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Yin J, Wang S, Wang J, Zhang Y, Fan C, Chao J, Gao Y, Wang L. An intelligent DNA nanodevice for precision thrombolysis. NATURE MATERIALS 2024; 23:854-862. [PMID: 38448659 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-024-01826-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Thrombosis is a leading global cause of death, in part due to the low efficacy of thrombolytic therapy. Here, we describe a method for precise delivery and accurate dosing of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) using an intelligent DNA nanodevice. We use DNA origami to integrate DNA nanosheets with predesigned tPA binding sites and thrombin-responsive DNA fasteners. The fastener is an interlocking DNA triplex structure that acts as a thrombin recognizer, threshold controller and opening switch. When loaded with tPA and intravenously administrated in vivo, these DNA nanodevices rapidly target the site of thrombosis, track the circulating microemboli and expose the active tPA only when the concentration of thrombin exceeds a threshold. We demonstrate their improved therapeutic efficacy in ischaemic stroke and pulmonary embolism models, supporting the potential of these nanodevices to provide accurate tPA dosing for the treatment of different thromboses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China
| | - Siyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiahui Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China
| | - Yewei Zhang
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunhai Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study and National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acids Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Chao
- State Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yu Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China.
| | - Lianhui Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China.
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Herrería-Bustillo V, Masiá-Castillo M, Phillips HRP, Gil-Vicente L. Evaluation of the effect of etamsylate on thromboelastographic traces of canine blood with and without the addition of heparin. Vet Q 2023; 43:1-6. [PMID: 37715947 PMCID: PMC10548841 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2023.2260449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of etamsylate on canine blood and heparinised canine blood from healthy dogs using thromboelastography (TEG). Citrated blood was obtained from twenty healthy client-owned dogs, and 3 experiments were performed. Experiment 1 compared TEG in blood versus blood with etamsylate (250 mM). Experiment 2 evaluated TEG in heparinised blood (1 U/mL) with and without the addition of etamsylate (250 mM). Experiment 3 evaluated dose escalation of etamsylate (control, 250 μM, 500 μM and 1000 μM) in heparinised blood (1 U/mL). The addition of etamsylate to canine blood in experiment 1 increased the percentage of clot lysis at 30 min (z = -2.103, p = .035) and 60 min (z = -1.988, p = .047), suggesting that etamsylate could have a fibrinolytic effect. When etamsylate was added to heparinised canine blood (1 U/mL), etamsylate produced a dose-dependent inhibition of the effect of heparin when higher concentrations of etamsylate were used (500 μM and 1000 μM). The linear mixed effects model showed significant increases in α angle and maximal amplitude when high dose etamsylate was added compared to the control. In conclusion, etamsylate could be used at higher doses to inhibit the effect of heparin in dogs when protamine might not be available. However, etamsylate might have a fibrinolytic effect when used in healthy dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Herrería-Bustillo
- Escuela de Doctorado. Facultad de Veterinaria y Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maite Masiá-Castillo
- Escuela de Doctorado. Facultad de Veterinaria y Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain
| | - Helen R. P. Phillips
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Environmental Science, Saint Mary’s University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Laura Gil-Vicente
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain
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Pan Y, Li Y, Li Y, Zheng X, Zou C, Li J, Chen H. Nanodroplet-Coated Microbubbles Used in Sonothrombolysis with Two-Step Cavitation Strategy. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2202281. [PMID: 36433664 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202202281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Thrombosis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality and sonothrombolysis is a promising method for its treatment. However, the slow diffusion of the thrombolytic agents into the thrombus results in slow recanalization. Here, nanodroplet-coated microbubbles (NCMBs) are designed and fabricated and a two-step cavitation strategy is used to accelerate the thrombolysis. The first cavitation of the NCMBs, cavitation and collapse of the microbubbles induced by low frequency ultrasound, drives the nanodroplets on the shell into the thrombus, while the second cavitation, the phase-change and volume expansion of drug-loaded nanodroplets triggered by high frequency ultrasound, loosens the thrombus by the sono-porosity effect. This two-step cavitation of the NCMBs is verified using a fibrin agarose model, where a rapid diffusion of the thrombolytic agents is observed. Furthermore, the NCMBs reach much higher thrombolysis efficiency in both in vitro and proof-of-concept experiments performed with living mice. The nanodroplet-coated microbubbles are a promising diffusion medicines carrier for efficient drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfan Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yongjian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xiaobing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Chenghong Zou
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jiang Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Haosheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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Direct delivery of plasmin using clot-anchoring thrombin-responsive nanoparticles for targeted fibrinolytic therapy. J Thromb Haemost 2022; 21:983-994. [PMID: 36696210 PMCID: PMC10148984 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2022.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibrin-rich clot formation in thrombo-occlusive pathologies is currently treated by systemic administration of plasminogen activators (e.g. tPA), to convert fibrin-associated plasminogen to plasmin for fibrinolytic action. However, this conversion is not restricted to clot site only but also occurs on circulating plasminogen, causing systemic fibrinogenolysis and bleeding risks. To address this, past research has explored tPA delivery using clot-targeted nanoparticles. OBJECTIVES We designed a nanomedicine system that can (1) target clots via binding to activated platelets and fibrin, (2) package plasmin instead of tPA as a direct fibrinolytic agent, and (3) release this plasmin triggered by thrombin for clot-localized action. METHODS Clot-targeted thrombin-cleavable nanoparticles (CTNPs) were manufactured using self-assembly of peptide-lipid conjugates. Plasmin loading and its thrombin-triggered release from CTNPs were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy. CTNP-targeting to clots under flow was studied using microfluidics. Fibrinolytic effect of CTNP-delivered plasmin was studied in vitro using BioFlux imaging and D-dimer analysis and in vivo in a zebrafish thrombosis model. RESULTS Plasmin-loaded CTNPs significantly bound to clots under shear flow and showed thrombin-triggered enhanced release of plasmin. BioFlux studies confirmed that thrombin-triggered plasmin released from CTNPs rendered fibrinolysis similar to free plasmin, further corroborated by D-dimer analysis. In the zebrafish model, CTNP-delivered plasmin accelerated time-to-recanalization, or completely prevented occlusion when infused before thrombus formation. CONCLUSION Considering that the very short circulation half-life (<1 second) of plasmin prevents its systemic use but also makes it safer without off-target drug effects, clot-targeted delivery of plasmin using CTNPs can enable safer and more efficacious fibrinolytic therapy.
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Nallan Chakravarthula T, Zeng Z, Alves NJ. Multivalent Benzamidine Molecules for Plasmin Inhibition: Effect of Valency and Linker Length. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200364. [PMID: 36111842 PMCID: PMC9828467 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
There is an emerging interest in utilizing synthetic multivalent inhibitors that comprise of multiple inhibitor moieties linked on a common scaffold to achieve strong and selective enzyme inhibition. As multivalent inhibition is impacted by valency and linker length, in this study, we explore the effect of multivalent benzamidine inhibitors of varying valency and linker length on plasmin inhibition. Plasmin is an endogenous enzyme responsible for digesting fibrin present in blood clots. Monovalent plasmin(ogen) inhibitors are utilized clinically to treat hyperfibrinolysis-associated bleeding events. Benzamidine is a reversible inhibitor that binds to plasmin's active site. Herein, multivalent benzamidine inhibitors of varying valencies (mono-, bi- and tri-valent) and linker lengths (∼1-12 nm) were synthesized to systematically study their effect on plasmin inhibition. Inhibition assays were performed using a plasmin substrate (S-2251) to determine inhibition constants (Ki). Pentamidine (shortest bivalent) and Tri-AMB (shortest trivalent) were the strongest inhibitors with Ki values of 2.1±0.8 and 3.9±1.7 μM, respectively. Overall, increasing valency and decreasing linker length, increases effective local concentration of the inhibitor and therefore, resulted in stronger inhibition of plasmin via statistical rebinding. This study aids in the design of multivalent inhibitors that can achieve desired enzyme inhibition by means of modulating valency and linker length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmaye Nallan Chakravarthula
- Department of Emergency MedicineIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIN46202USA,Weldon School of Biomedical EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47906USA
| | - Ziqian Zeng
- Department of Emergency MedicineIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIN46202USA,Weldon School of Biomedical EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47906USA
| | - Nathan J. Alves
- Department of Emergency MedicineIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIN46202USA,Weldon School of Biomedical EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47906USA
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Zhao L, Lin X, Fu J, Zhang J, Tang W, He Z. A Novel Bi-Functional Fibrinolytic Enzyme with Anticoagulant and Thrombolytic Activities from a Marine-Derived Fungus Aspergillus versicolor ZLH-1. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20060356. [PMID: 35736159 PMCID: PMC9229710 DOI: 10.3390/md20060356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrinolytic enzymes are important components in the treatment of thrombosis-associated disorders. A new bi-functional fibrinolytic enzyme, versiase, was identified from a marine-derived fungus Aspergillus versicolor ZLH-1. The enzyme was isolated from the fungal culture through precipitation with ammonium sulfate at 90% saturation. Additionally, it was further purified by DEAE-based ion-exchange chromatography, with a recovery of 20.4%. The fibrinolytic enzyme presented as one band on both SDS-PAGE and fibrin-zymogram, with a molecular mass of 37.3 kDa. It was elucidated as a member of metalloprotease in M35 family by proteomic approaches. The homology-modeling analysis revealed that versiase shares significant structural homology wuth the zinc metalloendopeptidase. The enzyme displayed maximum activity at 40 °C and pH 5.0. The activity of versiase was strongly inhibited by the metalloprotease inhibitors EDTA and BGTA. Furthermore, versiase hydrolyzed fibrin directly and indirectly via the activation of plasminogen, and it was able to hydrolyze the three chains (α, β, γ) of fibrin(ogen). Additionally, versiase demonstrated promising thrombolytic and anticoagulant activities, without many side-effects noticed. In conclusion, versiase appears to be a potent fibrinolytic enzyme deserving further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Zhao
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (L.Z.); (J.F.); (J.Z.); (W.T.)
| | - Xiuping Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China;
| | - Jingyun Fu
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (L.Z.); (J.F.); (J.Z.); (W.T.)
| | - Jun Zhang
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (L.Z.); (J.F.); (J.Z.); (W.T.)
| | - Wei Tang
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (L.Z.); (J.F.); (J.Z.); (W.T.)
| | - Zengguo He
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (L.Z.); (J.F.); (J.Z.); (W.T.)
- Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Qingdao, Qingdao 266071, China
- Qingdao Bioantai Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266000, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-186-1113-7588
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Wang S, Wang R, Meng N, Lu L, Wang J, Zhou J, Lu J, Xu Q, Xie C, Zhan C, Li Y, Yu Y, Lu W, Liu M. Engineered platelets-based drug delivery platform for targeted thrombolysis. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:2000-2013. [PMID: 35847517 PMCID: PMC9279721 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombolytic agents have thus far yielded limited therapeutic benefits in the treatment of thrombotic disease due to their short half-life, low targeting ability, and association with serious adverse reactions, such as bleeding complications. Inspired by the natural roles of platelets during thrombus formation, we fabricated a platelet-based delivery system (NO@uPA/PLTs) comprising urokinase (uPA) and arginine (Arg) for targeted thrombolysis and inhibition of re-embolism. The anchoring of uPA to the platelet surface by lipid insertion increased the thrombotic targeting and in vivo circulation duration of uPA without disturbing platelet functions. Nitric oxide (NO) generated by the loaded Arg inhibited platelet aggregation and activation at the damaged blood vessel, thereby inhibiting re-embolism. NO@uPA/PLTs effectively accumulated at the thrombi in pulmonary embolism and carotid artery thrombosis model mice and exerted superior thrombolytic efficacy. In addition, the platelet delivery system showed excellent thrombus recurrence prevention ability in a mouse model of secondary carotid artery injury. The coagulation indicators in vivo showed that the platelet-based uPA and NO co-delivery system possessed a low hemorrhagic risk, providing a promising tool for rapid thrombolysis and efficient inhibition of posttreatment re-embolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songli Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Ministry of Education and PLA), Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ruifeng Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Ministry of Education and PLA), Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Nana Meng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Ministry of Education and PLA), Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Linwei Lu
- The Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University and the Institutes of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University, Shanghai 200041, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Ministry of Education and PLA), Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jianfen Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Ministry of Education and PLA), Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jiasheng Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Ministry of Education and PLA), Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qianzhu Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Ministry of Education and PLA), Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Cao Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Ministry of Education and PLA), Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Changyou Zhan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Ministry of Education and PLA), Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yao Li
- The National Facility for Protein Science in Shanghai (NFPS), Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yang Yu
- The National Facility for Protein Science in Shanghai (NFPS), Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Weiyue Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Ministry of Education and PLA), Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science and Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Minhang Branch, Zhongshan Hospital and Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201199, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 21 51980090 (Weiyue Lu); +86 21 51980092 (Min Liu).
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Ministry of Education and PLA), Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 21 51980090 (Weiyue Lu); +86 21 51980092 (Min Liu).
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Tao Y, Li X, Wu Z, Chen C, Tan K, Wan M, Zhou M, Mao C. Nitric oxide-driven nanomotors with bowl-shaped mesoporous silica for targeted thrombolysis. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 611:61-70. [PMID: 34929439 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.12.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Vein thrombosis is one of the most serious types of cardiovascular disease. During the traditional treatment, due to the excessive blood flow rate, the drug utilization rate at the thrombus site is low and the thrombolysis efficiency is poor. In this study, bowl-shaped silica nanomotors driven by nitric oxide (NO) are designed to target the thrombus surface by modifying arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) polypeptide, and simultaneously loading l-arginine (LA) and thrombolytic drug urokinase (UK) in its mesopore structure. LA can react with excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the thrombus microenvironment to produce NO, thus promoting the movement of nanomotors to improve the retention efficiency and utilization rate of drugs in the thrombus site, and at the same time achieve the effect of eliminating ROS and reducing the oxidative stress of inflammatory endothelial cells. The loaded UK can dissolve thrombus quickly. It is worth mentioning that NO can not only be used as a power source of nanomotors, but also can be used as a therapeutic agent to stimulate the growth of endothelial cells and reduce vascular injury. This therapeutic agent based on nanomotor technology is expected to provide support for future research on thrombus treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingfang Tao
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiaoyun Li
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ziyu Wu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Chenglong Chen
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Kaiyuan Tan
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Mimi Wan
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Min Zhou
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Chun Mao
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Pinheiro-Junior EL, Boldrini-França J, Takeda AAS, Costa TR, Peigneur S, Cardoso IA, Oliveira ISD, Sampaio SV, de Mattos Fontes MR, Tytgat J, Arantes EC. Towards toxin PEGylation: The example of rCollinein-1, a snake venom thrombin-like enzyme, as a PEGylated biopharmaceutical prototype. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 190:564-573. [PMID: 34506860 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PEGylation was firstly described around 50 years ago and has been used for more than 30 years as a strategy to improve the drugability of biopharmaceuticals. However, it remains poorly employed in toxinology, even though it may be a promising strategy to empower these compounds in therapeutics. This work reports the PEGylation of rCollinein-1, a recombinant snake venom serine protease (SVSP), able to degrade fibrinogen and inhibit the hEAG1 potassium channel. We compared the functional, structural, and immunogenic properties of the non-PEGylated (rCollinein-1) and PEGylated (PEG-rCollinein-1) forms. PEG-rCollinein-1 shares similar kinetic parameters with rCollinein-1, maintaining its capability of degrading fibrinogen, but with reduced activity on hEAG1 channel. CD analysis revealed the maintenance of protein conformation after PEGylation, and thermal shift assays demonstrated similar thermostability. Both forms of the enzyme showed to be non-toxic to peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). In silico epitope prediction indicated three putative immunogenic peptides. However, immune response on mice showed PEG-rCollinein-1 was devoid of immunogenicity. PEGylation directed rCollinein-1 activity towards hemostasis control, broadening its possibilities to be employed as a defibrinogenant agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Lopes Pinheiro-Junior
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n°, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Toxicology and Pharmacology, KU Leuven, O&N II Herestraat 49 - PO box 922, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johara Boldrini-França
- University of Vila Velha, Av. Comissário José Dantas de Melo, 21, Boa Vista II, 29102-920 Vila Velha, ES, Brazil
| | | | - Tássia Rafaella Costa
- Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | - Steve Peigneur
- Toxicology and Pharmacology, KU Leuven, O&N II Herestraat 49 - PO box 922, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Iara Aimê Cardoso
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n°, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Isadora Sousa de Oliveira
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n°, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Suely Vilela Sampaio
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n°, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Jan Tytgat
- Toxicology and Pharmacology, KU Leuven, O&N II Herestraat 49 - PO box 922, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eliane Candiani Arantes
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n°, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Heparin and Arginine Based Plasmin Nanoformulation for Ischemic Stroke Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111477. [PMID: 34768908 PMCID: PMC8584024 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is the most common type of stroke and thrombolytic therapy is the only approved treatment. However, current thrombolytic therapy with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is often hampered by the increased risk of hemorrhage. Plasmin, a direct fibrinolytic, has a significantly superior hemostatic safety profile; however, if injected intravenously it becomes rapidly inactivated by anti-plasmin. Nanoformulations have been shown to increase drug stability and half-life and hence could be applied to increase the plasmin therapeutic efficacy. Here in this paper, we report a novel heparin and arginine-based plasmin nanoformulation that exhibits increased plasmin stability and efficacy. In vitro studies revealed significant plasmin stability in the presence of anti-plasmin and efficient fibrinolytic activity. In addition, these particles showed no significant toxicity or oxidative stress effects in human brain microvascular endothelial cells, and no significant blood brain barrier permeability. Further, in a mouse photothrombotic stroke model, plasmin nanoparticles exhibited significant efficacy in reducing stroke volume without overt intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) compared to free plasmin treatment. The study shows the potential of a plasmin nanoformulation in ischemic stroke therapy.
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Cioni P, Gabellieri E, Campanini B, Bettati S, Raboni S. Use of Exogenous Enzymes in Human Therapy: Approved Drugs and Potential Applications. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:411-452. [PMID: 34259137 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210713094722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The development of safe and efficacious enzyme-based human therapies has increased greatly in the last decades, thanks to remarkable advances in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms responsible for different diseases, and the characterization of the catalytic activity of relevant exogenous enzymes that may play a remedial effect in the treatment of such pathologies. Several enzyme-based biotherapeutics have been approved by FDA (the U.S. Food and Drug Administration) and EMA (the European Medicines Agency) and many are undergoing clinical trials. Apart from enzyme replacement therapy in human genetic diseases, which is not discussed in this review, approved enzymes for human therapy find applications in several fields, from cancer therapy to thrombolysis and the treatment, e.g., of clotting disorders, cystic fibrosis, lactose intolerance and collagen-based disorders. The majority of therapeutic enzymes are of microbial origin, the most convenient source due to fast, simple and cost-effective production and manipulation. The use of microbial recombinant enzymes has broadened prospects for human therapy but some hurdles such as high immunogenicity, protein instability, short half-life and low substrate affinity, still need to be tackled. Alternative sources of enzymes, with reduced side effects and improved activity, as well as genetic modification of the enzymes and novel delivery systems are constantly searched. Chemical modification strategies, targeted- and/or nanocarrier-mediated delivery, directed evolution and site-specific mutagenesis, fusion proteins generated by genetic manipulation are the most explored tools to reduce toxicity and improve bioavailability and cellular targeting. This review provides a description of exogenous enzymes that are presently employed for the therapeutic management of human diseases with their current FDA/EMA-approved status, along with those already experimented at the clinical level and potential promising candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Cioni
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa. Italy
| | - Edi Gabellieri
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa. Italy
| | - Barbara Campanini
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 23/A, 43124 Parma. Italy
| | - Stefano Bettati
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa. Italy
| | - Samanta Raboni
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa. Italy
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Singh S, Saleem S, Reed GL. Alpha2-Antiplasmin: The Devil You Don't Know in Cerebrovascular and Cardiovascular Disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:608899. [PMID: 33426005 PMCID: PMC7785519 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.608899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpha2-antiplasmin (α2AP), the fast-reacting, serine protease inhibitor (serpin) of plasmin, was originally thought to play a key role in protection against uncontrolled, plasmin-mediated proteolysis of coagulation factors and other molecules. However, studies of humans and mice with genetic deficiency of α2AP have expanded our understanding of this serpin, particularly in disease states. Epidemiology studies have shown an association between high α2AP levels and increased risk or poor outcome in cardiovascular diseases. Mechanistic studies in disease models indicate that α2AP stops the body's own fibrinolytic system from dissolving pathologic thrombi that cause venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, arterial thrombosis, and ischemic stroke. In addition, α2AP fosters the development of microvascular thrombosis and enhances matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression. Through these mechanisms and others, α2AP contributes to brain injury, hemorrhage and swelling in experimental ischemic stroke. Recent studies also show that α2AP is required for the development of stasis thrombosis by inhibiting the early activation of effective fibrinolysis. In this review, we will discuss the key role played by α2AP in controlling thrombosis and fibrinolysis and, we will consider its potential value as a therapeutic target in cardiovascular diseases and ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Singh
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona-College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Sofiyan Saleem
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona-College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Guy L Reed
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona-College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, United States
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Alshammari RH, Rajesh UC, Morgan DG, Zaleski JM. Au-Cu@PANI Alloy Core Shells for Aerobic Fibrin Degradation under Visible Light Exposure. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:7631-7638. [PMID: 35019503 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fibrin plays a critical role in wound healing and hemostasis, yet it is also the main case of cardiovascular diseases and thrombosis. Here, we show the unique design of Au-Cu@PANI alloy core-shell rods for fibrin clot degradation. Microscopic (transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning transmission electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray (STEM-EDX)) and structural characterizations (powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)) of the Au-Cu@PANI hybrid material reveal the formation of Au-Cu heterogeneous alloy core rods (aspect ratio = 3.7) with thin Cu2O and PANI shells that create a positive surface charge (ζ-potential = +22 mV). This architecture is supported by the survey XPS spectrum showing the presence of Cu 2p, N 1s, and C 1s features with binding energies of 934.8, 399.7, and 284.8 eV, respectively. Upon photolysis (λ ≥ 495 or 590 nm), these hybrid composite nanorods provide sufficient excited-state redox potential to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) for degradation of model fibrin clots within 5-7 h. Detailed scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of the fibrin network shows significant morphology modification including formation of large voids and strand termini, indicating degradation of fibrin protofibril by Au-Cu@PANI. The dye 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran (DPBF) used to detect the presence of 1O2 shows a 27% bleaching of the absorption at λ = 418 nm within 75 min of irradiation of an aqueous Au-Cu@PANI solution in air. Moreover, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spin-trapping experiments reveal a hyperfine-coupled triplet signature at room temperature with intensities 1:1:1: and g-value = 2.0057, characteristic of the reaction between the spin probe 4-Oxo-TEMP and 1O2 during irradiation. Controlled 1O2 scavenging experiments by NaN3 show 82% reduction in the spin-trapped EPR signal area. Both DPBF bleaching and EPR spin trapping indicate that in situ generated 1O2 is responsible for fibrin strand scission. This unique nanomaterial function via use of ubiquitous oxygen as a reagent could open creative avenues for future in vivo biomedical applications to treat fibrin clot diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riyadh H Alshammari
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States.,Department of Chemistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - U Chinna Rajesh
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - David Gene Morgan
- Electron Microscopy Center, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Jeffrey M Zaleski
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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Wang S, Guo X, Xiu W, Liu Y, Ren L, Xiao H, Yang F, Gao Y, Xu C, Wang L. Accelerating thrombolysis using a precision and clot-penetrating drug delivery strategy by nanoparticle-shelled microbubbles. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz8204. [PMID: 32832678 PMCID: PMC7439573 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz8204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Conventional thrombolytic drugs for vascular blockage such as tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) are challenged by the low bioavailability, off-target side effects and limited penetration in thrombi, leading to delayed recanalization. We hypothesize that these challenges can be addressed with the targeted and controlled delivery of thrombolytic drugs or precision drug delivery. A porous and magnetic microbubble platform is developed to formulate tPA. This system can maintain the tPA activity during circulation, be magnetically guided to the thrombi, and then remotely activated for drug release. The ultrasound stimulation also improves the drug penetration into thrombi. In a mouse model of venous thrombosis, the residual thrombus decreased by 67.5% when compared to conventional injection of tPA. The penetration of tPA by ultrasound was up to several hundred micrometers in thrombi. This strategy not only improves the therapeutic efficacy but also accelerates the lytic rate, enabling it to be promising in time-critical thrombolytic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Wang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xixi Guo
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Weijun Xiu
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Lili Ren
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Huaxin Xiao
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Fang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yu Gao
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chenjie Xu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637457, Singapore
| | - Lianhui Wang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
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Kaur N, Sinha PK, Sahni G. Site-specific PEGylation of micro-plasmin for improved thrombolytic therapy through engineering enhanced resistance against serpin mediated inhibition. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217234. [PMID: 31141522 PMCID: PMC6541275 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The relatively rapid inhibition of microplasmin by α2-AP leads to short functional half-life of the molecule in vivo, causing inefficient clot dissolution, even after site-specific, local catheter-based delivery. Here, we describe a PEGylation approach for improving the therapeutic potential via improving the survival of microplasmin in presence of its cognate inhibitor, α2-AP, wherein a series of strategically designed cysteine analogs of micro-plasminogen were prepared and expressed in E. coli, and further modified by covalent grafting in vitro with PEG groups of different molecular sizes so as to select single or double PEG chains that increase the molecular weight and hydrodynamic radii of the conjugates, but with a minimal discernible effect on intrinsic plasmin activity and structural framework, as explored by amidolytic activity and CD-spectroscopy, respectively. Interestingly, some of the purified PEG-coupled proteins after conversion to their corresponding proteolytically active forms were found to exhibit significantly reduced inhibition rates (up to 2-fold) by α2-AP relative to that observed with wild-type microplasmin. These results indicate an interesting, and not often observed, effect of PEG groups through reduced/altered dynamics between protease and inhibitor, likely through a steric hindrance mechanism. Thus, the present study successfully identifies single- and double-site PEGylated muteins of microplasmin with significantly enhanced functional half-life through enhanced resistance to inactivation by its in vivo plasma inhibitor. Such an increased survival of bioactivity in situ, holds unmistakable potential for therapeutic exploitation, especially in ischemic strokes where a direct, catheter-based deposition within the cranium has been shown to be promising, but is currently limited by the very short in vivo bioactive half-life of the fibrin dissolving agent/s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navneet Kaur
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
- Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Prakash Kumar Sinha
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
- Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Girish Sahni
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
- * E-mail:
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Comerota AJ, Davidovic L, Hanna K, Courtney KL, Shlansky-Goldberg RD. Phase 2, randomized, open-label study on catheter-directed thrombolysis with plasmin versus rtPA and placebo in acute peripheral arterial occlusion. J Drug Assess 2019; 8:43-54. [PMID: 31069128 PMCID: PMC6493290 DOI: 10.1080/21556660.2019.1586402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Patients with acute peripheral arterial occlusion (aPAO) are candidates for operative thrombectomy, bypass, or catheter-directed thrombolysis (CDT) using a plasminogen activator. Human plasma-derived plasmin may offer another CDT option. Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of two intrathrombus delivery methods and two doses of plasmin compared with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) and placebo in patients with aPAO. Patients/methods: This was a phase 2, randomized, open-label study of intra-arterial CDT of plasmin in patients with aPAO. The study used infusion catheters with or without balloon occlusion (BOC) to evaluate 150 mg plasmin (2 and 5 h post-infusion) and 250 mg plasmin (5 h post-infusion). The efficacy of plasmin, rtPA and placebo was assessed. Results: One hundred and seventy-four subjects were enrolled. Overall, the thrombolytic efficacy (>50% thrombolysis) was 59% (58/99) for 150 mg plasmin without BOC, which is comparable to 89% (8/9) for rtPA without BOC (p = 0.149) and 40% (2/5) for placebo control (p = 0.648). The thrombolytic efficacy was 33% of the 250 mg plasmin group. There was no difference (p > 0.999) in thrombolytic efficacy with BOC (59%, 58/99) or without BOC (59%, 17/29). Plasmin-treated groups experienced treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) at 71% (76/107) without BOC and 63% (24/38) with BOC; 78% (7/9) of the rtPA-treated group and 89% (8/9) of the placebo group had TEAEs. Serious AEs (SAEs) occurred in 29% (31/107) of the 150 mg plasmin group without BOC and 24% (9/38) with BOC. No SAEs occurred in the 250 mg plasmin group. Conclusions: Plasmin demonstrated less bleeding during catheter-directed administration at 150 mg and 250 mg doses compared to rtPA. BOC utilization did not improve efficacy. CDT with plasmin has a potential thrombolytic benefit in patients presenting with aPAO. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01222117
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Comerota
- Medical Director Eastern Region, Inova Heart and Vascular Institute, Inova Alexandria Hospital, Alexandria, VA, USA
| | - Lazar Davidovic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Clinic for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Serbian Clinical Center, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Kim Hanna
- Department of Clinical Development, Grifols Inc, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Kecia L Courtney
- Department of Clinical Development, Grifols Inc, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Richard D Shlansky-Goldberg
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Boldrini-França J, Pinheiro-Junior EL, Arantes EC. Functional and biological insights of rCollinein-1, a recombinant serine protease from Crotalus durissus collilineatus. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2019; 25:e147118. [PMID: 31131001 PMCID: PMC6483414 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-1471-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalent class of snake venom serine proteases (SVSP) in Viperidae venoms is the thrombin-like enzymes, which, similarly to human thrombin, convert fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin monomers. However, thrombin-like serine proteases differ from thrombin by being unable to activate factor XIII, thus leading to the formation of loose clots and fibrinogen consumption. We report the functional and biological characterization of a recombinant thrombin-like serine protease from Crotalus durissus collilineatus, named rCollinein-1. METHODS Heterologous expression of rCollinein-1 was performed in Pichia pastoris system according to a previously standardized protocol, with some modifications. rCollinein-1 was purified from the culture medium by a combination of three chromatographic steps. The recombinant toxin was tested in vitro for its thrombolytic activity and in mice for its edematogenicity, blood incoagulability and effect on plasma proteins. RESULTS When tested for the ability to induce mouse paw edema, rCollinein-1 demonstrated low edematogenic effect, indicating little involvement of this enzyme in the inflammatory processes resulting from ophidian accidents. The rCollinein-1 did not degrade blood clots in vitro, which suggests that this toxin lacks fibrinolytic activity and is not able to directly or indirectly activate the fibrinolytic system. The minimal dose of rCollinein-1 that turns the blood incoagulable in experimental mice is 7.5 mg/kg. The toxin also led to a significant increase in activated partial thromboplastin time at the dose of 1 mg/kg in the animals. Other parameters such as plasma fibrinogen concentration and prothrombin time were not significantly affected by treatment with rCollinein-1 at this dose. The toxin was also able to alter plasma proteins in mouse after 3 h of injection at a dose of 1 mg/kg, leading to a decrease in the intensity of beta zone and an increase in gamma zone in agarose gel electrophoresis. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the recombinant enzyme has no potential as a thrombolytic agent but can be applied in the prevention of thrombus formation in some pathological processes and as molecular tools in studies related to hemostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johara Boldrini-França
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto - FCFRP/USP,
Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Ecosystem Ecology, University of Vila Velha, Av.
Comissário José Dantas de Melo, 21, Boa Vista II, 29102-920, Vila Velha, ES,
Brazil
| | | | - Eliane Candiani Arantes
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto - FCFRP/USP,
Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Fibrinolytic Enzymes for Thrombolytic Therapy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1148:345-381. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-7709-9_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Estevão-Costa MI, Sanz-Soler R, Johanningmeier B, Eble JA. Snake venom components in medicine: From the symbolic rod of Asclepius to tangible medical research and application. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 104:94-113. [PMID: 30261311 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Both mythologically and logically, snakes have always fascinated man. Snakes have attracted both awe and fear not only because of the elegant movement of their limbless bodies, but also because of the potency of their deadly venoms. Practically, in 2017, the world health organization (WHO) listed snake envenomation as a high priority neglected disease, as snakes inflict up to 2.7 million poisonous bites, around 100.000 casualties, and about three times as many invalidities on man. The venoms of poisonous snakes are a cocktail of potent compounds which specifically and avidly target numerous essential molecules with high efficacy. The individual effects of all venom toxins integrate into lethal dysfunctions of almost any organ system. It is this efficacy and specificity of each venom component, which after analysis of its structure and activity may serve as a potential lead structure for chemical imitation. Such toxin mimetics may help in influencing a specific body function pharmaceutically for the sake of man's health. In this review article, we will give some examples of snake venom components which have spurred the development of novel pharmaceutical compounds. Moreover, we will provide examples where such snake toxin-derived mimetics are in clinical use, trials, or consideration for further pharmaceutical exploitation, especially in the fields of hemostasis, thrombosis, coagulation, and metastasis. Thus, it becomes clear why a snake captured its symbolic place at the Asclepius rod with good reason still nowadays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Inacia Estevão-Costa
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Waldeyerstr. 15, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Raquel Sanz-Soler
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Waldeyerstr. 15, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Benjamin Johanningmeier
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Waldeyerstr. 15, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Johannes A Eble
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Waldeyerstr. 15, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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Anticoagulant mechanism, pharmacological activity, and assessment of preclinical safety of a novel fibrin(ogen)olytic serine protease from leaves of Leucas indica. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6210. [PMID: 29670183 PMCID: PMC5906637 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24422-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The harnessing of medicinal plants containing a plethora of bioactive molecules may lead to the discovery of novel, potent and safe therapeutic agents to treat thrombosis-associated cardiovascular diseases. A 35 kDa (m/z 34747.5230) serine protease (lunathrombase) showing fibrin(ogen)olytic activity and devoid of N- and O- linked oligosaccharides was purified from an extract of aqueous leaves from L. indica. The LC-MS/MS analysis, de novo sequencing, secondary structure, and amino acid composition determination suggested the enzyme’s novel characteristic. Lunathrombase is an αβ-fibrinogenase, demonstrating anticoagulant activity with its dual inhibition of thrombin and FXa by a non-enzymatic mechanism. Spectrofluorometric and isothermal calorimetric analyses revealed the binding of lunathrombase to fibrinogen, thrombin, and/or FXa with the generation of endothermic heat. It inhibited collagen/ADP/arachidonic acid-induced mammalian platelet aggregation, and demonstrated antiplatelet activity via COX-1 inhibition and the upregulation of the cAMP level. Lunathrombase showed in vitro thrombolytic activity and was not inhibited by endogenous protease inhibitors α2 macroglobulin and antiplasmin. Lunathrombase was non-cytotoxic to mammalian cells, non-hemolytic, and demonstrated dose-dependent (0.125–0.5 mg/kg) in vivo anticoagulant and plasma defibrinogenation activities in a rodent model. Lunathrombase (10 mg/kg) did not show toxicity or adverse pharmacological effects in treated animals.
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Sanchez EF, Flores-Ortiz RJ, Alvarenga VG, Eble JA. Direct Fibrinolytic Snake Venom Metalloproteinases Affecting Hemostasis: Structural, Biochemical Features and Therapeutic Potential. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9120392. [PMID: 29206190 PMCID: PMC5744112 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9120392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs) are predominant in viperid venoms, which provoke hemorrhage and affect hemostasis and thrombosis. P-I class enzymes consist only of a single metalloproteinase domain. Despite sharing high sequence homology, only some of them induce hemorrhage. They have direct fibrin(ogen)olytic activity. Their main biological substrate is fibrin(ogen), whose Aα-chain is degraded rapidly and independently of activation of plasminogen. It is important to understand their biochemical and physiological mechanisms, as well as their applications, to study the etiology of some human diseases and to identify sites of potential intervention. As compared to all current antiplatelet therapies to treat cardiovascular events, the SVMPs have outstanding biochemical attributes: (a) they are insensitive to plasma serine proteinase inhibitors; (b) they have the potential to avoid bleeding risk; (c) mechanistically, they are inactivated/cleared by α2-macroglobulin that limits their range of action in circulation; and (d) few of them also impair platelet aggregation that represent an important target for therapeutic intervention. This review will briefly highlight the structure–function relationships of these few direct-acting fibrinolytic agents, including, barnettlysin-I, isolated from Bothrops barnetti venom, that could be considered as potential agent to treat major thrombotic disorders. Some of their pharmacological advantages are compared with plasmin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eladio F Sanchez
- Research and Development Center, Ezequiel Dias Foundation, Belo Horizonte 30510-010, MG, Brazil.
| | - Renzo J Flores-Ortiz
- Graduate Program in Nursing, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, MG, Brazil.
| | - Valeria G Alvarenga
- Research and Development Center, Ezequiel Dias Foundation, Belo Horizonte 30510-010, MG, Brazil.
| | - Johannes A Eble
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, 15, 48149 Muenster, Germany.
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Structure and Function of Trypsin-Loaded Fibrinolytic Liposomes. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:5130495. [PMID: 28758116 PMCID: PMC5512056 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5130495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Protease encapsulation and its targeted release in thrombi may contribute to the reduction of haemorrhagic complications of thrombolysis. We aimed to prepare sterically stabilized trypsin-loaded liposomes (SSLT) and characterize their structure and fibrinolytic efficiency. Hydrogenated soybean phosphatidylcholine-based SSLT were prepared and their structure was studied by transmission electron microscopy combined with freeze fracture (FF-TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). Fibrinolytic activity was examined at 45, 37, or 24°C on fibrin or plasma clots with turbidimetric and permeation-driven lysis assays. Trypsin was shown to be attached to the inner surface of vesicles (SAXS and FF-TEM) close to the lipid hydrophilic/hydrophobic interface (FT-IR). The thermosensitivity of SSLT was evidenced by enhanced fibrinolysis at 45°C: time to reduce the maximal turbidity to 20% decreased by 8.6% compared to 37°C and fibrin degradation product concentration in the permeation lysis assay was 2-fold to 5-fold higher than that at 24°C. SSLT exerted its fibrinolytic action on fibrin clots under both static and dynamic conditions, whereas plasma clot dissolution was observed only in the permeation-driven assay. The improved fibrinolytic efficiency of SSLT under dynamic conditions suggests that they may serve as a novel therapeutic candidate for dissolution of intravascular thrombi, which are typically exposed to permeation forces.
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Bonnard T, Tennant Z, Niego B, Kanojia R, Alt K, Jagdale S, Law LS, Rigby S, Medcalf RL, Peter K, Hagemeyer CE. Novel Thrombolytic Drug Based on Thrombin Cleavable Microplasminogen Coupled to a Single-Chain Antibody Specific for Activated GPIIb/IIIa. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6:JAHA.116.004535. [PMID: 28159824 PMCID: PMC5523756 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.004535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Thrombolytic therapy for acute thrombosis is limited by life‐threatening side effects such as major bleeding and neurotoxicity. New treatment options with enhanced fibrinolytic potential are therefore required. Here, we report the development of a new thrombolytic molecule that exploits key features of thrombosis. We designed a recombinant microplasminogen modified to be activated by the prothrombotic serine‐protease thrombin (HtPlg), fused to an activation‐specific anti–glycoprotein IIb/IIIa single‐chain antibody (SCE5), thereby hijacking the coagulation system to initiate thrombolysis. Methods and Results The resulting fusion protein named SCE5‐HtPlg shows in vitro targeting towards the highly abundant activated form of the fibrinogen receptor glycoprotein IIb/IIIa expressed on activated human platelets. Following thrombin formation, SCE5‐HtPlg is activated to contain active microplasmin. We evaluate the effectiveness of our targeted thrombolytic construct in two models of thromboembolic disease. Administration of SCE5‐HtPlg (4 μg/g body weight) resulted in effective thrombolysis 20 minutes after injection in a ferric chloride–induced model of mesenteric thrombosis (48±3% versus 92±5% for saline control, P<0.01) and also reduced emboli formation in a model of pulmonary embolism (P<0.01 versus saline). Furthermore, at these effective therapeutic doses, the SCE5‐HtPlg did not prolong bleeding time compared with saline (P=0.99). Conclusions Our novel fusion molecule is a potent and effective treatment for thrombosis that enables in vivo thrombolysis without bleeding time prolongation. The activation of this construct by thrombin generated within the clot itself rather than by a plasminogen activator, which needs to be delivered systemically, provides a novel targeted approach to improve thrombolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bonnard
- NanoBiotechnology Laboratory, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Vascular Biotechnology Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Zachary Tennant
- Vascular Biotechnology Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Be'Eri Niego
- Molecular Neurotrauma and Haemostasis Laboratory, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ruchi Kanojia
- Vascular Biotechnology Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Karen Alt
- NanoBiotechnology Laboratory, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Vascular Biotechnology Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Shweta Jagdale
- NanoBiotechnology Laboratory, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Vascular Biotechnology Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lok Soon Law
- Vascular Biotechnology Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sheena Rigby
- Vascular Biotechnology Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Robert Lindsay Medcalf
- Molecular Neurotrauma and Haemostasis Laboratory, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Karlheinz Peter
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Christoph Eugen Hagemeyer
- NanoBiotechnology Laboratory, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia .,Vascular Biotechnology Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
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A novel anticoagulant protein with antithrombotic properties from the mosquito Culex pipiens pallens. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 93:156-166. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Choi JH, Lee HJ, Kim S. Purification and antithrombotic activity of wulfase, a fibrinolytic enzyme from the fruit bodies of the edible and medicinal mushroom Sparassis crispa Wulf. ex. Fr. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s000368381606003x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Adivitiya, Khasa YP. The evolution of recombinant thrombolytics: Current status and future directions. Bioengineered 2016; 8:331-358. [PMID: 27696935 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2016.1229718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disorders are on the rise worldwide due to alcohol abuse, obesity, hypertension, raised blood lipids, diabetes and age-related risks. The use of classical antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapies combined with surgical intervention helped to clear blood clots during the inceptive years. However, the discovery of streptokinase and urokinase ushered the way of using these enzymes as thrombolytic agents to degrade the fibrin network with an issue of systemic hemorrhage. The development of second generation plasminogen activators like anistreplase and tissue plasminogen activator partially controlled this problem. The third generation molecules, majorly t-PA variants, showed desirable properties of improved stability, safety and efficacy with enhanced fibrin specificity. Plasmin variants are produced as direct fibrinolytic agents as a futuristic approach with targeted delivery of these drugs using liposome technlogy. The novel molecules from microbial, plant and animal origin present the future of direct thrombolytics due to their safety and ease of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adivitiya
- a Department of Microbiology , University of Delhi South Campus , New Delhi , India
| | - Yogender Pal Khasa
- a Department of Microbiology , University of Delhi South Campus , New Delhi , India
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Meshram V, Saxena S, Paul K. Xylarinase: a novel clot busting enzyme from an endophytic fungus Xylaria curta. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2016; 31:1502-11. [PMID: 27033431 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2016.1151013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylarinase is a bi-functional fibrinolytic metalloprotease isolated from the culture filtrate of endophytic fungus Xylaria curta which is monomeric with a molecular mass of ∼33.76 kDa. The enzyme displayed both plasmin and tissue plasminogen activator like activity under in vitro conditions. It hydrolyses Aα and Bβ chains of the fibrinogen. Optimal fibrinolytic activity of xylarinase is observed at 35 °C, pH 8. Ca(2+) stimulated the fibrinolytic activity of xylarinase while Fe(2+) and Zn(2+) inhibited suggesting it to be a metalloprotease. The Km and Vmax values of xylarinase were 240.9 μM and 1.10 U/ml for fibrinogen and 246 μM and 1.22 U/ml for fibrin, respectively. Xylarinase was found to prolong the activated partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time. The N-terminal sequence of xylarinase (SNGPLPGGVVWAG) did not show any homology with previously known fibrinolytic enzymes. Thus xylarinase is a novel fibrinolytic metalloprotease which could be possibly used as a new clot busting enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineet Meshram
- a Department of Biotechnology , Thapar University , Patiala , India and
| | - Sanjai Saxena
- a Department of Biotechnology , Thapar University , Patiala , India and
| | - Karan Paul
- b Department of Biochemistry , DAV University , Jalandhar , Punjab , India
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Sanchez EF, Richardson M, Gremski LH, Veiga SS, Yarleque A, Niland S, Lima AM, Estevao-Costa MI, Eble JA. A novel fibrinolytic metalloproteinase, barnettlysin-I from Bothrops barnetti (Barnett´s pitviper) snake venom with anti-platelet properties. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1860:542-56. [PMID: 26723171 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viperid snake venoms contain active components that interfere with hemostasis. We report a new P-I class snake venom metalloproteinase (SVMP), barnettlysin-I (Bar-I), isolated from the venom of Bothrops barnetti and evaluated its fibrinolytic and antithrombotic potential. METHODS Bar-I was purified using a combination of molecular exclusion and cation-exchange chromatographies. We describe some biochemical features of Bar-I associated with its effects on hemostasis and platelet function. RESULTS Bar-I is a 23.386 kDa single-chain polypeptide with pI of 6.7. Its sequence (202 residues) shows high homology to other members of the SVMPs. The enzymatic activity on dimethylcasein (DMC) is inhibited by metalloproteinase inhibitors e.g. EDTA, and by α2-macroglobulin. Bar-I degrades fibrin and fibrinogen dose- and time-dependently by cleaving their α-chains. Furthermore, it hydrolyses plasma fibronectin but not laminin nor collagen type I. In vitro Bar-I dissolves fibrin clots made either from purified fibrinogen or from whole blood. In contrast to many other P-I SVMPs, Bar-I is devoid of hemorrhagic activity. Also, Bar-I dose- and time-dependently inhibits aggregation of washed human platelets induced by vWF plus ristocetin and collagen (IC50=1.3 and 3.2 μM, respectively), presumably Bar-I cleaves both vWF and GPIb. Thus, it effectively inhibits vWF-induced platelet aggregation. Moreover, this proteinase cleaves the collagen-binding α2-A domain (160 kDa) of α2β1-integrin. This explains why it additionally inhibits collagen-induced platelet activation. CONCLUSION A non-hemorrhagic but fibrinolytic metalloproteinase dissolves fibrin clots in vitro and impairs platelet function. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This study provides new opportunities for drug development of a fibrinolytic agent with antithrombotic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eladio Flores Sanchez
- Research and Development Center, Ezequiel Dias Foundation, 30510-010, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Faculty of Biological Sciences, Nacional University of San Marcos, Lima-Peru.
| | - Michael Richardson
- Research and Development Center, Ezequiel Dias Foundation, 30510-010, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | - Armando Yarleque
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Nacional University of San Marcos, Lima-Peru
| | - Stephan Niland
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Augusto Martins Lima
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Maria Inácia Estevao-Costa
- Research and Development Center, Ezequiel Dias Foundation, 30510-010, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Institute for Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Johannes Andreas Eble
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Germany
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Sun Z, Liu P, Cheng G, Zhang B, Dong W, Su X, Huang Y, Cui Z, Kong Y. A fibrinolytic protease AfeE from Streptomyces sp. CC5, with potent thrombolytic activity in a mouse model. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 85:346-54. [PMID: 26721382 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Fibrinolytic proteases have potential applications in cardiovascular disease therapy. A novel fibrinolytic protease, AfeE, with strong thrombolytic activity was purified from Streptomyces sp. CC5. AfeE displayed maximum activity at 40°C in the pH range of 7.0-12.0. It was strongly inhibited by serine protease inhibitor phenylmethanesulfonylfluoride, soybean trypsin inhibitor, tosyl-l-lysine chloromethyl ketone and tosyl-l-phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone. The activity of the enzyme was partially inhibited by Cu(2+), Co(2+) and Zn(2+). AfeE exhibited higher substrate specificity for fibrin than fibrinogen, which has rarely been reported in fibrinolytic enzymes. AfeE also showed high thrombolytic activity in a carrageenan-induced mouse tail thrombosis model. AfeE prolonged prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, and thrombin time in rat blood. A bleeding time assay revealed that AfeE did not prolong bleeding time in mice at a dose of 1mg/kg. No acute cytotoxicity was observed for AfeE at 320μg/well in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. The afeE gene was cloned from the genome of Streptomyces sp. CC5. Full-length AFE-CC5E contained 434 amino acids and was processed into a mature form consisting 284 amino acids by posttranslational modification, as revealed by high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis. These results indicate that AfeE is a prospective candidate for antithrombotic drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology of Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Pingping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology of Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangyan Cheng
- College of Life Sciences and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Biying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology of Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiliang Dong
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology of Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingli Su
- College of Life Sciences and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology of Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongli Cui
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology of Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yi Kong
- College of Life Sciences and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China.
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Gunawan ST, Kempe K, Bonnard T, Cui J, Alt K, Law LS, Wang X, Westein E, Such GK, Peter K, Hagemeyer CE, Caruso F. Multifunctional Thrombin-Activatable Polymer Capsules for Specific Targeting to Activated Platelets. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:5153-7. [PMID: 26239035 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201502243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Smart poly(2-oxazoline) (POx)-based multifunctional polymer capsules that specifically target glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa on the surface of activated platelets are degraded by the serine protease thrombin and release the urokinase plasminogen activator loaded into the polymer capsules, only in the area of acute thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia T Gunawan
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Kristian Kempe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, CV 4 7AL, Coventry, UK
| | - Thomas Bonnard
- Vascular Biotechnology Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia
| | - Jiwei Cui
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Karen Alt
- Vascular Biotechnology Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia
| | - Lok S Law
- Vascular Biotechnology Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia
| | - Erik Westein
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia
| | - Georgina K Such
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Karlheinz Peter
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia
| | - Christoph E Hagemeyer
- Vascular Biotechnology Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia
| | - Frank Caruso
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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Absar S, Gupta N, Nahar K, Ahsan F. Engineering of plasminogen activators for targeting to thrombus and heightening thrombolytic efficacy. J Thromb Haemost 2015; 13:1545-56. [PMID: 26074048 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Thrombotic occlusion of the coronary artery, which triggers acute myocardial infarction, is one of the major causes of death in the USA. Currently, arterial occlusions are treated with intravenous plasminogen activators (PAs), which dissolve the clot by activating plasminogen. However, PAs indiscriminately generate plasmin, which depletes critical clotting factors (fibrinogen, factor V, and factor VIII), precipitates a lytic state in the blood, and produces bleeding complications in a large patient population. PAs have been extensively investigated to achieve thrombus specificity, to attenuate the bleeding risk, and to widen their clinical applications. In this review, we discuss various strategies that have been pursued since the beginning of thrombolytic therapy. We review the biotechnological approaches that have been used to develop mutant and chimeric PAs for thrombus selectivity, including the use of specific antibodies for targeting thrombi. We discuss particulate carrier-based systems and triggered-release concepts. We propose new hypotheses and strategies to spur future studies in this research arena. Overall, we describe the approaches and accomplishments in the development of patient-friendly and workable delivery systems for thrombolytic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Absar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - N Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - K Nahar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - F Ahsan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
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Anti-thrombotic effect of rutin isolated from Dendropanax morbifera Leveille. J Biosci Bioeng 2015; 120:181-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Majumdar S, Dutta S, Das T, Chattopadhyay P, Mukherjee AK. Antiplatelet and antithrombotic activity of a fibrin(ogen)olytic protease from Bacillus cereus strain FF01. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 79:477-89. [PMID: 25964180 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.04.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Fibrin(ogen)olytic enzymes offer great promise for the treatment of thrombosis associated disorders. The present study describes the characterization of an extracellular fibrin(ogen)olytic serine protease (named Bacethrombase) purified from the Bacillus cereus strain FF01. The molecular mass of the Bacethrombase was determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight-mass spectroscopy analyses at 39.5 kDa and 38,450.51 Da, respectively. The peptide mass fingerprinting and analyses of the composition of the amino acids revealed the similarity of the Bacethrombase to the bacterial serine proteases. The secondary structure of the Bacethrombase was composed of 14% helix, 6.6% beta-sheet, and 79.4% random coil. Bacethrombase was found to contain 48% sialic acid and it preferentially degraded the Aα-chain of fibrinogen, as well as fibrin. The anticoagulant potency of the Bacethrombase was comparable with that of warfarin and heparin, and was corroborated by its fibrinogenolytic activity rather than the inhibition of thrombin, prothrombin or FXa. Bacethrombase demonstrated antiplatelet activity, and dose-dependently inhibited the ADP-induced platelet aggregation. Bacethrombase (10 mg/kg) did not show toxicity after i.v. administration in Wistar rats; however, it revealed an in vivo anticoagulant effect and significantly inhibited the carrageenan-induced in vivo thrombus formation in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Majumdar
- Microbial Biotechnology and Protein Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, School of Sciences, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784028, Assam, India
| | - Sumita Dutta
- Microbial Biotechnology and Protein Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, School of Sciences, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784028, Assam, India
| | - Tanusree Das
- Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Pronobesh Chattopadhyay
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defense Research Laboratory, Tezpur 784001, Assam, India
| | - Ashis K Mukherjee
- Microbial Biotechnology and Protein Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, School of Sciences, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784028, Assam, India.
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Statistical optimization for improved production of fibrin(Ogen)olytic enzyme by Bacillus cereus strain FF01 and assessment of in vitro thrombolytic potential of protease enzyme. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Kandadai MA, Meunier JM, Hart K, Holland CK, Shaw GJ. Plasmin-loaded echogenic liposomes for ultrasound-mediated thrombolysis. Transl Stroke Res 2015; 6:78-87. [PMID: 25411015 PMCID: PMC4298464 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-014-0376-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Plasmin, a direct fibrinolytic, shows a significantly superior hemostatic safety profile compared to recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA), the only FDA-approved thrombolytic for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. The improved safety of plasmin is attributed to the rapid inhibition of free plasmin by endogenous plasmin inhibitors present in very high concentrations (1 μM). However, this rapid inhibition prevents the intravenous (IV) administration of plasmin. In emergency situations, catheter-based local administration is not practical. There is a need for an alternative technique for IV administration of plasmin. A possible solution is the encapsulation of plasmin in echogenic liposomes (ELIP) for protection from inhibitors until ultrasound (US)-triggered release at the clot site. ELIP are bilayer phospholipid vesicles with encapsulated gas microbubbles. US induces oscillation and collapse of the gas bubbles, which facilitates ELIP rupture and delivery of the encapsulated contents. Plasmin-loaded ELIP (PELIP) were manufactured and characterized for size, gas and drug encapsulations, and in vitro thrombolytic efficacy using a human whole blood clot model. Clots were exposed to PELIP with and without exposure to US (center frequency 120 kHz, pulse repetition frequency 1667 Hz, peak-to-peak pressure of 0.35 MPa, 50 % duty cycle). Thrombolytic efficacy was calculated by measuring the change in clot width over a 30-min treatment period using an edge detection MATLAB program. The mean clot lysis obtained with PELIP in the presence of US exposure was 31 % higher than that obtained without US exposure and 15 % higher than that obtained with rtPA treatment (p < 0.05).The enhanced clot lysis is attributed to the US-mediated release of plasmin from the liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuvanthi A Kandadai
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Suite 1551, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA,
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Alves NJ, Kline JA. Comparative study on the inhibition of plasmin and delta-plasmin via benzamidine derivatives. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 457:358-62. [PMID: 25576865 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.12.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The potent fibrinolytic enzyme, plasmin has numerous clinical applications for recannulizing vessels obstructed by thrombus. Despite its diminutive size, 91 kDa, success in the recombinant expression of this serine protease has been limited. For this reason, a truncated non-glycosylated plasmin variant was developed capable of being expressed and purified from E. coli. This mutated plasmin, known as δ-plasmin, eliminates four of the five kringle domains present on native plasmin, retaining only kringle 1 fused directly to the unmodified catalytic domain of plasmin. This study demonstrates that δ-plasmin exhibits similar kinetic characteristics to full length plasmin despite its heavily mutated form; KM = 268.78 ± 19.12, 324.90 ± 8.43 μM and Kcat = 770.48 ± 41.73, 778.21 ± 1.51 1/min for plasmin and δ-plasmin, respectively. A comparative analysis was also carried out to investigate the inhibitory effects of a range of benzamidine based small molecule inhibitors: benzamidine, p-aminobenzamidine, 4-carboxybenzamidine, 4-aminomethyl benzamidine, and pentamidine. All of the small molecule inhibitors, with the exception of unmodified benzamidine, demonstrated comparable competitive inhibition constants (Ki) for both plasmin and δ-plasmin ranging from Ki < 4 μM for pentamidine to Ki > 1000 μM in the case of aminomethyl benzamidine. This result further supports that δ-plasmin retains much of the same functionality as native plasmin despite its greatly reduced size and complexity. This study serves the purpose of demonstrating the tunable inhibition of plasmin and δ-plasmin with potential applications for the improved clinical delivery of δ-plasmin to treat various thrombi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J Alves
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Kline
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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Choi JH, Sapkota K, Kim S, Kim SJ. Starase: A bi-functional fibrinolytic protease from hepatic caeca of Asterina pectinifera displays antithrombotic potential. Biochimie 2014; 105:45-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Plasmin-dependent modulation of the blood-brain barrier: a major consideration during tPA-induced thrombolysis? J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2014; 34:1283-96. [PMID: 24896566 PMCID: PMC4126105 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2014.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Plasmin, the principal downstream product of tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA), is known for its potent fibrin-degrading capacity but is also recognized for many non-fibrinolytic activities. Curiously, plasmin has not been conclusively linked to blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption during recombinant tPA (rtPA)-induced thrombolysis in ischemic stroke. This is surprising given the substantial involvement of tPA in the modulation of BBB permeability and the co-existence of tPA and plasminogen in both blood and brain throughout the ischemic event. Here, we review the work that argues a role for plasmin together with endogenous tPA or rtPA in BBB alteration, presenting the overall controversy around the topic yet creating a rational case for an involvement of plasmin in this process.
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Choi JH, Sapkota K, Kim MK, Kim S, Kim SJ. Undariase, a direct-acting fibrin(ogen)olytic enzyme from Undaria pinnatifida, inhibits thrombosis in vivo and exhibits in vitro thrombolytic properties. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 173:1985-2004. [PMID: 24938821 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-0981-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A direct-acting fibrinolytic serine protease named undariase possessing anticoagulant and antiplatelet properties was purified from Undaria pinnatifida. Undariase showed a molecular weight of 50 kDa by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and mass spectrometry. It displayed a strong fibrin zymogram lysis band corresponding to the same molecular mass. The N-terminal sequence of undariase, LTATTCEELAAAPTD, does not match with any known fibrinolytic enzyme. The enzyme was stable and active at high temperatures (35-70 °C). The fibrinolytic activity of undariase was strongly inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) and 4-(amidinophenyl) methanesulfonyl fluoride (APMSF). The K m and V max values for substrate S-2251 were determined as 6.15 mM and 90.91 mM/min/ml, respectively. Undariase resulted in clot lysis by directly cleaving α and β chains of fibrin. Similarly, it preferentially acted on the Aα chain of fibrinogen followed by cleavage of the Bβ chain. It significantly prolonged the PFA-100 closure times of citrated whole human blood. In addition, undariase delayed the coagulation time and increased activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), prothrombin time (PT), and thrombin time (TT). Undariase exerted a significant protective effect against collagen plus epinephrine-induced pulmonary thromboembolism in mice. It prevented carrageenan-induced thrombus formation in the tail of mice. It also resulted in prolongation of APTT ex vivo. In conclusion, these results suggested a therapeutic potential of undariase for thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hui Choi
- Department of Life Science & BK21-Plus Research Team for Bioactive Control Technology, Chosun University, 375 Seosuk-dong, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 501-759, Republic of Korea
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Characterization, mechanism of anticoagulant action, and assessment of therapeutic potential of a fibrinolytic serine protease (Brevithrombolase) purified from Brevibacillus brevis strain FF02B. Biochimie 2014; 103:50-60. [PMID: 24735708 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, biochemical and pharmacological characterization of Brevithrombolase, a fibrinolytic serine protease purified from Brevibacillus brevis strain FF02B has been reported. An assessment of its thrombolytic potency has also been made. The molecular mass of this monomeric protease was determined as 55 kDa, and 56043 Da, respectively, by SDS-PAGE and MALDI-TOF-MS. In the analytical studies, the N-terminal sequence of Brevithrombolase was found to be blocked; however, the peptide mass fingerprinting and amino acid composition analyses demonstrated the similarity of Brevithrombolase with endopeptidases in possessing serine in their catalytic triad. This finding was confirmed by the observation that the serine protease inhibitors decrease the catalytic (fibrinolytic) activity of Brevithrombolase. The secondary structure of Brevithrombolase was composed of 30.6% alpha helix and 69.4% random coil. Brevithrombolase showed the Km and Vmax values towards the chromogenic substrate for plasmin at 0.39 mM and 14.3 μmol/min, respectively. Brevithrombolase demonstrated optimum fibrinolytic activity at pH 7.4 and 37 °C, and showed marginal hydrolytic activity towards globulin, casein and fibrinogen. The anticoagulant potency of Brevithrombolase was comparable to the low molecular mass heparin/antithrombin-III and warfarin. Among the three enzymes-Brevithrombolase, plasmin and streptokinase-the fibrinolytic activity and in vitro thrombolytic potency of Brevithrombolase was found to be superior. The RP-HPLC and SDS-PAGE analyses suggested a similar pattern of fibrin degradation by Brevithrombolase and plasmin, indicating that former enzyme is a plasmin-like fibrinolytic serine protease. Brevithrombolase did not show in vitro cytotoxicity on HT29 and HeLa cells or hemolytic activity. At a dose of 10 mg/kg, Brevithrombolase did not exhibit lethality or toxicity on Wistar strain albino rats. Brevithrombolase did not inhibit factor Xa, and its mechanism of anticoagulant action was associated with the enzymatic cleavage of thrombin. The combined properties of Brevithrombolase indicate its therapeutic potential in peptide-based cardiovascular drug development.
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Bizjak N, Bajd F, Vidmar J, Blinc A, Perme MP, Marder VJ, Novokhatny V, Serša I. Direct microscopic monitoring of initial and dynamic clot lysis using plasmin or rt-PA in an in vitro flow system. Thromb Res 2014; 133:908-13. [PMID: 24613694 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Plasmin is a direct-acting thrombolytic agent with a favorable safety profile upon intra-arterial delivery in pre-clinical and phase I studies. However, the thrombolytic efficacy of plasmin, relative to that of rt-PA, remains to be established. We have compared the dynamics of clot lysis with plasmin or rt-PA in an in vitro perfusion system, in which thrombolytic agent is administered locally, allowed to induce lysis for short intervals, then washed with plasma in a re-circulation circuit. MATERIALS AND METHODS Whole blood human clots were prepared in observation chambers, exposed to plasmin or rt-PA at equimolar concentrations (1.2/1.0, 1.8/1.5 and 2.4/2.0 mg/ml) for measured intervals of time, followed by perfusion with human plasma. Clot size was monitored by digital analysis of sequential photographs obtained through an optical microscope. RESULTS Plasma perfusion after incubation with thrombolytic agent rapidly removed superficial clot fragments. This initial decrease in clot size was greater with plasmin than with rt-PA when tested at the highest concentrations of agent (0.63 ± 0.11 vs. 0.30 ± 0.11, p=0.001 for clots with non-cross-linked fibrin and 0.53 ± 0.15 vs. 0.14 ± 0.15, p=0.02, for clots with cross-linked-fibrin). Subsequent clot lysis during plasma flow was greater after prior incubation with rt-PA. Longer incubation times of plasmin resulted in larger portions of the clot being washed free. Repeated plasmin incubations and plasma perfusions of a clot successfully induced stepwise reductions in clot size. CONCLUSIONS Initial clot lysis is greater with direct exposure using plasmin than rt-PA. During washout and circulation with plasma, rt-PA induced continued clot lysis, while plasmin lysis was curtailed, presumably because of plasmin inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jernej Vidmar
- Institute of Physiology, Medical Faculty of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Aleš Blinc
- Department of Vascular Diseases, University of Ljubljana Medical Center, Slovenia
| | - Maja Pohar Perme
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Medical Faculty of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Victor J Marder
- Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Igor Serša
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia; EN-FIST Centre of Excellence, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Comparison of local thrombolytic efficacy of plasmin and rt-PA in an in-vitro flow system; a pilot study. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2013; 24:711-4. [DOI: 10.1097/mbc.0b013e328361bd48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Choi BS, Sapkota K, Choi JH, Shin CH, Kim S, Kim SJ. Herinase: A Novel Bi-functional Fibrinolytic Protease from the Monkey Head Mushroom, Hericium erinaceum. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 170:609-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0206-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Thrombolytic, anticoagulant and antiplatelet activities of codiase, a bi-functional fibrinolytic enzyme from Codium fragile. Biochimie 2013; 95:1266-77. [PMID: 23402909 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Thrombosis is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Thrombolytic agents are important for both the prevention and treatment of thrombosis. In this study, codiase, a new bi-functional fibrinolytic serine protease having thrombolytic, anticoagulant, and antiplatelet activities was purified from marine green alga, Codium fragile. The molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated to be 48.9 kDa by SDS-PAGE, and mass spectrometry. Fibrin zymography analysis showed an active band with similar molecular weight. The N-terminal sequence was found to be APKASTDQTLPL, which is different from that of other known fibrinolytic enzymes. Codiase displayed maximum activity at 30 °C and pH 6.0, and the activity was inhibited by Zn(2+) and Fe(2+). Moreover, the enzyme activity was strongly inhibited by serine protease inhibitor such as PMSF. Codiase exhibited high specificity for the substrate S-2288, and the Km and Vmax values for this substrate were found to be 0.24 mM and 79 U/ml respectively. Fibrin plate assays revealed that it was able to hydrolyze fibrin clot either directly or by activation of plasminogen. Codiase effectively hydrolyzed fibrin and fibrinogen, preferentially degrading α- and Aα chains, followed by γ-γ, and γ-chains. However, it provoked slower degradation of Bβ and β-chains. The structural change of fibrin clot and fibrinogen by codiase was also detected by FTIR-ATR spectroscopy analysis. In vitro and in vivo studies revealed that codiase reduces thrombosis in concentration-dependent manner. Codiase was found to prolong activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), and prothrombin time (PT). PFA-100 studies showed that codiase prolonged the closure time (CT) of citrated whole human blood. These favorable antithrombotic profiles together with its anticoagulant and platelet disaggregation properties, and lack of toxicity to mice and NIH-3T3 cells, make it a potential agent for thrombolytic therapy.
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Comparative analysis of proteases in the injected and dissected venom of cone snail species. Toxicon 2013; 65:59-67. [PMID: 23339854 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The venom of cone snails has been the subject of intense studies because it contains small neuroactive peptides of therapeutic value. However, much less is known about their larger proteins counterparts and their role in prey envenomation. Here, we analyzed the proteolytic enzymes in the injected venom of Conus purpurascens and Conus ermineus (piscivorous), and the dissected venom of C. purpurascens, Conus marmoreus (molluscivorous) and Conus virgo (vermivorous). Zymograms show that all venom samples displayed proteolytic activity on gelatin. However, the electrophoresis patterns and sizes of the proteases varied considerably among these four species. The protease distribution also varied dramatically between the injected and dissected venom of C. purpurascens. Protease inhibitors demonstrated that serine and metalloproteases are responsible for the gelatinolytic activity. We found fibrinogenolytic activity in the injected venom of C. ermineus suggesting that this venom might have effects on the hemostatic system of the prey. Remarkable differences in protein and protease expression were found in different sections of the venom duct, indicating that these components are related to the storage granules and that they participate in venom biosynthesis. Consequently, different conoproteases play major roles in venom processing and prey envenomation.
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Girón ME, Rodríguez-Acosta A, Salazar AM, Sánchez EE, Galán J, Ibarra C, Guerrero B. Isolation and characterization of two new non-hemorrhagic metalloproteinases with fibrinogenolytic activity from the mapanare (Bothrops colombiensis) venom. Arch Toxicol 2012; 87:197-208. [PMID: 22918489 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-012-0914-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Colombienases are acidic, low molecular weight metalloproteinases (Mr of 23,074.31 Da colombienase-1 and 23,078.80 Da colombienase-2; pI of 6.0 and 6.2, respectively) isolated from Bothrops colombiensis snake venom. The chromatographic profile in RP-HPLC and its partial sequence confirmed its high homogeneity. Both colombienases present fibrino(geno)lytic activity, but did not show any hemorrhagic, amidolytic, plasminogen activator or coagulant activities, and no effect on platelet aggregation induced by collagen or ADP. Both enzymes were strongly active on fibrinogen Aα chains followed by the Bβ chains, and colombienases-2, at high doses, also degraded the γ chains. This activity was stable at temperatures ranging between 4 and 37 °C, with a maximum activity at 25 °C, and at pHs between 7 and 9. The homology demonstrated by the comparison of sequences, with zinc-dependent metalloproteinases, as well as the metal chelant effects on, confirmed that the colombienases were metalloproteinases, particularly to α-fibrinogenases belonging to the P-I class of SVPMs (20-30 kDa), which contain only the single-domain proteins. The biological characteristics of the colombienases confer a therapeutic potential, since they contain a high fibrino(geno)lytic activity, devoid of hemorrhagic activity. These metalloproteinases might be explored as thrombolytic agents given that they dissolve fibrin clots or prevent their formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- María E Girón
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Ultraestructura, Instituto Anatómico de la Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
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Marder VJ, Comerota AJ, Shlansky-Goldberg RD, Davis JP, Deng C, Hanna K, Fineberg D. Safety of catheter-delivered plasmin in patients with acute lower extremity arterial or bypass graft occlusion: phase I results. J Thromb Haemost 2012; 10:985-91. [PMID: 22487025 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2012.04728.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current treatment of acute peripheral artery or bypass graft occlusion utilizes catheter-directed thrombolysis of a plasminogen activator (PA). Plasmin is a direct-acting thrombolytic with a striking safety advantage over PA in preclinical models. OBJECTIVES To report the first use of purified plasmin for acute lower extremity arterial or bypass graft thrombosis in a phase I dose-escalation study of a catheter-delivered agent. METHODS Eighty-three patients with non-embolic occlusion of infrainguinal native arteries or bypass grafts were enrolled (safety population) into seven sequential dose cohorts to receive 25-175 mg of plasmin by intrathrombus infusion over 5 h. Arteriograms were performed at baseline, 2 h, and 5 h, and subjects were monitored for 30 days for clinical outcomes and laboratory parameters of systemic fibrinolysis. RESULTS Major bleeding occurred in four patients (4.8%), and minor bleeding alone in 13 (15.7%), with no trend towards more bleeding at higher dosages of plasmin. There was a trend towards lower plasma concentrations of fibrinogen, α(2) -antiplasmin and α(2) -macroglobulin with increasing doses of plasmin, but the nadir fibrinogen concentration was > 350 mg dL(-1) at the highest plasmin dose. Individual nadir values were above 200 mg dL(-1) in 82 of 83 subjects, and were not different in patients with or without bleeding. Thrombolysis (≥ 50%) occurred in 79% of subjects receiving 125-175 mg of plasmin, as compared with 50% who received 25-100 mg. CONCLUSIONS Catheter-delivered plasmin can be safely administered to patients with acute lower extremity arterial occlusion at dosages of 25-175 mg.
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Affiliation(s)
- V J Marder
- Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Crumrine RC, Marder VJ, Taylor GM, LaManna JC, Tsipis CP, Novokhatny V, Scuderi P, Petteway SR, Arora V. Safety evaluation of a recombinant plasmin derivative lacking kringles 2-5 and rt-PA in a rat model of transient ischemic stroke. EXPERIMENTAL & TRANSLATIONAL STROKE MEDICINE 2012; 4:10. [PMID: 22591588 PMCID: PMC3464715 DOI: 10.1186/2040-7378-4-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tissue type plasminogen activator is the only approved thrombolytic agent for the treatment of ischemic stroke. However, it carries the disadvantage of a 10-fold increase in symptomatic and asymptomatic intracranial hemorrhage. A safer thrombolytic agent may improve patient prognosis and increase patient participation in thrombolytic treatment. A novel direct-acting thrombolytic agent, Δ(K2-K5) plasmin, promising an improved safety profile was examined for safety in the snare ligature model of stroke in the rat. METHODS Male spontaneously hypertensive rats were subjected to 6 hours middle cerebral artery occlusion followed by 18 hours reflow. Beginning 1 minute before reflow, they were dosed with saline, vehicle, Δ(K2-K5) plasmin (0.15, 0.5, 1.5, and 5 mg/kg) or recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (10 and 30 mg/kg) by local intra-arterial infusion lasting 10 to 60 minutes. The rats were assessed for bleeding score, infarct volume, modified Bederson score and general behavioral score. In a parallel study, temporal progression of infarct volume was determined. In an in vitro study, whole blood clots from humans, canines and rats were exposed to Δ(K2-K5). Clot lysis was monitored by absorbance at 280 nm. RESULTS The main focus of this study was intracranial hemorrhage safety. Δ(K2-K5) plasmin treatment at the highest dose caused no more intracranial hemorrhage than the lowest dose of recombinant tissue type plasminogen activator, but showed at least a 5-fold superior safety margin. Secondary results include: temporal infarct volume progression shows that the greatest expansion of infarct volume occurs within 2-3 hours of middle cerebral artery occlusion in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. A spike in infarct volume was observed at 6 hours ischemia with reflow. Δ(K2-K5) plasmin tended to reduce infarct volume and improve behavior compared to controls. In vitro data suggests that Δ(K2-K5) plasmin is equally effective at lysing clots from humans, canines and rats. CONCLUSIONS The superior intracranial hemorrhage safety profile of the direct-acting thrombolytic Δ(K2-K5) plasmin compared with recombinant tissue type plasminogen activator makes this agent a good candidate for clinical evaluation in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Christian Crumrine
- Research and Pre-clinical Development, Grifols Therapeutics, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Victor J Marder
- Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - G McLeod Taylor
- Research and Pre-clinical Development, Grifols Therapeutics, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Joseph C LaManna
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Constantinos P Tsipis
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Valery Novokhatny
- Research and Pre-clinical Development, Grifols Therapeutics, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Philip Scuderi
- Research and Pre-clinical Development, Grifols Therapeutics, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Stephen R Petteway
- Research and Pre-clinical Development, Grifols Therapeutics, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Vikram Arora
- Research and Pre-clinical Development, Grifols Therapeutics, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Weitz JI, Eikelboom JW, Samama MM. New antithrombotic drugs: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest 2012; 141:e120S-e151S. [PMID: 22315258 DOI: 10.1378/chest.11-2294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
This article focuses on new antithrombotic drugs that are in or are entering phase 3 clinical testing. Development of these new agents was prompted by the limitations of existing antiplatelet, anticoagulant, or fibrinolytic drugs. Addressing these unmet needs, this article (1) outlines the rationale for development of new antithrombotic agents; (2) describes the new antiplatelet, anticoagulant, and fibrinolytic drugs; and (3) provides clinical perspectives on the opportunities and challenges faced by these novel agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey I Weitz
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute and Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
| | - John W Eikelboom
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute and Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Mukherjee AK, Rai SK, Thakur R, Chattopadhyay P, Kar SK. Bafibrinase: A non-toxic, non-hemorrhagic, direct-acting fibrinolytic serine protease from Bacillus sp. strain AS-S20-I exhibits in vivo anticoagulant activity and thrombolytic potency. Biochimie 2012; 94:1300-8. [PMID: 22386870 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A non-toxic, direct-acting fibrinolytic serine protease (Bafibrinase) demonstrating thrombolytic and anticoagulant properties was purified from Bacillus sp. strain AS-S20-I. Bafibrinase was monomeric, with a molecular mass of 32.3 kDa. The peptide mass fingerprinting of Bafibrinase revealed only 8.3% sequence coverage, suggesting it was a novel fibrinolytic enzyme. However, two of the tryptic digested de novo peptide sequences of Bafibrinase demonstrated good similarity with endopeptidases possessing serine in their catalytic triad. Further, catalytic activity of Bafibrinase was inhibited by serine protease inhibitor reinforcing this is a subtilisin-like serine protease. The apparent K(m) and V(max) values of Bafibrinase towards fibrin were determined as 0.24 μM and 2.8 μmol/min, respectively. It showed a K(m) value of 0.139 mM towards a chromogenic substrate for plasmin (D-Val-Leu-Lys-p-Nitroanilide dihydrochloride) and optimum activity at physiological conditions (37 °C and pH 7.4). Based on the cleavage pattern of fibrin and fibrinogen, Bafibrinase may be classified as an α,β-fibrinogenase. Bafibrinase could not degrade collagen and was non-cytotoxic to HT29 cells or mammalian erythrocytes. Further, Bafibrinase at a dose of 2 mg/kg was devoid of toxicity as well as hemorrhagic activity on BALB/c mouse model, supporting its suitability for the development of a better and safer thrombolytic drug. Bafibrinase was also superior to human plasmin in degrading in vitro thrombus. The in vivo anticoagulant nature of Bafibrinase is being explored for the treatment and prevention of thrombosis and other cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashis K Mukherjee
- Microbial Biotechnology and Protein Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, School of Science and Technology, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784 028, Assam, India.
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