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Lachapelle V, Racicot M, Comeau G, Rhouma M, Leroux A, Noubissie OW, Provost F, Zanabria R, Gaucher ML, Costa M, Chorfi Y, Holley R, Smillie J, Bosch ML, Dumas A, Brockhoff E, Collins S, Snelgrove P, Quessy S. Expert Elicitation To Estimate the Feed Safety Impact of Criteria Included in the Canadian Food Inspection Agency Risk Assessment Model for Feed Mills. J Food Prot 2021; 84:611-627. [PMID: 33232460 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-20-371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The Canadian Food Inspection Agency is developing an Establishment-based Risk Assessment (ERA) model for commercial and on-farm mills involved in the manufacture, storage, packaging, labeling, or distribution of livestock feed (ERA-Feed Mill model). This model will help inform the allocation of inspection resources on the basis of feed safety risk, including animal health and food safety risk. In a previous study, 34 risk factors, grouped into inherent, mitigation, and compliance clusters, along with assessment criteria were selected. The objective of this current study was to estimate the relative risk (RR) of the 203 assessment criteria on the basis of the impact on feed safety to design an ERA-Feed Mill model algorithm. Furthermore, the intent of this study was to assess the maximum increase or decrease of risk obtained when multiple criteria belonging to a same cluster were identified in a specific feed mill. To do so, a two-round face-to-face expert elicitation was conducted with 28 Canadian feed experts. Results showed no significant association between respondent profiles (years of experience and work sector) and estimated RR. Uniformity of answers between experts improved between rounds. Criteria having the highest increase in risk (median RR ≥ 4) included the presence of materials prohibited to be fed to ruminants in a facility that produces ruminant feed, the presence of multiple livestock species on-site, and historical noncompliances related to the inspection of the feed mill's process control and end-product control programs. Risk mitigation criteria having the highest impact on decreasing the risk were the implementation of feed safety certifications, the use of dedicated manufacturing lines (prohibited materials or medications), and having a hazard sampling plan in place for finished feed. The median RR assigned to each criterion and cluster will be used to build an algorithm of the Canadian Food Inspection Agency's ERA-Feed Mill model. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Lachapelle
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 2M2
| | - Manon Racicot
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 2M2.,(ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5003-5901 [M. Racicot])
| | - Geneviève Comeau
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 2M2
| | - Mohamed Rhouma
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 2M2.,Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 2M2
| | - Alexandre Leroux
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 1400 Merivale Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0Y9
| | | | - France Provost
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 2M2
| | - Romina Zanabria
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 1400 Merivale Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0Y9
| | - Marie-Lou Gaucher
- Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 2M2
| | - Marcio Costa
- Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 2M2
| | - Younès Chorfi
- Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 2M2
| | - Rick Holley
- University of Manitoba, Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2
| | - John Smillie
- College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5A8
| | - My-Lien Bosch
- Animal Nutrition Association of Canada, 300 Sparks Street, Suite 330, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1R 7S3
| | - André Dumas
- Center for Aquaculture Technologies Canada, 20 Hope Street, P.O. Box 388, Souris, Prince Edward Island, Canada C0A 2B0
| | - Egan Brockhoff
- Canadian Pork Council, 900-220 Laurier Avenue West, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1P 5Z9
| | - Stephanie Collins
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, 58 Sipu Road, Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada B2N 5E3; and
| | - Phil Snelgrove
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 59 Camelot Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0Y9
| | - Sylvain Quessy
- Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 2M2
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Ricci A, Allende A, Bolton D, Chemaly M, Davies R, Fernández Escámez PS, Gironés R, Herman L, Koutsoumanis K, Lindqvist R, Nørrung B, Robertson L, Sanaa M, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Snary E, Speybroeck N, Kuile BT, Threlfall J, Wahlström H, Adkin A, De Koeijer A, Ducrot C, Griffin J, Ortiz Pelaez A, Latronico F, Ru G. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) cases born after the total feed ban. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04885. [PMID: 32625550 PMCID: PMC7010122 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sixty bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) cases of Classical or unknown type (BARB‐60 cases) were born after the date of entry into force of the EU total feed ban on 1 January 2001. The European Commission has requested EFSA to provide a scientific opinion on the most likely origin(s) of these BARB‐60 cases; whether feeding with material contaminated with the BSE agent can be excluded as the origin of any of these cases and, if so, whether there is enough scientific evidence to conclude that such cases had a spontaneous origin. The source of infection cannot be ascertained at the individual level for any BSE case, including these BARB‐60 cases, so uncertainty remains high about the origin of disease in each of these animals, but when compared with other biologically plausible sources of infection (maternal, environmental, genetic, iatrogenic), feed‐borne exposure is the most likely. This exposure was apparently excluded for only one of these BARB‐60 cases. However, there is considerable uncertainty associated with the data collected through the field investigation of these cases, due to a time span of several years between the potential exposure of the animal and the confirmation of disease, recall difficulty, and the general paucity of documented objective evidence available in the farms at the time of the investigation. Thus, feeding with material contaminated with the BSE agent cannot be excluded as the origin of any of the BARB‐60 cases, nor is it possible to definitively attribute feed as the cause of any of the BARB‐60 cases. A case of disease is classified as spontaneous by a process of elimination, excluding all other definable possibilities; with regard to the BARB‐60 cases, it is not possible to conclude that any of them had a spontaneous origin.
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Al-Zoughool M, Oraby T, Krewski D. A Bayesian back-calculation method to estimate the risk of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in Canada during the period 1996-2011. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2016; 79:700-712. [PMID: 27556564 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2016.1174004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Seventeen typical cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) were detected in Canada the period of 2003-2011. The clinical incidence of BSE was censored by early slaughter, death, or exportation of infected cattle due to the long incubation period of BSE disease. The aim of this study was to estimate the infection incidence of BSE in birth cohorts during 1996-2004 and project infection frequency through to 2007. An estimate of the number of asymptomatic infected cattle slaughtered for human consumption is also provided. The number of incident, asymptomatic cases was assumed to follow a Poisson process. A Bayesian back-calculation approach was used to project the risk of contracting BSE in those birth cohorts. Model parameters and inputs were taken from scientific literature and governmental data sources. The projected number of infected cattle in birth cohorts spanning the period 1996-2007 was 492, with median 95% credible interval 258-830. If the requirement to remove specified risk material (SRM) from cattle prior to entering the food chain was not in place, the predicted number of slaughtered infected in the human food chain from 1996-2010 was 298, with a 95% credible interval 156-500. The magnitude of the BSE epidemic in Canada for 1996-2007 birth cohorts was estimated to be approximately 28-fold higher than the number of clinical cases detected through to October 2011. Although some of those cattle were slaughtered for human consumption, the requirement of SRM removal may have prevented most of the infectious material from entering the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Al-Zoughool
- a Department of Community and Environmental Health , King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
| | - Tamer Oraby
- b School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences , University of Texas Rio Grande Valley , Edinburg , Texas , USA
| | - Daniel Krewski
- c McLaughlin Center for Population Health Risk Assessment , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Canada
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Heres L, Brus DJ, Hagenaars TJ. Spatial analysis of BSE cases in the Netherlands. BMC Vet Res 2008; 4:21. [PMID: 18559085 PMCID: PMC2441619 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-4-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2007] [Accepted: 06/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In many of the European countries affected by Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), case clustering patterns have been observed. Most of these patterns have been interpreted in terms of heterogeneities in exposure of cattle to the BSE agent. Here we investigate whether spatial clustering is present in the Dutch BSE case data. RESULTS We have found three spatial case clusters in the Dutch BSE epidemic. The clusters are geographically distinct and each cluster appears in a different birth cohort. When testing all birth cohorts together, only one significant cluster was detected. The fact that we found stronger spatial clustering when using a cohort-based analysis, is consistent with the evidence that most BSE infections occur in animals less than 12 or 18 months old. CONCLUSION Significant spatial case clustering is present in the Dutch BSE epidemic. The spatial clusters of BSE cases are most likely due to time-dependent heterogeneities in exposure related to feed production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourens Heres
- Department of Bacteriology and TSEs, Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands.
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