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Kozakai M, Matsumoto C, Matsumoto M, Takakura A, Matsubayashi K, Satake M. Different growth kinetics in blood components and genetic analysis of Lactococcus garvieae isolated from platelet concentrates. Transfusion 2020; 60:1492-1499. [PMID: 32436250 DOI: 10.1111/trf.15836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2014, we experienced the first isolation of Lactococcus garvieae from a platelet concentrate (PC). Thereafter, L. garvieae contamination of PCs occurred in two more cases in Japan. It is rare that bacterial contamination with uncommon strains like this species occurs frequently within a short period. Therefore, we performed a detailed analysis of the characteristics of these strains. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Three bacterial strains were identified by biochemical testing and molecular analysis. Genomic diversity was characterized by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). To observe growth kinetics in blood components, PCs were inoculated with the three different strains. RESULTS All three strains were identified as L. garvieae by molecular analysis. Each strain belonged to a different phylogenetic group according to MLST analysis. In the spiking trial, the three strains demonstrated differences in their final concentrations and changes in appearance of PCs. CONCLUSION In this study, all three L. garvieae strains were correctly identified by molecular analysis. Since the three strains were collected in different regions of Japan and belonged to different phylogenetic groups according to MLST analysis, it is suggested that L. garvieae have a wide distribution with diversity in Japan. In PCs, the three L. garvieae strains showed clear differences in growth kinetics and changes in appearance of PCs. These differences may have been the primary determinant of whether PC contamination was detected before transfusion. Moreover, L. garvieae represents an emerging foodborne bacterium that can cause transfusion-transmitted bacteremia. Understanding our cases may help prevent bacterial contamination of blood products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moe Kozakai
- Central Blood Institute, Blood Service Headquarters, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chieko Matsumoto
- Central Blood Institute, Blood Service Headquarters, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mami Matsumoto
- Central Blood Institute, Blood Service Headquarters, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Takakura
- Central Blood Institute, Blood Service Headquarters, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiji Matsubayashi
- Central Blood Institute, Blood Service Headquarters, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Satake
- Central Blood Institute, Blood Service Headquarters, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan
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Brailsford SR, Tossell J, Morrison R, McDonald CP, Pitt TL. Failure of bacterial screening to detect Staphylococcus aureus: the English experience of donor follow-up. Vox Sang 2018; 113:540-546. [PMID: 29799121 DOI: 10.1111/vox.12670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Between February 2011 and December 2016, over 1·6 million platelet units, 36% pooled platelets, underwent bacterial screening prior to issue. Contamination rates for apheresis and pooled platelets were 0·02% and 0·07%, respectively. Staphylococcus aureus accounted for 21 contaminations, including four pooled platelets, one confirmed transfusion-transmitted infection (TTI) and three 'near-miss' incidents detected on visual inspection which were negative on screening. We describe follow-up investigations of 16 donors for skin carriage of S. aureus and molecular characterisation of donor and pack isolates. MATERIALS AND METHODS Units were screened by the BacT/ALERT 3D detection system. Contributing donors were interviewed and consent requested for skin and nasal swabbing. S. aureus isolates were referred for spa gene type and DNA macrorestriction profile to determine identity between carriage strains and packs. RESULTS Donors of 10 apheresis and two pooled packs screen positive for S. aureus were confirmed as the source of contamination; seven had a history of skin conditions, predominantly eczema; 11 were nasal carriers. The 'near-miss' incidents were associated with apheresis donors, two donors harboured strains indistinguishable from the pack strain. The TTI was due to a screen-negative pooled unit, and a nasal isolate of one donor was indistinguishable from that in the unit. CONCLUSION Staphylococcus aureus contamination is rare but potentially harmful in platelet units. Donor isolates showed almost universal correspondence in molecular type with pack isolates, thus confirming the source of contamination. The importance of visual inspection of packs prior to transfusion is underlined by the 'near-miss' incidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Brailsford
- Microbiology Services, NHS Blood and Transplant, London, UK
| | - J Tossell
- Microbiology Services, NHS Blood and Transplant, London, UK
| | - R Morrison
- Microbiology Services, NHS Blood and Transplant, London, UK
| | - C P McDonald
- Microbiology Services, NHS Blood and Transplant, London, UK
| | - T L Pitt
- Microbiology Services, NHS Blood and Transplant, London, UK
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Jans C, Boleij A. The Road to Infection: Host-Microbe Interactions Defining the Pathogenicity of Streptococcus bovis/Streptococcus equinus Complex Members. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:603. [PMID: 29692760 PMCID: PMC5902542 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Streptococcus bovis/Streptococcus equinus complex (SBSEC) comprises several species inhabiting the animal and human gastrointestinal tract (GIT). They match the pathobiont description, are potential zoonotic agents and technological organisms in fermented foods. SBSEC members are associated with multiple diseases in humans and animals including ruminal acidosis, infective endocarditis (IE) and colorectal cancer (CRC). Therefore, this review aims to re-evaluate adhesion and colonization abilities of SBSEC members of animal, human and food origin paired with genomic and functional host-microbe interaction data on their road from colonization to infection. SBSEC seem to be a marginal population during GIT symbiosis that can proliferate as opportunistic pathogens. Risk factors for human colonization are considered living in rural areas and animal-feces contact. Niche adaptation plays a pivotal role where Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus (SGG) retained the ability to proliferate in various environments. Other SBSEC members have undergone genome reduction and niche-specific gene gain to yield important commensal, pathobiont and technological species. Selective colonization of CRC tissue is suggested for SGG, possibly related to increased adhesion to cancerous cell types featuring enhanced collagen IV accessibility. SGG can colonize, proliferate and may shape the tumor microenvironment to their benefit by tumor promotion upon initial neoplasia development. Bacteria cell surface structures including lipotheichoic acids, capsular polysaccharides and pilus loci (pil1, pil2, and pil3) govern adhesion. Only human blood-derived SGG contain complete pilus loci and other disease-associated surface proteins. Rumen or feces-derived SGG and other SBSEC members lack or harbor mutated pili. Pili also contribute to binding to fibrinogen upon invasion and translocation of cells from the GIT into the blood system, subsequent immune evasion, human contact system activation and collagen-I-binding on damaged heart valves. Only SGG carrying complete pilus loci seem to have highest IE potential in humans with significant links between SGG bacteremia/IE and underlying diseases including CRC. Other SBSEC host-microbe combinations might rely on currently unknown mechanisms. Comparative genome data of blood, commensal and food isolates are limited but required to elucidate the role of pili and other virulence factors, understand pathogenicity mechanisms, host specificity and estimate health risks for animals, humans and food alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Jans
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annemarie Boleij
- Department of Pathology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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Ainley LI, Hewitt PE. Haematology patients and the risk of transfusion transmitted infection. Br J Haematol 2018; 180:473-483. [DOI: 10.1111/bjh.15030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Louise I. Ainley
- Department of Haematology; Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust; London UK
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Jans C, Meile L, Lacroix C, Stevens MJA. Genomics, evolution, and molecular epidemiology of the Streptococcus bovis/Streptococcus equinus complex (SBSEC). INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 33:419-36. [PMID: 25233845 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Streptococcus bovis/Streptococcus equinus complex (SBSEC) is a group of human and animal derived streptococci that are commensals (rumen and gastrointestinal tract), opportunistic pathogens or food fermentation associates. The classification of SBSEC has undergone massive changes and currently comprises 7 (sub)species grouped into four branches based on sequences identities: the Streptococcus gallolyticus, the Streptococcus equinus, the Streptococcus infantarius and the Streptococcus alactolyticus branch. In animals, SBSEC are causative agents for ruminal acidosis, potentially laminitis and infective endocarditis (IE). In humans, a strong association was established between bacteraemia, IE and colorectal cancer. Especially the SBSEC-species S. gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus is an emerging pathogen for IE and prosthetic joint infections. S. gallolyticus subsp. pasteurianus and the S. infantarius branch are further associated with biliary and urinary tract infections. Knowledge on pathogenic mechanisms is so far limited to colonization factors such as pili and biofilm formation. Certain strain variants of S. gallolyticus subsp. macedonicus and S. infantarius subsp. infantarius are associated with traditional dairy and plant-based food fermentations and display traits suggesting safety. However, due to their close relationship to virulent strains, their use in food fermentation has to be critically assessed. Additionally, implementing accurate and up-to-date taxonomy is critical to enable appropriate treatment of patients and risk assessment of species and strains via recently developed multilocus sequence typing schemes to enable comparative global epidemiology. Comparative genomics revealed that SBSEC strains harbour genomics islands (GI) that seem acquired from other streptococci by horizontal gene transfer. In case of virulent strains these GI frequently encode putative virulence factors, in strains from food fermentation the GI encode functions that are pivotal for strain performance during fermentation. Comparative genomics is a powerful tool to identify acquired pathogenic functions, but there is still an urgent need for more physiological and epidemiological data to understand SBSEC-specific traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Jans
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 7, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Leo Meile
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 7, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Lacroix
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 7, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marc J A Stevens
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 7, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Is there a need for bacterial endocarditis prophylaxis in patients undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopy? J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2014; 7:372-4. [PMID: 24566725 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-014-9553-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Heart valve repair or replacement is a serious problem. Patients can benefit from an open dialogue between both cardiologists and gastroenterologists for the optimal effective patients care. The focused update on infective endocarditis of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association 2008 (ACC/AHA guidelines) and guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of infective endocarditis (new version 2009) of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC guidelines) describe prophylaxis against infective endocarditis (IE) as not recommended for gastroscopy and colonoscopy in the absence of active infection but increasing evidence suggests that the role of IE antibiotic prophylaxis remains a dark side of the cardio-oncology prevention. New evidences concerning infective endocarditis due to Streptococcus bovis, Streptococcus agalactiae, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus durans, and new findings indicate that there is a need for bacterial endocarditis prophylaxis in patients undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopy especially in elderly patients and in cancer and immunocompromised patients, to avoid serious consequences.
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McDonald C. Bacterial testing of platelet components: is there added benefit for our donors? Transfusion 2013; 53:2117-9. [DOI: 10.1111/trf.12385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carl McDonald
- National Bacteriology Laboratory; NHS Blood and Transplant; Colindale UK
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Lee C, Chan H, Ho P, Wong H, Leung J, Tsoi W, Lin C. Long-term clinical outcomes afterStreptococcus bovisisolation in asymptomatic blood donors in Hong Kong. Transfusion 2013; 53:2207-10. [DOI: 10.1111/trf.12087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 11/17/2012] [Accepted: 11/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Lee CK, Wong HK, Ho PL, Tsoi WC, Lee KY, Tsui GTF, Chua E, Leung JNS, Lin CK. Significant bacterial contamination risk reduction with the use of diversion pouch. Transfus Med 2012; 22:404-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3148.2012.01194.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. K. Lee
- Hong Kong Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service; Hong Kong; SAR; China
| | - H. K. Wong
- Hong Kong Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service; Hong Kong; SAR; China
| | - P. L. Ho
- Department of Microbiology; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong; SAR; China
| | - W. C. Tsoi
- Hong Kong Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service; Hong Kong; SAR; China
| | - K. Y. Lee
- Hong Kong Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service; Hong Kong; SAR; China
| | - G. T. F. Tsui
- Hong Kong Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service; Hong Kong; SAR; China
| | - E. Chua
- Hong Kong Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service; Hong Kong; SAR; China
| | - J. N. S. Leung
- Hong Kong Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service; Hong Kong; SAR; China
| | - C. K. Lin
- Hong Kong Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service; Hong Kong; SAR; China
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Ivanov NA, Kholodok GN, Kulish ID. [Comparative analysis of antibiotic sensitivity of Streptococcus pneumoniae strains isolated from patients and carriers]. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 1990; 13:719-24. [PMID: 2383142 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(13)70107-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The data on antibiotic sensitivity of 38 strains of S. pneumoniae isolated from children and 46 strains isolated from carriers are presented. The isolates from the carriers had significantly higher sensitivity to benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, methicillin, oxacillin, cefazolin, erythromycin, oleandomycin and lincomycin. Resistance to gentamicin was more frequent in the strains isolated from the carriers. Among the strains of S. pneumoniae isolated from the patients and carriers representatives of serovar K19 were more frequent. There were no statistically reliable difference in them by sensitivity to benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, cefazolin, lincomycin and rifampicin. Still, the isolates from the carriers were much more sensitive to methicillin, oxacillin, oleandomycin and erythromycin.
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