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Li J, Zhang J, Shi M, Yu S, Ji M, Liang Y, Meng X. Crosstalk between Inflammation and Hemorrhage/Coagulation Disorders in Primary Blast Lung Injury. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13020351. [PMID: 36830720 PMCID: PMC9953683 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary blast lung injury (PBLI), caused by exposure to high-intensity pressure waves from explosions in war, terrorist attacks, industrial production, and life explosions, is associated with pulmonary parenchymal tissue injury and severe ventilation insufficiency. PBLI patients, characterized by diffused intra-alveolar destruction, including hemorrhage and inflammation, might deteriorate into acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with high mortality. However, due to the absence of guidelines about PBLI, emergency doctors and rescue teams treating PBLI patients rely on experience. The goal of this review is to summarize the mechanisms of PBLI and their cross-linkages, exploring potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets of PBLI. We summarize the pathophysiological performance and pharmacotherapy principles of PBLI. In particular, we emphasize the crosstalk between hemorrhage and inflammation, as well as coagulation, and we propose early control of hemorrhage as the main treatment of PBLI. We also summarize several available therapy methods, including some novel internal hemostatic nanoparticles to prevent the vicious circle of inflammation and coagulation disorders. We hope that this review can provide information about the mechanisms, diagnosis, and treatment of PBLI for all interested investigators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Li
- Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Disaster Medicine Technology, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- Wenzhou Safety (Emergency) Institute, Tianjin University, Wenzhou 325000, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Rescue Key Technology and Equipment, Ministry of Emergency Management, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Mingyu Shi
- Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Disaster Medicine Technology, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Sifan Yu
- Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Disaster Medicine Technology, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Mengjun Ji
- Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Disaster Medicine Technology, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yangfan Liang
- Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Disaster Medicine Technology, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xiangyan Meng
- Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Disaster Medicine Technology, Tianjin 300072, China
- Wenzhou Safety (Emergency) Institute, Tianjin University, Wenzhou 325000, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Rescue Key Technology and Equipment, Ministry of Emergency Management, Wenzhou 325000, China
- Correspondence:
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Red blood cell supernatant increases activation and agonist-induced reactivity of blood platelets. Thromb Res 2020; 196:543-549. [PMID: 33142231 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2020.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Transfusion of "older" packed red blood cells (PRBCs) in patients with cardiovascular disorders (CVD) may be associated with an increased risk of pro-thrombotic events, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. We hypothesized that the PRBC supernatant can activate blood platelets due to hemolysis-induced oxidative stress. METHODS Effects of the PRBC supernatants, and their filtrates (containing the soluble substances of molecular weight <10 kDa) prepared at day 1 and 42 of storage, from non-leukoreduced (D1 NLR, D42 NLR) and leukoreduced (D1 LR, D42 LR) PRBCs on PLT activation/reactivity and collagen-induced aggregation were measured by flow cytometry and turbidimetry, respectively. RESULTS Supernatants display a stimulating effect on PLTs, which was manifested by a release of PLT-derived microparticles, generation of PLT aggregates, increased P-selectin expression on the membrane surface, and activation of integrin αIIbβ3. Moreover, supernatants interacted in a way that may be additive or synergistic with collagen or with ADP. The pre-storage LR did not affect the levels of PLT activation markers. The enhanced PLT activation was presumably mediated by free hemoglobin and/or the products of its breakdown, accumulating in the PRBC milieu, and their ability to trigger the ROS generation. Additionally, collagen-induced PLT aggregation was increased by low molecular weight substances possibly derived from the residual leukocytes and PLTs present in PRBCs. CONCLUSION Transfusion of aged PRBCs may result in the hyper-activity of PLTs, which, at least in part, could be a cause of transfusion-related thrombotic complications reported in CVD patients.
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Wang S, Zhao G, Li N, Hou T, Shao X, Tang W, Wang F, Luan J, Zhu P. An
in vitro
study of coagulation properties in refrigerated whole blood and reconstituted whole blood. Vox Sang 2019; 114:694-700. [PMID: 31286533 DOI: 10.1111/vox.12825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shujun Wang
- Department of Blood Transfusion Jinling Hospital Nanjing University School of Medicine Nanjing China
- Department of Hematology Zhongda Hospital Southeast University School of Medicine Nanjing China
| | - Guangchao Zhao
- Department of Blood Transfusion Jinling Hospital Nanjing University School of Medicine Nanjing China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Blood Transfusion Jinling Hospital Nanjing University School of Medicine Nanjing China
| | - Tao Hou
- TaiKang Xian Lin Drum Tower Hospital Nanjing China
| | - Xiaobao Shao
- Department of Transfusion Medicine Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing China
| | - Wen Tang
- Department of Blood Transfusion Jinling Hospital Nanjing University School of Medicine Nanjing China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Hematology Zhongda Hospital Southeast University School of Medicine Nanjing China
| | - Jianfeng Luan
- Department of Blood Transfusion Jinling Hospital Nanjing University School of Medicine Nanjing China
| | - Peiyuan Zhu
- Department of Transfusion Medicine Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing China
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Traumatic Hemothorax Blood Contains Elevated Levels of Microparticles that are Prothrombotic but Inhibit Platelet Aggregation. Shock 2018; 47:680-687. [PMID: 27941590 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000000819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Autotransfusion of shed blood from traumatic hemothorax is an attractive option for resuscitation of trauma patients in austere environments. However, previous analyses revealed that shed hemothorax (HX) blood is defibrinated, thrombocytopenic, and contains elevated levels of D-dimer. Mixing studies with normal pooled plasma demonstrated hypercoagulability, evoking concern for potentiation of acute traumatic coagulopathy. We hypothesized that induction of coagulopathic changes by shed HX blood may be due to increases in cellular microparticles (MP) and that these may also affect recipient platelet function. METHODS Shed HX blood was obtained from 17 adult trauma patients under an Institutional Review Board approved prospective observational protocol. Blood samples were collected every hour up to 4 h after thoracostomy tube placement. The corresponding plasma was isolated and frozen for analysis. The effects of shed HX frozen plasma (HFP) and isolated HX microparticles (HMP) on coagulation and platelet function were assessed through mixing studies with platelet-rich plasma at various dilutions followed by analysis with thromboelastometry (ROTEM), platelet aggregometry (Multiplate), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and flow cytometry. Furthermore, HFP was assessed for von Willebrand factor antigen levels and multimer content, and plasma-free hemoglobin. RESULTS ROTEM analysis demonstrated that diluted HFP and isolated HMP samples decreased clotting time, clotting formation time, and increased α angle, irrespective of sample concentrations, when compared with diluted control plasma. Isolated HMP inhibited platelet aggregation in response to adenosine diphosphate, arachidonic acid, and collagen. HFP contained elevated levels of fibrin-degradation products and tissue factor compared with control fresh frozen plasma samples. MP concentrations in HFP were significantly increased and enriched in events positive for phosphatidylserine, tissue factor, CD235, CD45, CD41a, and CD14. von Willebrand factor (vWF) multimer analysis revealed significant loss of high molecular weight multimers in HFP samples. Plasma-free hemoglobin levels were 8-fold higher in HFP compared with fresh frozen plasma. CONCLUSION HFP induces plasma hypercoagulability that is likely related to increased tissue factor and phosphatidylserine expression originating from cell-derived MP. In contrast, platelet dysfunction is induced by HMP, potentially aggravated by depletion of high molecular weight multimers of vWF. Thus, autologous transfusion of shed traumatic hemothorax blood may induce a range of undesirable effects in patients with acute traumatic coagulopathy.
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van Hout FMA, Bontekoe IJ, de Laleijne LAE, Kerkhoffs JL, de Korte D, Eikenboom J, van der Bom JG, van der Meer PF. Comparison of haemostatic function of PAS-C-platelets vs. plasma-platelets in reconstituted whole blood using impedance aggregometry and thromboelastography. Vox Sang 2017; 112:549-556. [PMID: 28597485 DOI: 10.1111/vox.12534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES There are concerns about the haemostatic function of platelets stored in platelet additive solution (PAS). Aim of this study was to compare the haemostatic function of PAS-C-platelets to plasma-platelets in reconstituted whole blood. MATERIALS AND METHODS In our experiment, whole blood was reconstituted with red blood cells, solvent-detergent (SD) plasma and either PAS-C-platelets or plasma-platelets (n = 7) in a physiological ratio. On storage days 2, 5, 8 and 13, the agonist-induced aggregation (multiple electrode aggregometry), clot formation (thromboelastography) and agonist-induced CD62P responsiveness (flow cytometry) were measured. RESULTS Samples with PAS-C-platelets showed significantly lower aggregation than plasma-platelets when induced with adenosine diphosphate, -6 U (95% confidence interval: -8; -4) or thrombin receptor-activating protein, -15 U (-19; -10). Also when activated with collagen and ristocetin, the PAS-C-platelets showed less aggregation, although not statistically significant. All samples with PAS-C-platelets showed significantly lower agonist-induced CD62P responsiveness than samples with plasma-platelets. However, there was no difference regarding all TEG parameters. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate that the function - aggregation and CD62P responsiveness - of PAS-C-platelets in reconstituted whole blood is inferior to that of plasma-platelets, which may have implications in the setting of massive transfusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M A van Hout
- Center for Clinical Transfusion Research, Sanquin/LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Epidemiology, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - I J Bontekoe
- Department Product and Process Development, Sanquin, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L A E de Laleijne
- Department Product and Process Development, Sanquin, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J-L Kerkhoffs
- Center for Clinical Transfusion Research, Sanquin/LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - D de Korte
- Department Product and Process Development, Sanquin, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Eikenboom
- Department of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J G van der Bom
- Center for Clinical Transfusion Research, Sanquin/LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Epidemiology, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - P F van der Meer
- Center for Clinical Transfusion Research, Sanquin/LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department Product and Process Development, Sanquin, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Meledeo MA, Herzig MC, Bynum JA, Wu X, Ramasubramanian AK, Darlington DN, Reddoch KM, Cap AP. Acute traumatic coagulopathy. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2017; 82:S33-S40. [DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000001431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Impact of blood products on platelet function in patients with traumatic injuries: a translational study. J Surg Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2017.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Ponschab M, Schlimp CJ, Zipperle J, Gabriel C, Süssner S, Cadamuro J, Gratz J, Redl H, Schöchl H. Platelet function in reconstituted whole blood variants: An observational study over 5 days of storage time. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2016; 79:797-804. [PMID: 26496104 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000000852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platelet concentrates (PCs) are usually stored at room temperature under constant gentle agitation. Risk of bacterial contamination limits maximum storage time to 5 days. The objective of the study was to investigate platelet function with regard to storage time in different reconstituted whole blood (RWB) variants. METHODS Donated apheresis PCs were stored at 22°C over 5 days. To obtain RWB, apheresis PCs were mixed with plasma-free packed red blood cells (RBCs) and either prethawed fresh frozen plasma (PT) or solvent-detergent plasma (SD) [1:1:1 ratio], or with leukocyte- and platelet-depleted whole blood (LD-WB) as control. Platelet function in RWB variants was assessed by impedance aggregometry (Multiplate) on Days 0, 1, 3, and 5 following platelet donation. RESULTS Platelet aggregometry did not reach the lower limits determined from healthy volunteers in any of the RWB variants. Platelet aggregability measured by ASPI test, ADP test, and COL test declined over storage time in all RWB variants. No differences were observed in the TRAP test. At most measurement time points, LD-RWB provided significantly higher platelet aggregability compared with SD-RWB and PT-RWB (p < 0.01). SD-RWB demonstrated higher platelet aggregability on Day 0 in the ASPI test, ADP test, and TRAP test compared with PT-RWB. CONCLUSION Apheresis PCs stored for 5 days at 22°C demonstrated reduced platelet aggregability, as measured by multiple electrode aggregometry when mixed with RBCs and plasma. As platelet aggregation in LD-RWB was superior compared with SD-RWB and PT-RWB variants, it might be possible that additives in RBCs or plasma are responsible for the observed depressed platelet function. Critical evaluation of current massive transfusion recommendations proposing early platelet transfusion is indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Ponschab
- From the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology (M.P., C.J.S., J.Z., H.R., H.S.), AUVA Research Centre; and Department of Anaesthesia, General Intensive Care and Pain Control (J.G.), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna; Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service for Upper Austria (C.G., S.S.), Linz; Department of Laboratory Medicine (J.C.), Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg; and Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care (H.S.), AUVA Trauma Centre, Salzburg, Austria
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Comparison of in vitro responses to fresh whole blood and reconstituted whole blood after collagen stimulation. BLOOD TRANSFUSION = TRASFUSIONE DEL SANGUE 2013; 12:50-5. [PMID: 24333065 DOI: 10.2450/2013.0303-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In patients who have large bleeds, there is a tendency to transfuse more plasma and platelets than recommended in earlier guidelines, and accordingly many hospitals now provide "transfusion packages" with an intended red cell:platelet:plasma ratio of 1:1:1. The purpose of this study was to investigate in vitro functions of transfusion packs compared with fresh whole blood. MATERIAL AND METHODS "Reconstituted whole blood" was prepared with the same ratio of red cells, platelets and plasma as used in local transfusion packages. The aggregation and thrombin-antithrombin complex formation responses to collagen stimulation of this reconstituted whole blood were compared with those of fresh whole blood. The storage time of red cells and platelets was varied in a systematic manner, giving nine different compositions of reconstituted whole blood that simulated transfusion packs. RESULTS The responses varied significantly between whole blood and reconstituted whole blood -and between the reconstituted whole blood of different compositions. A significant decrease (p<0.005) in collagen-induced platelet count reduction was seen with increasing platelet and red blood cell age. Thrombin-antithrombin complex formation peaked in studies with platelets stored for 5 days. The red cells stored for the longest time induced the greatest thrombin-antithrombin complex formation. Fresh whole blood gives more consistent responses, and the aggregation response to collagen is stronger than in reconstituted whole blood. DISCUSSION Our results indicate that in vitro responses of reconstituted whole blood vary substantially according to how long the red cells and platelets are stored for. As the responses obtained by testing whole blood are more consistent and usually stronger, the alternative use fresh whole blood in special conditions should not be excluded without further consideration.
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Grimshaw K, Sahler J, Spinelli SL, Phipps RP, Blumberg N. New frontiers in transfusion biology: identification and significance of mediators of morbidity and mortality in stored red blood cells. Transfusion 2011; 51:874-80. [PMID: 21496049 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2011.03095.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Red blood cell (RBC) transfusions are associated with inflammation and thrombosis, both arterial and venous, the mechanisms of which are not understood. Although a necessary life-saving procedure in modern medicine, transfusions have rarely been subjected to modern assessments of efficacy and safety, including randomized trials. Storage of RBCs induces changes, including the release of free hemoglobin and the accumulation of biologically active soluble mediators and microparticles. These mediators likely play a direct role in the inflammatory and prothrombotic properties of RBC transfusions. Methods such as leukoreduction, washing of RBCs, and rejuvenation may improve the quality of RBC transfusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Grimshaw
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
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