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Yu Y, Nguyen DT, Jiang J. G protein-coupled receptors in acquired epilepsy: Druggability and translatability. Prog Neurobiol 2019; 183:101682. [PMID: 31454545 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.101682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
As the largest family of membrane proteins in the human genome, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute the targets of more than one-third of all modern medicinal drugs. In the central nervous system (CNS), widely distributed GPCRs in neuronal and nonneuronal cells mediate numerous essential physiological functions via regulating neurotransmission at the synapses. Whereas their abnormalities in expression and activity are involved in various neuropathological processes. CNS conditions thus remain highly represented among the indications of GPCR-targeted agents. Mounting evidence from a large number of animal studies suggests that GPCRs play important roles in the regulation of neuronal excitability associated with epilepsy, a common CNS disease afflicting approximately 1-2% of the population. Surprisingly, none of the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved (>30) antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) suppresses seizures through acting on GPCRs. This disparity raises concerns about the translatability of these preclinical findings and the druggability of GPCRs for seizure disorders. The currently available AEDs intervene seizures predominantly through targeting ion channels and have considerable limitations, as they often cause unbearable adverse effects, fail to control seizures in over 30% of patients, and merely provide symptomatic relief. Thus, identifying novel molecular targets for epilepsy is highly desired. Herein, we focus on recent progresses in understanding the comprehensive roles of several GPCR families in seizure generation and development of acquired epilepsy. We also dissect current hurdles hindering translational efforts in developing GPCRs as antiepileptic and/or antiepileptogenic targets and discuss the counteracting strategies that might lead to a potential cure for this debilitating CNS condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; Drug Discovery Center, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Davis T Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; Drug Discovery Center, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Jianxiong Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; Drug Discovery Center, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; Neuroscience Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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Song MX, Deng XQ. Recent developments on triazole nucleus in anticonvulsant compounds: a review. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2018; 33:453-478. [PMID: 29383949 PMCID: PMC6010125 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2017.1423068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the common diseases seriously threatening life and health of human. More than 50 million people are suffering from this condition and anticonvulsant agents are the main treatment. However, side effects and intolerance, and a lack of efficacy limit the application of the current anticonvulsant agents. The search for new anticonvulsant agents with higher efficacy and lower toxicity continues to be the focus and task in medicinal chemistry. Numbers of triazole derivatives as clinical drugs or candidates have been frequently employed for the treatment of various types of diseases, which have proved the importance of this heterocyclic nucleus in drug design and discovery. Recently many endeavours were made to involve the triazole into the anticonvulsants design, which have brought lots of active compounds. This work is an attempt to systematically review the research of triazole derivatives in the design and development of anticonvulsant agents during the past two decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Xia Song
- Medical College, Jinggangshan University, Ji’an, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xian-Qing Deng
- Medical College, Jinggangshan University, Ji’an, Jiangxi, China
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Matviiuk T, Gorichko M, Kysil A, Shishkina S, Shishkin O, Voitenko Z. Catalysis by Lithium Perchlorate Enables Double-Conjugate Addition of Electron-Deficient Maleimides to 2-Aminopyridines and 2-Aminothiazoles. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2011.580883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tetiana Matviiuk
- a Department of Chemistry , Kiev National Taras Shevchenko University , Kiev , Ukraine
| | - Marian Gorichko
- a Department of Chemistry , Kiev National Taras Shevchenko University , Kiev , Ukraine
| | - Andriy Kysil
- a Department of Chemistry , Kiev National Taras Shevchenko University , Kiev , Ukraine
| | - Svitlana Shishkina
- b Division of Functional Materials Chemistry, State Scientific Institution “Institute for Single Crystals” of National Academy of Science of Ukraine , Kharkiv , Ukraine
| | - Oleg Shishkin
- b Division of Functional Materials Chemistry, State Scientific Institution “Institute for Single Crystals” of National Academy of Science of Ukraine , Kharkiv , Ukraine
- c Department of Inorganic Chemistry , V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University , Kharkiv , Ukraine
| | - Zoia Voitenko
- a Department of Chemistry , Kiev National Taras Shevchenko University , Kiev , Ukraine
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