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Khan F, Müller TR, Kasmapour B, Ynga-Durand MA, Eiz-Vesper B, von Einem J, Busch DH, Cicin-Sain L. Dynamic monitoring of viral gene expression reveals rapid antiviral effects of CD8 T cells recognizing the HCMV-pp65 antigen. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1439184. [PMID: 39104541 PMCID: PMC11299495 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1439184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a betaherpesvirus that causes severe disease in immunocompromised transplant recipients. Immunotherapy with CD8 T cells specific for HCMV antigens presented on HLA class-I molecules is explored as strategy for long-term relief to such patients, but the antiviral effectiveness of T cell preparations cannot be efficiently predicted by available methods. Methods We developed an Assay for Rapid Measurement of Antiviral T-cell Activity (ARMATA) by real-time automated fluorescent microscopy and used it to study the ability of CD8 T cells to neutralize HCMV and control its spread. As a proof of principle, we used TCR-transgenic T cells specific for the immunodominant HLA-A02-restricted tegumental phosphoprotein pp65. pp65 expression follows an early/late kinetic, but it is not clear at which stage of the virus cycle it acts as an antigen. We measured control of HCMV infection by T cells as early as 6 hours post infection (hpi). Results The timing of the antigen recognition indicated that it occurred before the late phase of the virus cycle, but also that virion-associated pp65 was not recognized during virus entry into cells. Monitoring of pp65 gene expression dynamics by reporter fluorescent genes revealed that pp65 was detectable as early as 6 hpi, and that a second and much larger bout of expression occurs in the late phase of the virus cycle by 48 hpi. Since transgenic (Tg)-pp65 specific CD8 T cells were activated even when DNA replication was blocked, our data argue that pp65 acts as an early virus gene for immunological purposes. Discussion ARMATA does not only allow same day identification of antiviral T-cell activity, but also provides a method to define the timing of antigen recognition in the context of HCMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fawad Khan
- Department of Viral Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hannover/Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Centre for Individualized Infection Medicine (CIIM), a Joint Venture of Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas R. Müller
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bahram Kasmapour
- Department of Viral Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Centre for Individualized Infection Medicine (CIIM), a Joint Venture of Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mario Alberto Ynga-Durand
- Department of Viral Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Centre for Individualized Infection Medicine (CIIM), a Joint Venture of Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Britta Eiz-Vesper
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jens von Einem
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Dirk H. Busch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Luka Cicin-Sain
- Department of Viral Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hannover/Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Centre for Individualized Infection Medicine (CIIM), a Joint Venture of Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Modulation of TAP-dependent antigen compartmentalization during human monocyte-to-DC differentiation. Blood Adv 2020; 3:839-850. [PMID: 30867143 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018027268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) take up antigen in the periphery, migrate to secondary lymphoid organs, and present processed antigen fragments to adaptive immune cells and thus prime antigen-specific immunity. During local inflammation, recirculating monocytes are recruited from blood to the inflamed tissue, where they differentiate to macrophages and DCs. In this study, we found that monocytes showed high transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP)-dependent peptide compartmentalization and that after antigen pulsing, they were not able to efficiently stimulate antigen-specific T lymphocytes. Nevertheless, upon in vitro differentiation to monocyte-derived DCs, TAP-dependent peptide compartmentalization as well as surface major histocompatibility complex I turnover decreased and the cells efficiently restimulated T lymphocytes. Although TAP-dependent peptide compartmentalization decreased during DC differentiation, TAP expression levels increased. Furthermore, TAP relocated from early endosomes in monocytes to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and lysosomal compartments in DCs. Collectively, these data are compatible with the model that during monocyte-to-DC differentiation, the subcellular relocation of TAP and the regulation of its activity assure spatiotemporal separation of local antigen uptake and processing by monocytes and efficient T-lymphocyte stimulation by DCs.
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Humanes Cytomegalievirus (HCMV). Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2018; 61:116-128. [DOI: 10.1007/s00103-017-2661-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Nicholson E, Peggs KS. Cytomegalovirus-specific T-cell therapies: current status and future prospects. Immunotherapy 2015; 7:135-46. [PMID: 25713989 DOI: 10.2217/imt.14.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive transfer of T cells specific for viral pathogens offers an attractive method for hastening immune reconstitution and protective immunity in patients following stem cell transplantation. The largest experience to date has been in the context of treatment or prevention of cytomegalovirus or Epstein-Barr virus. A number of technical hurdles have now been overcome allowing consideration of more widespread application of products compliant with Good Manufacturing Practice regulations, and of the development of commercialization pathways for these products. This review summarizes progress to date and highlights some of the areas that remain problematic and that require further innovation and evaluation before more widespread adoption is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Nicholson
- Department of Haematology, University College London Hospital, London, NW1 2BU, UK
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Roemhild A, Reinke P. Virus-specific T-cell therapy in solid organ transplantation. Transpl Int 2015; 29:515-26. [PMID: 26284570 DOI: 10.1111/tri.12659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the current state of T-cell therapy as therapeutic option for virus-associated diseases against the background of the most common viral complications and their standard treatment regimens after SOT. The available data of clinical T-cell trials in SOT are summarized. References to the hematopoietic stem cell transplantation are made if applicable data in SOT are not available and their content was considered likewise valid for cell therapy in SOT. Moreover, aspects of different manufacturing approaches including beneficial product characteristics and the importance of GMP compliance are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Roemhild
- Department of Nephrology and Internal Intensive Care, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapy (BCRT), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra Reinke
- Department of Nephrology and Internal Intensive Care, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapy (BCRT), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Mui TS, Kapp M, Einsele H, Grigoleit GU. T-cell therapy for cytomegalovirus infection. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2014; 15:744-50. [PMID: 20930639 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0b013e32834016b9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation and disease remains one of the major complications after allogeneic haemopoietic stem cell transplantation. Cell-mediated immunity is essential in counteracting CMV infection as evident by detection of high frequencies of CMV-specific CD8 and CD4 lymphocytes among the healthy CMV-seropositive individuals. Adoptive transfer of CMV-specific T cells to speed up reconstitution of CMV-specific immunity potentially offers clinical protection and reduces drug toxicities as well as outgrowth of drug-resistant strains from prolonged antiviral therapy. RECENT FINDINGS Different strategies to generate CMV-specific T cell have been explored. Similarly, vast diversities in term of cell dose and composition of the cellular product have been infused into small cohorts of patients. To date, a number of phase I/II clinical trials have demonstrated the feasibility of adoptive transferred CMV-specific T cells as prophylaxis, pre-emptive or therapeutic measure. In general, all these strategies showed variable degrees of efficacy without obvious adverse event particularly with regard to the induction of graft-versus-host disease. SUMMARY In this review, we would like to give a comprehensive synopsis regarding therapeutic application of CMV-specific T cells in fighting CMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tan S Mui
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Julius Maximilians University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Eiz-Vesper B, Maecker-Kolhoff B, Blasczyk R. Adoptive T-cell immunotherapy from third-party donors: characterization of donors and set up of a T-cell donor registry. Front Immunol 2013; 3:410. [PMID: 23372567 PMCID: PMC3556568 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with and reactivation of human cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and adenovirus (ADV) are frequent and severe complications in immunocompromised recipients after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) or solid organ transplantation (SOT). These serious adverse events are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Donor lymphocyte infusions (DLIs) are often used to treat both viral infections and leukemia relapses after transplantation but are associated with potentially life-threatening graft-versus-host disease (GvHD). Adoptive immunotherapy with virus-specific cytotoxic effector T cells (CTLs) derived from seropositive donors can rapidly reconstitute antiviral immunity after HSCT and organ transplantation. Therefore, it can effectively prevent the clinical manifestation of these viruses with no significant acute toxicity or increased risk of GvHD. In conditions, where patients receiving an allogeneic cord blood (CB) transplant or a transplant from a virus-seronegative donor and since donor blood is generally not available for solid organ recipients, allogeneic third party T-cell donors would offer an alternative option. Recent studies showed that during granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) mobilization, the functional activity of antiviral memory T cells is impaired for a long period. This finding suggests that even stem cell donors may not be the best source of T cells. Under these circumstances, partially human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched virus-specific CTLs from healthy seropositive individuals may be a promising option. Therefore, frequency assessments of virus-specific memory T cells in HLA-typed healthy donors as well as in HSCT/SOT donors using a high throughput T-cell assay were performed over a period of 4 years at Hannover Medical School. This chapter will address the relevance and potential of a third-party T-cell donor registry and will discuss its clinical implication for adoptive T-cell immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Eiz-Vesper
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Hannover Medical School Hannover, Germany
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Paine A, Kirchner H, Immenschuh S, Oelke M, Blasczyk R, Eiz-Vesper B. IL-2 Upregulates CD86 Expression on Human CD4+ and CD8+ T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:1620-9. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Tischer S, Basila M, Maecker-Kolhoff B, Immenschuh S, Oelke M, Blasczyk R, Eiz-Vesper B. Heat shock protein 70/peptide complexes: potent mediators for the generation of antiviral T cells particularly with regard to low precursor frequencies. J Transl Med 2011; 9:175. [PMID: 21992180 PMCID: PMC3217864 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-9-175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) has gained major attention as an adjuvant capable of inducing antigen-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell responses. The ability of HSP70/peptide complexes to elicit cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) responses by cross-presentation of exogenous antigens via HLA class I molecules is of central interest in immunotherapy. We examined the role of HSP70/CMVpp65495-503-peptide complex (HSP70/CMV-PC) in HLA class I-restricted cross-presentation for ex vivo expansion of CMV-specific CTLs. Methods CMV-specific T cells generated from PBMCs of HLA-A*02:01/CMV-seropositive donors were stimulated for 21 days with HSP70/CMV-PC and analyzed in functional assays. As a control PBMCs were cultured in the presence of CMVpp65495-503 peptide or HSP70. Increase of CMV-specific CTLs was visualized by pentameric HLA-A*02:01/CMVpp65495-503 complex. Results About 90% of HSP70/CMV-PC generated T cells were CMV-specific and exhibited significantly higher IFN-γ secretion, cytotoxic activity, and an increased heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) gene expression as compared to about 69% of those stimulated with CMVpp65495-503 peptide. We decided to classify the HLA-A*02:01/CMV-seropositive donors as weak, medium, and strong responder according to the frequency of generated A2/CMV-pentamer-positive CD8+ T cells. HSP70/CMV-PC significantly induces strong antiviral T-cell responses especially in those donors with low memory precursor frequencies. Blockage of CD91 with α2-macroglobulin markedly reduced proliferation of antiviral T cells suggesting a major role of this receptor in the uptake of HSP70/CMV-PC. Conclusion This study clearly demonstrates that HSP70/CMV-PC is a potent mediator to induce stronger T-cell responses compared to antiviral peptides. This simple and efficient technique may help to generate significant quantities of antiviral CTLs by cross-presentation. Thus, we propose HSP70 for chaperoning peptides to reach an efficient level of cross-presentation. HSP70/peptide complexes may be particularly useful to generate stronger T-cell responses in cases of low precursor frequencies and may help to improve the efficiency of antigen-specific T-cell therapy for minor antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Tischer
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Germany
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Schottstedt V, Blümel J, Burger R, Drosten C, Gröner A, Gürtler L, Heiden M, Hildebrandt M, Jansen B, Montag-Lessing T, Offergeld R, Pauli G, Seitz R, Schlenkrich U, Strobel J, Willkommen H, von König CHW. Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) - Revised. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 37:365-375. [PMID: 21483467 DOI: 10.1159/000322141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Volkmar Schottstedt
- Arbeitskreis Blut, Untergruppe «Bewertung Blutassoziierter Krankheitserreger»
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Soluble Recombinant CMVpp65 Spanning Multiple HLA Alleles for Reconstitution of Antiviral CD4+ and CD8+ T-Cell Responses After Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation. J Immunother 2010; 33:60-72. [DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e3181b56dcc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Permanent silencing of NKG2A expression for cell-based therapeutics. J Mol Med (Berl) 2008; 87:199-210. [PMID: 19002424 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-008-0417-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2008] [Revised: 10/21/2008] [Accepted: 10/22/2008] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) and T-cell cytotoxicity is significantly reduced by signaling via CD94/NKG2A receptors. High levels of NKG2A on NK cells have been shown to compromise the graft-versus-leukemia effect in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. We therefore evaluated the functional relevance of NKG2A silencing for the cytotoxic potential of genetically engineered NK and T cells. Lentiviral vectors containing short hairpin RNA (shRNA) sequences targeting NKG2A transcripts were used to transduce NKG2A(+) primary NK and T cells. NKG2A expression levels were measured by flow cytometry and real-time PCR. The effect of NKG2A silencing on the cytolytic potential of NK and T cells was evaluated in cytotoxicity assays using K562 and B lymphoblastoid cells as targets. Granzyme B mRNA transcript levels were detected by real-time PCR. The transduction of inducible RNAi cassettes containing the sequences for shRNAs targeting NKG2A reduced protein expression in NK and T cells by up to 95%. The cytotoxicity assays demonstrated that NKG2A silencing effectively enhanced NK and CD8+ T-cell lysis by up to 40% and 15%, respectively. However, lysis of K562 cells which lack human leukocyte antigen-E, the ligand of NKG2A, was associated with an upregulation of the natural cytotoxicity receptor NKp30 in NKG2A-silenced NK cells. Our data suggest that RNAi-mediated silencing of NKG2A in effector cells could improve the efficacy of cell-based immunotherapies but also show that indirect effects of NKG2A knockdown exist that have to be considered when designing therapeutic protocols with genetically engineered NK or T cells.
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