Centre Newmarket UK
| | - C. M. Marr
- Rossdales Equine Hospital and Diagnostic Centre Newmarket UK
| | - W. N. Steven
- Rossdales Equine Hospital and Diagnostic Centre Newmarket UK
| | - R. J. Payne
- Rossdales Equine Hospital and Diagnostic Centre Newmarket UK
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