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Wang Y, Zhai P, Zhang Y, Jiang S, Chen G, Li S. Gauging Incentive Values and Expectations (G.I.V.E.) among Blood Donors for Nonmonetary Incentives: Developing a Preference Elicitation Instrument through Qualitative Approaches in Shandong, China. THE PATIENT 2023; 16:593-606. [PMID: 37523066 DOI: 10.1007/s40271-023-00639-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Blood donation rates remain suboptimal in China necessitating the reform of the current nonmonetary incentive system to motivate donors. This study aims to identify relevant attributes and levels for nonmonetary incentives in repeated blood donation and provide insights for the development of preference elicitation instruments. METHODS A qualitative research process was employed, including a literature review, in-depth interviews, attribute ranking, focus group discussions, and cognitive interviews, to identify potential nonmonetary incentives for blood donation. The identified attributes were then incorporated into a discrete choice experiment (DCE) study design. The comprehensibility and acceptability of the DCE questionnaire were assessed through cognitive interviews and a pilot study. RESULTS Five nonmonetary incentive attributes were identified, including health examination, designated blood recipient, honor for donation, travel time, and gifts. The designated recipient of blood donation emerged as the most important motivator for future donations among the participants. The cognitive interviews and pilot study provided valuable feedback for refining the DCE questionnaire and ensuring its reliability. CONCLUSION This study contributes to the understanding of nonmonetary incentives for blood donation and highlights the importance of designated blood recipients, health examination, honor for donation, travel time, and gifts as potential motivators. Moreover, it emphasizes the value of employing cognitive interviews and pilot studies in the development and refinement of DCE questionnaires, ultimately enhancing the reliability and validity of preference elicitation instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Centre for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- NHC Key Lab of Health Economics and Policy Research (Shandong University), Jinan, Shandong, China
- Center for Health Preference Research, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Peicong Zhai
- Blood Center of Shandong Province, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Centre for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- NHC Key Lab of Health Economics and Policy Research (Shandong University), Jinan, Shandong, China
- Center for Health Preference Research, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shan Jiang
- Macquarie University Centre for the Health Economy, Macquarie Business School & Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Gang Chen
- Centre for Health Economics, Monash Business School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Shunping Li
- Centre for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
- NHC Key Lab of Health Economics and Policy Research (Shandong University), Jinan, Shandong, China.
- Center for Health Preference Research, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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Chell K, Masser B, Davison TE, Ferguson E. A typology of strategies that recognize, reward, and incentivize blood donation. Transfusion 2022; 62:2077-2085. [PMID: 35924917 DOI: 10.1111/trf.17053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood collection agencies (BCAs) worldwide are continuously looking to improve recognition, reward, and incentive (RRI) policies to optimize the recruitment and retention of blood donors. However, given the inconsistent categorization and variety of strategies available, there is a need for a theoretically informed and empirically supported framework to guide RRI research and policy development. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Survey data from 1028 voluntary nonremunerated whole blood and plasma donors in Australia was used to validate a theorized RRI typology based on distinctions between the level of congruency with the act of donating blood (congruent vs. incongruent), visibility of acknowledgment (public vs. private), benefits provided (self vs. other), and likely reinforcement schedule (fixed vs. variable). RESULTS A six-factor solution met all statistical criteria and was most consistent with a priori theoretical underpinnings. The factors were labeled (i) deal promotion, (ii) loyalty program, (iii) BCA token, (iv) health check, (v) charity donation, and (vi) travel compensation. DISCUSSION This typology provides researchers with a standardized theoretical and conceptual framework to organize and synthesize findings from the existing literature and help BCAs develop RRI policies that are likely to be successful. We present a future research agenda across and within the RRI strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Chell
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Barbara Masser
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tanya E Davison
- Monash Art, Design and Architecture, Monash University, Caulfield East, Victoria, Australia.,Research discovery, Silver Chain, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eamonn Ferguson
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,National Institute for Health and Care Research Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Behaviour, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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France CR, France JL, Himawan LK. What would it take to convince you to donate? A survey study of the relationship between motivators, barriers, and payment for whole blood, plasma, and platelet donation. Transfusion 2022; 62:1251-1260. [PMID: 35467768 PMCID: PMC9322277 DOI: 10.1111/trf.16886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Background With growing discussion about blood donor remuneration, the present study examined the level of payment that may be required to convince individuals to engage in whole blood, plasma, and platelet donations. Study Design and Methods Anonymous online surveys were completed by a college sample [n = 490; 76.9% female; Mean Age = 20.3 (SD = 4.9) years; 32.9% whole blood donors] and a ResearchMatch sample [n = 323; 70.6% female; Mean Age = 50.7 (SD = 16.6) years; 82.7% whole blood donors]. Level of payment needed to motivate whole blood, plasma, and platelet donation was examined as a function of donation history, sample, and gender. In addition, path analyses examined associations between donation motivators, barriers, and payment level. Results Across all types of donation, history of whole blood donation was related to a greater willingness to donate without payment. At the same time, however, sizeable portions of prior donors indicated that monetary payment would convince them to donate whole blood (24%), plasma (51%), or platelets (57%). Across all types of donation, donation‐related barriers (i.e., anxiety, fear) were indirectly related to higher payment levels via lower self‐efficacy and more negative donation attitudes. Donation‐related motivators (i.e., warm glow, regret, and altruism) were indirectly related to lower payment levels via higher self‐efficacy and more positive donation attitudes. Conclusion Despite reporting a strong commitment to nonremunerated blood donation, many respondents with and without a history of blood donation indicated that money would convince them to engage in whole blood, plasma, and platelet donation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janis L France
- Department of Psychology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Lina K Himawan
- Department of Psychology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
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France CR, France JL. Preference for whole blood versus plasma donation among university students. Vox Sang 2020; 115:624-627. [DOI: 10.1111/vox.12965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Van Dyke N, Chell K, Masser B, Kruse SP, Gemelli CN, Jensen K, Davison TE. Thank you for donating: a survey of Australian donors' and nondonors' orientations toward noncash incentives for blood donation. Transfusion 2020; 60:1454-1462. [PMID: 32339296 DOI: 10.1111/trf.15806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to understand Australian donors' and nondonors' orientations toward 13 noncash incentives for blood and plasma donation and the associations between orientations and intention to donate (nondonors) and subsequent donation (donors). STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS A survey of 1028 donors and 1201 nondonors was conducted online and by telephone. Donors were randomly selected from the Australian Red Cross Lifeblood donor panel; nondonors were selected from randomly generated fixed line and mobile telephone numbers across Australia. Incentives were chosen to reflect a wide array of possible noncash incentives that might be introduced by blood donation organizations (BDOs). Differences between donors and nondonors, as well as other subgroups, were investigated. RESULTS Orientations toward most types of incentives were positive or neutral. No significant differences were observed between incentive orientations for whole blood versus plasma donations. Many subgroup differences were small but statistically significant. There were mostly small, positive, significant associations between nondonors' intention to donate and orientations toward noncash incentives; there were mostly no significant associations between donors' orientations and subsequent donation behaviors. CONCLUSION The findings from this study suggest that BDOs that wish to trial noncash incentives in voluntary nonremunerative systems can be confident that neither donors nor potential donors will react negatively. They also indicate that BDOs have some flexibility in deciding which incentives to trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Van Dyke
- Research and Development, The Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kathleen Chell
- Research and Development, The Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Barbara Masser
- Research and Development, The Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sarah P Kruse
- Research and Development, The Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Carley N Gemelli
- Research and Development, The Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kyle Jensen
- Research and Development, The Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tanya E Davison
- Research and Development, The Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Martín-Santana JD, Beerli-Palacio A, Romero-Domínguez L. Recruitment strategies: non-donor segmentation based on intrinsic and extrinsic stimuli. Vox Sang 2019; 115:47-59. [PMID: 31696527 DOI: 10.1111/vox.12858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Non-donor behaviour can be influenced by many variables, both intrinsic and extrinsic, which differ among individuals. The aim of this study was therefore to segment Spanish non-donors based on criteria such as barriers and motivations, which influence the decision to donate for the first time, with the aim of improving the efficiency and effectiveness of recruitment actions. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 2383 non-donors residing in Spain evaluated 21 barriers and 25 motivations through an online self-administered survey distributed by blood transfusion centres, which are responsible for donations in Spain, and several Spanish universities. After validating these scales and determining the underlying categories in each of them, latent class/profile analysis was performed to segment non-donors. RESULTS Spanish non-donors were divided into six clusters. According to their barriers and motivations, the following labels were assigned: (1) 'Impure altruists', (2) 'I want to, but make it easy for me', (3) 'Free-riders', (4) 'Reciprocal altruists', (5) 'I can't because I'm scared' and (6) 'I want to, but I can't'. Specific marketing actions were proposed for each cluster based on their characteristics, prioritizing them depending on their attractiveness. CONCLUSION The scales which were designed to evaluate barriers and motivations make a solid contribution to the existing literature due to their holistic, integrative nature. The existence of differentiated clusters and the lack of resources of blood transfusion centres make it clear that there is a need to define and implement targeted marketing strategies.
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Chell K, Davison TE, Masser B, Jensen K. A systematic review of incentives in blood donation. Transfusion 2017; 58:242-254. [DOI: 10.1111/trf.14387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Chell
- Research and Development; Australian Red Cross Blood Service; Kelvin Grove QLD Australia
| | - Tanya E. Davison
- Research and Development; Australian Red Cross Blood Service; St Kilda VIC Australia
| | - Barbara Masser
- Research and Development; Australian Red Cross Blood Service; Kelvin Grove QLD Australia
- School of Psychology; McElwain Building, The University of Queensland; St Lucia QLD Australia
| | - Kyle Jensen
- Research and Development; Australian Red Cross Blood Service; St Kilda VIC Australia
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Russell-Bennett R, Glavas C, Previte J, Härtel C, Smith G. Designing a medicalized wellness service: balancing hospitality and hospital features. SERVICE INDUSTRIES JOURNAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/02642069.2017.1354988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Charmaine Glavas
- QUT Business School, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Josephine Previte
- UQ Business School, University of Queensland, Brisbane, St Lucia, Australia
| | | | - Geoff Smith
- QUT Business School, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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The relative efficacy of three interventions to favour return to give blood. BLOOD TRANSFUSION = TRASFUSIONE DEL SANGUE 2016; 15:398-404. [PMID: 27483481 DOI: 10.2450/2016.0010-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the study was to test the relative efficacy of action planning and reward distribution to promote retention of whole blood donors. MATERIALS AND METHODS A sample of 7,399 donors was randomised to one of three interventions: "action planning" (n=2,585); "reward" (n=2,397); and "thank you" (n=2,417). Participants in the action planning condition were invited to write the date of their next donation on a post-it note before taking it home at the end of the donation process. Participants in the "reward" condition were given an anti-theft credit card sleeve at the end of the donation process. The "thank you" intervention is the usual condition at the end of the process; it was considered the control condition. The dependent variable was the proportion of donors who registered to give blood at six months. RESULTS Overall, 4,444 (60.06%) donors registered to give blood at six months. There were no differences between the three interventions in the proportions of donors who registered to give blood (d.f. 2, chi-square=3.72, p<0.15). However, gender modified the effect of the intervention (d.f. 2, chi-square=6.57, p<0.0375); more women registered in the "thank you" condition than in the other two. DISCUSSION The results suggest that action planning and the distribution of a reward have no motivational effect on the return to give blood. Nonetheless, women appear to respond more negatively to these interventions at the end of the donation process.
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Rolseth S, Stange P, Adamou D, Roald B, Danki-Sillong F, Jourdan P. The acceptability of volunteer, repeat blood donations in a hospital setting in the Adamaoua region of Cameroon. Transfus Med 2014; 24:372-8. [DOI: 10.1111/tme.12156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Rolseth
- Faculty of Medicine; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
| | - P. Stange
- Faculty of Medicine; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
| | - D. Adamou
- Oeuvre de Santé de l'Eglise Evangélique Luthérienne au Cameroun; Ngaoundéré Cameroon
| | - B. Roald
- Faculty of Medicine; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
- Centre for Pediatric and Pregnancy Related Pathology, Department of Pathology; Oslo University Hospital Ulleval; Oslo Norway
| | - F. Danki-Sillong
- Oeuvre de Santé de l'Eglise Evangélique Luthérienne au Cameroun; Ngaoundéré Cameroon
| | - P. Jourdan
- Faculty of Medicine; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
- Norwegian Centre for Imported and Tropical Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases; Oslo University Hospital Ulleval; Oslo Norway
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Niza C, Tung B, Marteau TM. Incentivizing blood donation: systematic review and meta-analysis to test Titmuss' hypotheses. Health Psychol 2013; 32:941-9. [PMID: 24001244 PMCID: PMC3920088 DOI: 10.1037/a0032740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Titmuss hypothesized that paying blood donors would reduce the quality of the blood donated and would be economically inefficient. We report here the first systematic review to test these hypotheses, reporting on both financial and nonfinancial incentives. METHOD Studies deemed eligible for inclusion were peer-reviewed, experimental studies that presented data on the quantity (as a proxy for efficiency) and quality of blood donated in at least two groups: those donating blood when offered an incentive, and those donating blood with no offer of an incentive. The following were searched: MEDLINE, EMBASE and PsycINFO using OVID SP, CINAHL via EBSCO and CENTRAL, the Cochrane Library, Econlit via EBSCO, JSTOR Health and General Science Collection, and Google. RESULTS The initial search yielded 1100 abstracts, which resulted in 89 full papers being assessed for eligibility, of which seven studies, reported in six papers, met the inclusion criteria. The included studies involved 93,328 participants. Incentives had no impact on the likelihood of donation (OR = 1.22 CI 95% 0.91-1.63; p = .19). There was no difference between financial and nonfinancial incentives in the quantity of blood donated. Of the two studies that assessed quality of blood, one found no effect and the other found an adverse effect from the offer of a free cholesterol test (β = 0.011 p < .05). CONCLUSION The limited evidence suggests that Titmuss' hypothesis of the economic inefficiency of incentives is correct. There is insufficient evidence to assess their likely impact on the quality of the blood provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Niza
- Department of Social Policy, London School of Economics, UK
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Lacetera N, Macis M, Slonim R. Public health. Economic rewards to motivate blood donations. Science 2013; 340:927-8. [PMID: 23704557 DOI: 10.1126/science.1232280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Lacetera
- University of Toronto and University of Toronto-Mississauga, Ontario, Canada.
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