Stability of coagulation factors in plasma prepared after a 24-hour room temperature hold

Increasing the time-to-freezing for clinical apheresis plasma meets quality specifications

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

In Australia, the vast distances between blood collection centres and processing facilities make it challenging to align supply with demand. Increasing the time to freezing for clinical plasma beyond 6 h would alleviate supply issues. This study aimed to determine the quality of clinical apheresis plasma frozen within 12 h of collection.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Apheresis plasma (n = 20) collected at donor centres was immediately transported to a blood processing facility, stored at 26°C and sampled aseptically at 6, 8 and 12 h post collection. Frozen samples were thawed, and coagulation factors (F) II, V, VII, VIII and XIII, von Willebrand factor (vWF) and fibrinogen were measured using a coagulation analyser.

RESULTS

FVIII concentrations declined in plasma frozen at 6, 8 and 12 h post collection (1.22 ± 0.27, 1.21 ± 0.25 and 1.16 ± 0.24 IU/mL, respectively) but not significantly (p = 0.3338). Importantly, all components met the FVIII specification (>0.7 IU/mL) for clinical plasma. Fibrinogen concentrations were stable from 6 to 12 h (p = 0.3100), as were vWF concentrations (p = 0.1281). Coagulation factors II, V, VII and XIII were not significantly different (p > 0.05 for all factors).

CONCLUSION

Clinical apheresis plasma can be frozen within 12 h of collection, allowing collections from donor centres further from processing centres and increasing supply.

Evaluation of bacterial growth, effects on albumin, and coagulation factors in canine fresh frozen plasma administered as continuous rate infusion exposed to room temperature for 12 hours

OBJECTIVES

To determine the risk of bacterial growth and to analyze the stability of albumin and coagulation factors in canine fresh frozen plasma (FFP) units exposed to room temperature (24°C) administered as a continuous rate infusion (CRI) for 12 hours.

DESIGN

Ex vivo study.

SETTING

University teaching hospital and pet blood bank.

ANIMALS

None.

INTERVENTIONS

None.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS

An FFP CRI was simulated to replicate the standard routine procedure used in dogs. Plasma samples were collected before starting the CRI (H0), after 4 hours (H4), and after 12 hours (H12). Bacterial culture of FFP was performed and albumin concentration and specific activity levels for factors V, VII, VIII, and IX were measured and compared. All plasma culture results were negative. There were no statistically significant differences at any time point in the factor VIII activity (median 105.5% [range, 75.6%-142.0%] at H0; median 107.8% [range, 75.0%-172.7%] at H4; and median 112.1% [range, 81.7%-171.0%] at H12); factor IX activity (median 119.3% [range, 89.1%-175.9%] at H0; median 123.1% [range, 72.5%-172.7%] at H4; and median 118.3% [range, 86.6%-177.5%] at H12); or albumin concentration (median 21.0 g/L [range, 17.0-23.0 g/L] at H0 and median 20.0 g/L [range, 17.0-24.0 g/L] at H12). A slight but significant increase in factor V activity was observed when comparing H0 (median 107.0% [range, 71.0%-159.0%]) to H4 (median 117.7% [range, 71.0%-176.7%]) (P = 0.002) or H12 (median 116.2% [range, 71.0%-191.6%]) (P = 0.001). A slight but significant increase in factor VII activity was observed when comparing H0 (median 115.4% [range, 70.6%-183.7%]) to H4 (median 118.2% [range, 82.7%-194.6%]) (P = 0.005); H0 to H12 (median 128.7% [range, 86.4%-200.0%]) (P < 0.001); and H4 to H12 (P = 0.002).

CONCLUSIONS

FFP CRI at room temperature for 12 hours could be considered safe with regard to risk for bacterial growth and also effective by providing albumin and clotting factors.

The Pathophysiology and Management of Hemorrhagic Shock in the Polytrauma Patient

The recognition and management of life-threatening hemorrhage in the polytrauma patient poses several challenges to prehospital rescue personnel and hospital providers. First, identification of acute blood loss and the magnitude of lost volume after torso injury may not be readily apparent in the field. Because of the expression of highly effective physiological mechanisms that compensate for a sudden decrease in circulatory volume, a polytrauma patient with a significant blood loss may appear normal during examination by first responders. Consequently, for every polytrauma victim with a significant mechanism of injury we assume substantial blood loss has occurred and life-threatening hemorrhage is progressing until we can prove the contrary. Second, a decision to begin damage control resuscitation (DCR), a costly, highly complex, and potentially dangerous intervention must often be reached with little time and without sufficient clinical information about the intended recipient. Whether to begin DCR in the prehospital phase remains controversial. Furthermore, DCR executed imperfectly has the potential to worsen serious derangements including acidosis, coagulopathy, and profound homeostatic imbalances that DCR is designed to correct. Additionally, transfusion of large amounts of homologous blood during DCR potentially disrupts immune and inflammatory systems, which may induce severe systemic autoinflammatory disease in the aftermath of DCR. Third, controversy remains over the composition of components that are transfused during DCR. For practical reasons, unmatched liquid plasma or freeze-dried plasma is transfused now more commonly than ABO-matched fresh frozen plasma. Low-titer type O whole blood may prove safer than red cell components, although maintaining an inventory of whole blood for possible massive transfusion during DCR creates significant challenges for blood banks. Lastly, as the primary principle of management of life-threatening hemorrhage is surgical or angiographic control of bleeding, DCR must not eclipse these definitive interventions.

10 Years of Experience with the First Thawed Plasma Bank in Germany

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Plasma is stored at –30°C, which requires thawing before transfusion, causing a time delay between ordering and issuing of at least 30 min. In case of bleeding emergencies, guidelines strongly recommend a 2:1 transfusion ratio of RBCs and plasma. In addition, each minute delay in issuing of blood products in bleeding emergencies increases the mortality risk. To provide plasma in time in bleeding emergencies, a thawed plasma bank was introduced in 2011. <b><i>Summary:</i></b> The thawed plasma bank of University Medicine Greifswald has provided 18,924 thawed stored plasma units between 2011 and 2020. The workflow in the laboratory as well as in the emergency room, the operating room, and the intensive care unit have been optimized by thawed stored plasma. In case of emergencies, the stress factor for the transfusion medicine laboratory staff has been reduced substantially. The thawed plasma bank allows to transfuse patients with massive transfusion demand at a 2:1 ratio of RBCs and plasma according to guidelines. To reduce storage time, we issue all plasma requests from the thawed plasma bank except for pediatric patients. This results in a median storage time in the thawed plasma bank of 24 h. The “just in time” availability of plasma within the entire hospital based on the thawed plasma bank has reduced precautionary ordering of plasma, and hereby the unnecessary use of plasma. After introduction of the thawed plasma bank, plasma usage decreased substantially by 24% within the first year and by 60% compared to 2019/2020. However, as the overall approach to using blood products has changed over the last 10 years due to the patient blood management initiative, quantification of the effects of the thawed plasma bank in reduction of plasma transfusion is difficult. <b><i>Key Messages:</i></b> (1) A thawed plasma bank for the routine supply of blood products in a large hospital is feasible in Germany. (2) The thawed plasma bank allows to supply RBCs and plasma in a 2:1 ratio in bleeding emergencies. (3) The beneficial logistical effects of the thawed plasma bank are optimal if all plasma requests are supplied from the thawed plasma bank. This results in a median storage time of 24 h for thawed plasma.

Health Technology Assessment of pathogen reduction technologies applied to plasma for clinical use

Although existing clinical evidence shows that the transfusion of blood components is becoming increasingly safe, the risk of transmission of known and unknown pathogens, new pathogens or re-emerging pathogens still persists. Pathogen reduction technologies may offer a new approach to increase blood safety. The study is the output of collaboration between the Italian National Blood Centre and the Post-Graduate School of Health Economics and Management, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy. A large, multidisciplinary team was created and divided into six groups, each of which addressed one or more HTA domains.Plasma treated with amotosalen + UV light, riboflavin + UV light, methylene blue or a solvent/detergent process was compared to fresh-frozen plasma with regards to current use, technical features, effectiveness, safety, economic and organisational impact, and ethical, social and legal implications. The available evidence is not sufficient to state which of the techniques compared is superior in terms of efficacy, safety and cost-effectiveness. Evidence on efficacy is only available for the solvent/detergent method, which proved to be non-inferior to untreated fresh-frozen plasma in the treatment of a wide range of congenital and acquired bleeding disorders. With regards to safety, the solvent/detergent technique apparently has the most favourable risk-benefit profile. Further research is needed to provide a comprehensive overview of the cost-effectiveness profile of the different pathogen-reduction techniques. The wide heterogeneity of results and the lack of comparative evidence are reasons why more comparative studies need to be performed.

Thawed and liquid plasma--what do we know?

There is increasing interest in the use of liquid or frozen plasma thawed and stored for extended periods (>24 h) to reduce wastage and to improve rapid availability of plasma in massive transfusion protocols advocating the early use of plasma in trauma by some centres. There is now a body of studies that have assessed individual coagulation factors during storage of thawed plasma. These show that factor VIII (FVIII) is the worst affected factor and that its activity is mainly lost during the first 24 h following thawing. However, for most factors studied, there is a continual decline during further storage. The few studies that have assessed thrombin generation in thawed plasma have shown variable results. Extended storage of plasma is associated with an increase in levels of DEHP in the component and could theoretically increase the risk of bacterial contamination, although the latter does not appear to have been an issue in countries that have adopted the use of thawed plasma. There are no clinical studies relating to the efficacy of extended-thawed plasma, and therefore, the potential reduction in its efficacy must be balanced with the clinical need for the component.

Comparative analysis of activity of coagulation Factors V and VIII and level of fibrinogen in fresh frozen plasma and frozen plasma

Background:

The aim of this study was to analyse and compare the activity of factor V, VIII and fibrinogen level in fresh frozen plasma and frozen plasma frozen after 8 hrs but within 24 hours after phlebotomy.

Materials and Methods:

Fresh frozen plasma separated from whole blood within 8 hours was compared with plasma separated within 24 hours after phlebotomy in terms of coagulation factors V and VIII and level of fibrinogen by standard methods using semi automated coagulometer sysmex CA50.

Results:

Longer storage of whole blood before processing resulted in significant decrease (18.4%) in activity of factor VIII but the fall in activity of factor V (6.52%) or level of fibrinogen (1.81%) was not significant.

Discussion:

These data suggest that there is good retention of coagulation factors in both types of plasma. Although there is significant fall in activity of factor VIII, but it is an acute phase reactant and raised in most of the diseases so it is suggested that frozen plasma would be an acceptable product for most patients requiring fresh frozen plasma.

The bioequivalence of frozen plasma prepared from whole blood held overnight at room temperature compared to fresh-frozen plasma prepared within eight hours of collection

BACKGROUND

Overnight, room temperature hold of whole blood (WB) before leukoreduction and component processing offers significant logistic and cost advantages over WB processed within 8 hours. Plasma prepared from WB held at room temperature overnight (PF24RT24WB) may result in a degradation of plasma coagulation protein activities compared to plasma frozen within 8 hours of collection. In this study, we intended to evaluate the bioequivalence (BE) of PF24RT24WB prepared using a new WB collection, leukoreduction, and storage system compared to fresh-frozen plasma (FFP) after 12 months of frozen storage.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

We conducted a three-center, three-arm evaluation of the LEUKOSEP HWB-600-XL test system (Hemerus Medical LLC) compared to the RZ2000 control (Fenwal, Inc.). FFP was prepared from WB held at room temperature more than 6 hours and placed at less than -18 °C by 8 hours for control (n = 60) and test (n = 60) arms. PF24RT24WB (n = 60) was prepared with the test system from WB held at room temperature and then filtered and processed 20 to 24 hours postcollection. Frozen plasma was tested at 3, 6, and 12 months using a comprehensive panel of protein and coagulation factor assays.

RESULTS

The test FFP was BE for all coagulation factors and tested proteins at 12 months. As expected, PF24RT24WB had a reduced Factor (F)VIII activity compared to control FFP (87.1%; 90% confidence interval, 79.4%-93.3%) with the lower confidence limit less than 80%. All other factors were within the BE region.

CONCLUSION

Leukoreduced FFP and PF24RT24WB prepared using the LEUKOSEP HWB-600-XL system has been shown to be BE to control leukoreduced FFP with an expected decrease in FVIII activity after overnight hold.

Effects of storage time and temperature on coagulation tests and factors in fresh plasma

Coagulation tests and factors measurements have been widely applied in clinical practice. Pre-analytical conditions are very important in laboratory assessment.Here,we aim to determine the effects of storage time and temperature on activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), fibrinogen (Fbg), prothrombin time (PT), the international normalized ratio (INR), thrombin time (TT), factor VIII activity (FVIII:C), and factor IX activity (FIX:C) in fresh plasma. Seventy-two blood samples were tested after storage for 0 (baseline), 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 h at 25°C (room temperature) and 4°C (refrigeration) in two centers. The mean percentage change of greater than 10% and the numbers of samples with greater than 10% percentage changes more than 25% were used to determine clinically relevant difference. We demonstrated that samples for Fbg, PT/INR, and TT could be safely stored for ≤24 h; FVIII:C for ≤2 h; FIX:C for ≤4 h both at 4°C and 25°C; and APTT for ≤12 h at 4°C and ≤8 h at 25°C.

A comparison study of the blood component quality of whole blood held overnight at 4°c or room temperature

Background. The use of plasma frozen within 24 hrs is likely to increase. Whole blood (WB) and buffy coats (BCs) can be held for a few hrs or overnight before processing. Methods. Twenty-four bags of WB for plasma and 12 bags for platelet (PLT) concentrates were collected. The fresh frozen plasma (FFP) was prepared within 6 hrs. I-FP24 and II-FP24 samples were prepared either from leukodepleted WB that was held overnight or from WB that was held overnight before leukodepletion. The PLT concentrates (PCs) were prepared from BCs within 6 hrs (PC1) and within 18 to 24 hrs (PC2). The typical coagulation factors and some biochemical parameters were determined. Results. Compared to the FFP samples, the levels of FVII and FVIII in the I-FP24 and II-FP24 samples decreased significantly. The pH, Na⁺, LDH, and FHb levels differed significantly between II-FP24 and FFP. Compared to PC1, PC2 exhibited lower pH, pO₂, and Na⁺ levels, a higher PLT count, and increased pCO₂, K⁺, Lac, and CD62P expression levels. Conclusion. FP24 is best prepared from WB that was stored overnight at 4°C and then leukodepleted and separated within 24 hrs. PCs are best produced from BCs derived from WB that was held overnight at room temperature.

Plasma in the PICU: why and when should we transfuse?

Whereas red blood cell transfusions have been used since the 19th century, plasma has only been available since 1941. It was originally mainly used as volume replacement, mostly during World War II and the Korean War. Over the years, its indication has shifted to correct coagulation factors deficiencies or to prevent bleeding. Currently, it remains a frequent treatment in the intensive care unit, both for critically ill adults and children. However, observational studies have shown that plasma transfusion fail to correct mildly abnormal coagulation tests. Furthermore, recent epidemiological studies have shown that plasma transfusions are associated with an increased morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. Therefore, plasma, as any other treatment, has to be used when the benefits outweigh the risks. Based on observational data, most experts suggest limiting its use either to massively bleeding patients or bleeding patients who have documented abnormal coagulation tests, and refraining for transfusing plasma to nonbleeding patients whatever their coagulation tests. In this paper, we will review current evidence on plasma transfusions and discuss its indications.

The effect of filtration on residual levels of coagulation factors in plasma

Leukoreduced blood components are commonly manufactured via filtration. There are specifications for the residual leukocyte content of any final cellular blood component but not for residual clotting factors. Leukoreduced and nonleukoreduced platelet-poor plasma products were manufactured from filtered vs unfiltered platelet-rich plasma, respectively, using platelet leukoreduction filters. The leukoreduced plasma showed lower levels of factor VIII (75% ± 16% vs 88% ± 18%, P ≤ .05), factor XI (86% ± 9% vs 96% ± 10%, P ≤ .01) and factor VII (87% ± 14% vs 98% ± 11%, P ≤ .01). No difference was seen with factor X, factor V, or fibrinogen. Plasma filtered through a whole blood filter showed a reduction in factor V (105% ± 12% vs 124% ± 10%, P ≤ .01) but a minimal reduction in factor VIII (80% ± 5% vs 82% ± 6%, P = .04). Filtration can alter the residual levels of clotting factors to a variable extent in manufactured plasma, most noticeably factors V, VII, VIII, and XI.

Storage of thawed plasma for a liquid plasma bank: impact of temperature and methylene blue pathogen inactivation

BACKGROUND

Rapid transfusion of fresh-frozen plasma (FFP) is desired for treating coagulopathies, but thawing and issuing of FFP takes more than 40 minutes. Liquid storage of plasma is a potential solution but uncertainties exist regarding clotting factor stability. We assessed different storage conditions of thawed FFP and plasma treated by methylene blue plus light (MB/light) for pathogen inactivation.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

Fifty thawed apheresis plasma samples (approx. 750 mL) were divided into three subunits and either stored for 7 days at 4°C, at room temperature (RT), and at 4°C after MB/light treatment. Clotting factor activities (Factor [F] II, FV, FVII through FXIII, fibrinogen, antithrombin, von Willebrand factor antigen, Protein C and S) were assessed after thawing and on Days 3, 5, and 7. Changes were classified as "minor" (activities within the reference range) and "major" (activities outside the reference range).

RESULTS

FFP storage at 4°C revealed major changes for FVIII (median [range], 56% [33%-114%]) and Protein S (51% [20%-88%]). Changes were more pronounced when plasma was stored at RT (FVIII, 59% [37%-123%]; FVII, 69% [42%-125%]; Protein S, 20% [10%-35%]). MB/light treatment of thawed FFP resulted in minor changes. However, further storage for 7 days at 4°C revealed major decreases for FVIII (47% [12%-91%]) and Protein S (49% [18%-95%]) and increases for FVII (150% [48%-285%]) and FX (126% [62%-206%]).

CONCLUSION

Storage of liquid plasma at 4°C for 7 days is feasible for FFP as is MB/light treatment of thawed plasma. In contrast, storage of thawed plasma for 7 days at RT or after MB/light treatment at 4°C affects clotting factor stability substantially and is not recommended.

Current status of additive solutions for platelets

The storage of platelets in additive solution (PAS) had lagged behind red cell concentrates, especially in North America. The partial or complete removal of anticoagulated plasma and storage of platelet concentrates in AS presents many advantages. The PAS can be formulated to optimize aerobic metabolism or decrease platelet activation, thus abrogating the platelet storage lesion and potentially improving in vivo viability. Plasma removal has been shown to reduce allergic reactions and the plasma harvested could contribute to the available plasma pool for transfusion or fractionation. PAS coupled to pathogen reduction technology results in a platelet product of equivalent hemostatic efficacy to conventionally stored platelets. Given the above, the likely future direction of platelet storage will be in new generation designer PAS with an extended shelf life and a superior safety profile to plasma stored platelets. J. Clin. Apheresis, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Manufacture of pooled platelets in additive solution and storage in an ELX container after an overnight warm temperature hold of platelet-rich plasma

The processing of whole blood-derived platelet-rich plasma (PRP) to a platelet concentrate and platelet-poor plasma is currently performed within 8 hours to comply with the requirements to manufacture fresh frozen plasma. Maintaining PRP at room temperature for a longer period can have the advantage of shifting the completion of component manufacture onto day shifts. Pairs of ABO-identical prepooled platelets were manufactured by the PRP method, using the current approach with platelet storage in a CLX HP container (Pall Medical, Covina, CA) and plasma, or a novel approach with an 18- to a 24-hour room temperature hold of the PRP and the manufacture of pooled platelets in a glucose-containing additive solution (AS) and storage in a new ELX container (Pall Medical). Standard in vitro assays were performed on days 2, 5, and 7. The results showed that the AS platelets in ELX have in vitro characteristics that are equivalent or superior to those of the standard product.

The how's and why's of evidence based plasma therapy

Although traditionally fresh frozen plasma (FFP) has been the product of choice for reversing a significant coagulopathy, the modern blood bank will have several different plasma preparations which should all be equally efficacious in reversing a significant coagulopathy or arresting coagulopathic bleeding. Emerging evidence suggests that for a stable patient, transfusing plasma for an INR≤1.5 does not confer a hemostatic benefit while unnecessarily exposing the patient to the risks associated with plasma transfusion. This review will discuss the various plasma products that are available and present some of the current literature on the clinical uses of plasma.