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Leung LLK, Morser J. Carboxypeptidase B2 and carboxypeptidase N in the crosstalk between coagulation, thrombosis, inflammation, and innate immunity. J Thromb Haemost 2018; 16:S1538-7836(22)02219-X. [PMID: 29883024 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Two basic carboxypeptidases, carboxypeptidase B2 (CPB2) and carboxypeptidase N (CPN) are present in plasma. CPN is constitutively active, whereas CPB2 circulates as a precursor, procarboxypeptidase B2 (proCPB2), that needs to be activated by the thrombin-thrombomodulin complex or plasmin bound to glycosaminoglycans. The substrate specificities of CPB2 and CPN are similar; they both remove C-terminal basic amino acids from bioactive peptides and proteins, thereby inactivating them. The complement cascade is a cascade of proteases and cofactors activated by pathogens or dead cells, divided into two phases, with the second phase only being triggered if sufficient C3b is present. Complement activation generates anaphylatoxins: C3a, which stimulates macrophages; and C5a, which is an activator and attractant for neutrophils. Pharmacological intervention with inhibitors has shown that CPB2 delays fibrinolysis, whereas CPN is responsible for systemic inactivation of C3a and C5a. Among mice genetically deficient in either CPB2 or CPN, in a model of hemolytic-uremic syndrome, Cpb2-/- mice had the worst disease, followed by Cpn-/- mice, with wild-type (WT) mice being the most protected. This model is driven by C5a, and shows that CPB2 is important in inactivating C5a. In contrast, when mice were challenged acutely with cobra venom factor, the reverse phenotype was observed; Cpn-/- mice had markedly worse disease than Cpb2-/- mice, and WT mice were resistant. These observations need to be confirmed in humans. Therefore, CPB2 and CPN have different roles. CPN inactivates C3a and C5a generated spontaneously, whereas proCPB2 is activated at specific sites, where it inactivates bioactive peptides that would overwhelm CPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L K Leung
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - J Morser
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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Chelakkot-Govindalayathil AL, Mifuji-Moroka R, D'Alessandro-Gabazza CN, Toda M, Matsuda Y, Gil-Bernabe P, Roeen Z, Yasuma T, Yano Y, Gabazza EC, Iwasa M, Takei Y. Protein S exacerbates alcoholic hepatitis by stimulating liver natural killer T cells. J Thromb Haemost 2015; 13:142-54. [PMID: 25399514 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol consumption is a major cause of liver injury but the mechanisms are not completely understood. Protein S (PS) is an anticoagulant glycoprotein with multiple functions. The role of PS in liver injury is unknown. OBJECTIVES This study investigated the role of PS in acute alcoholic hepatitis. METHODS A mouse overexpressing human PS (hPS-TG) was generated in which acute hepatitis was induced by intraperitoneal injection of ethanol. RESULTS The levels of serum liver enzymes and liver tissue inflammatory cytokines and the degree of hepatic steatosis were significantly increased in hPS-TG mice treated with ethanol compared with ethanol-treated wild type (WT) mice. Cell expansion, activation and inhibition of apoptosis were significantly augmented in natural killer T (NKT) cells from hPS-TG mice compared with WT mice. Liver mononuclear cells from hPS-TG mice express higher levels of inflammatory cytokines than those from WT mice after stimulation with a specific stimulant of NKT cells in vitro. In a co-culture system of hepatocytes and NKT cells, the effects of PS on ethanol-mediated cell injury were suppressed by a CD1d neutralizing antibody. Alcoholic liver injury was significantly improved in mice pre-treated with PS siRNA and anti-protein S antibody compared with control mice. Patients with alcoholic hepatitis showed significantly increased plasma PS levels and enhanced liver expression of PS and CD1d compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that PS exacerbates acute alcoholic hepatitis by inhibiting apoptosis of activated NKT cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/pharmacology
- Antigens, CD1d/immunology
- Antigens, CD1d/metabolism
- Apoptosis
- Blood Proteins/genetics
- Blood Proteins/metabolism
- Case-Control Studies
- Cells, Cultured
- Coculture Techniques
- Disease Models, Animal
- Ethanol
- Fatty Liver, Alcoholic/immunology
- Fatty Liver, Alcoholic/metabolism
- Fatty Liver, Alcoholic/pathology
- Hepatitis, Alcoholic/genetics
- Hepatitis, Alcoholic/immunology
- Hepatitis, Alcoholic/metabolism
- Hepatitis, Alcoholic/pathology
- Hepatitis, Alcoholic/prevention & control
- Hepatocytes/immunology
- Hepatocytes/metabolism
- Hepatocytes/pathology
- Humans
- Inflammation Mediators/immunology
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Liver/immunology
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/pathology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Natural Killer T-Cells/immunology
- Natural Killer T-Cells/metabolism
- Protein S/genetics
- Protein S/metabolism
- RNAi Therapeutics
- Severity of Illness Index
- Signal Transduction
- Up-Regulation
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Ferreira CN, Carvalho MG, Gomes KB, Reis HJ, Fernandes AP, Palotás A, Sousa MO. Apolipoprotein polymorphism is associated with pro-thrombotic profile in non-demented dyslipidemic subjects. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 240:79-86. [PMID: 25073959 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214543065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein gene polymorphism has an important role in lipid metabolism and in the development of cerebro- and cardio-vascular disease (CCVD), including dementia. Dyslipidemia and hemostatic abnormalities are key risk factors associated with athero-sclerotic events preceding CCVD. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible relationships of various apolipoprotein-species with hemostatic parameters and cognitive function. Lipid profile, gene polymorphism, coagulation markers, and mini-mental state examination (MMSE) scores were assessed in 109 dys-lipidemic subjects and in 107 healthy control volunteers. Thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) plasma levels were significantly higher in apolipoprotein-E2 (apoE2) patients when compared to other apoE forms. The apoA5 -1131T>C polymorphism was associated with elevated D-dimer concentration in dyslipidemic TT homozygous individuals. MMSE did not correlate with lipid or coagulation profile. These data suggest that apoE and apoA5 variants have an effect on hemostatic parameters, but they neither influence nor predict cognitive performance in non-demented individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria G Carvalho
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Karina B Gomes
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Helton J Reis
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Brazil
| | | | - András Palotás
- Asklepios-Med (private medical practice and research center), Szeged, H-6722, Hungary
| | - Marinez O Sousa
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Brazil
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Hyperglycemia and hepatic tumors in ICR mice neonatally injected with streptozotocin. Lab Anim (NY) 2014; 43:242-9. [PMID: 24945225 DOI: 10.1038/laban.530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Repeated, low-dose administration of streptozotocin (STZ) is widely used to induce insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in mice. The authors adapted this method using neonatal mice and determined the long-term effects of STZ injection in the mice. After receiving intraperitoneal injections of STZ at postnatal day 3 (P3), P4 and P8, male and female mice were hyperglycemic by week 4. A clear sex difference was found, with blood glucose levels in STZ-treated males remaining higher than those in STZ-treated females until week 23. Whereas STZ-treated males remained hyperglycemic until week 23, STZ-treated females did not have significantly higher glucose levels than control mice after week 18. Additionally, STZ-treated mice had neoplastic lesions in their livers by week 4, with a progression in the severity of these lesions until week 24. The results confirm that, in addition to pancreatic beta cell toxicity, STZ has an oncogenic effect on the liver when administered to neonates.
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Martin FA, Murphy RP, Cummins PM. Thrombomodulin and the vascular endothelium: insights into functional, regulatory, and therapeutic aspects. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2013; 304:H1585-97. [PMID: 23604713 PMCID: PMC7212260 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00096.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Thrombomodulin (TM) is a 557-amino acid protein with a broad cell and tissue distribution consistent with its wide-ranging physiological roles. When expressed on the lumenal surface of vascular endothelial cells in both large vessels and capillaries, its primary function is to mediate endothelial thromboresistance. The complete integral membrane-bound protein form displays five distinct functional domains, although shorter soluble (functional) variants comprising the extracellular domains have also been reported in fluids such as serum and urine. TM-mediated binding of thrombin is known to enhance the specificity of the latter serine protease toward both protein C and thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI), increasing their proteolytic activation rate by almost three orders of magnitude with concomitant anticoagulant, antifibrinolytic, and anti-inflammatory benefits to the vascular wall. Recent years have seen an abundance of research into the cellular mechanisms governing endothelial TM production, processing, and regulation (including flow-mediated mechanoregulation)--from transcriptional and posttranscriptional (miRNA) regulation of TM gene expression, to posttranslational processing and release of the expressed protein--facilitating greater exploitation of its therapeutic potential. The goal of the present paper is to comprehensively review the endothelial/TM system from these regulatory perspectives and draw some fresh conclusions. This paper will conclude with a timely examination of the current status of TM's growing therapeutic appeal, from novel strategies to improve the clinical efficacy of recombinant TM analogs for resolution of vascular disorders such as disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), to an examination of the complex pleiotropic relationship between statin treatment and TM expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona A Martin
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
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Chen J, Wu W, Zhen C, Zhou H, Yang R, Chen L, Hu L. Expression and clinical significance of complement C3, complement C4b1 and apolipoprotein E in pancreatic cancer. Oncol Lett 2013; 6:43-48. [PMID: 23946775 PMCID: PMC3742809 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2013.1326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) remains a devastating disease with a five-year survival rate of <5%. The difficulty in making an early diagnosis and the frequent occurrence of metastasis are important reasons for this poor prognosis. In China, the incidence of PC has been increasing steadily. Therefore, the present study aimed to identify effective markers in the early and advanced stages of PC. The expression levels of complement C3, complement C4b1 and apolipoprotein E (ApoE) in the various stages of PC were assessed by immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR and western blotting. Additionally, the statistical significance of the results was analyzed. The expression levels of complement C3, complement C4b1 and apoE were higher in PC compared with normal pancreatic tissues. No correlations were observed between complement C3 and tumor TNM staging or lymph node metastasis. However, complement C4b1 and apoE were markedly correlated with tumor TNM staging and lymph node metastasis. Complement C3 may be used as a marker for the diagnosis of early-stage PC, while complement C4b1 and apoE are closely correlated with tumor development, reflecting the biological behavior of PC, and thus may be used as diagnostic markers of advanced PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiong Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
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Platelet TGF-β1 contributions to plasma TGF-β1, cardiac fibrosis, and systolic dysfunction in a mouse model of pressure overload. Blood 2011; 119:1064-74. [PMID: 22134166 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-09-377648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating platelets contain high concentrations of TGF-β1 in their α-granules and release it on platelet adhesion/activation. We hypothesized that uncontrolled in vitro release of platelet TGF-β1 may confound measurement of plasma TGF-β1 in mice and that in vivo release and activation may contribute to cardiac pathology in response to constriction of the transverse aorta, which produces both high shear and cardiac pressure overload. Plasma TGF-β1 levels in blood collected from C57Bl/6 mice by the standard retro-bulbar technique were much higher than those obtained when prostaglandin E₁ was added to inhibit release or when blood was collected percutaneously from the left ventricle under ultrasound guidance. Even with optimal blood drawing, plasma TGF-β1 was lower in mice rendered profoundly thrombocytopenic or mice with selectively low levels of platelet TGF-β1 because of megakaryocyte-specific disruption of their TGF-β1 gene (Tgfb1(flox)). Tgfb1(flox) mice were also partially protected from developing cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, and systolic dysfunction in response to transverse aortic constriction. These studies demonstrate that plasma TGF-β1 levels can be assessed accurately, but it requires special precautions; that platelet TGF-β1 contributes to plasma levels of TGF-β1; and that platelet TGF-β1 contributes to the pathologic cardiac changes that occur in response to aortic constriction.
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Krupp M, Maass T, Marquardt JU, Staib F, Bauer T, König R, Biesterfeld S, Galle PR, Tresch A, Teufel A. The functional cancer map: a systems-level synopsis of genetic deregulation in cancer. BMC Med Genomics 2011; 4:53. [PMID: 21718500 PMCID: PMC3148554 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-4-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer cells are characterized by massive dysegulation of physiological cell functions with considerable disruption of transcriptional regulation. Genome-wide transcriptome profiling can be utilized for early detection and molecular classification of cancers. Accurate discrimination of functionally different tumor types may help to guide selection of targeted therapy in translational research. Concise grouping of tumor types in cancer maps according to their molecular profile may further be helpful for the development of new therapeutic modalities or open new avenues for already established therapies. METHODS Complete available human tumor data of the Stanford Microarray Database was downloaded and filtered for relevance, adequacy and reliability. A total of 649 tumor samples from more than 1400 experiments and 58 different tissues were analyzed. Next, a method to score deregulation of KEGG pathway maps in different tumor entities was established, which was then used to convert hundreds of gene expression profiles into corresponding tumor-specific pathway activity profiles. Based on the latter, we defined a measure for functional similarity between tumor entities, which yielded to phylogeny of tumors. RESULTS We provide a comprehensive, easy-to-interpret functional cancer map that characterizes tumor types with respect to their biological and functional behavior. Consistently, multiple pathways commonly associated with tumor progression were revealed as common features in the majority of the tumors. However, several pathways previously not linked to carcinogenesis were identified in multiple cancers suggesting an essential role of these pathways in cancer biology. Among these pathways were 'ECM-receptor interaction', 'Complement and Coagulation cascades', and 'PPAR signaling pathway'. CONCLUSION The functional cancer map provides a systematic view on molecular similarities across different cancers by comparing tumors on the level of pathway activity. This work resulted in identification of novel superimposed functional pathways potentially linked to cancer biology. Therefore, our work may serve as a starting point for rationalizing combination of tumor therapeutics as well as for expanding the application of well-established targeted tumor therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Krupp
- Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
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