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Corsi SR, Borchardt MA, Carvin RB, Burch TR, Spencer SK, Lutz MA, McDermott CM, Busse KM, Kleinheinz GT, Feng X, Zhu J. Human and Bovine Viruses and Bacteria at Three Great Lakes Beaches: Environmental Variable Associations and Health Risk. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:987-95. [PMID: 26720156 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Waterborne pathogens were measured at three beaches in Lake Michigan, environmental factors for predicting pathogen concentrations were identified, and the risk of swimmer infection and illness was estimated. Waterborne pathogens were detected in 96% of samples collected at three Lake Michigan beaches in summer, 2010. Samples were quantified for 22 pathogens in four microbial categories (human viruses, bovine viruses, protozoa, and pathogenic bacteria). All beaches had detections of human and bovine viruses and pathogenic bacteria indicating influence of multiple contamination sources at these beaches. Occurrence ranged from 40 to 87% for human viruses, 65-87% for pathogenic bacteria, and 13-35% for bovine viruses. Enterovirus, adenovirus A, Salmonella spp., Campylobacter jejuni, bovine polyomavirus, and bovine rotavirus A were present most frequently. Variables selected in multiple regression models used to explore environmental factors that influence pathogens included wave direction, cloud cover, currents, and water temperature. Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment was done for C. jejuni, Salmonella spp., and enteroviruses to estimate risk of infection and illness. Median infection risks for one-time swimming events were approximately 2 × 10(-5), 8 × 10(-6), and 3 × 10(-7) [corrected] for C. jejuni, Salmonella spp., and enteroviruses, respectively. Results highlight the importance of investigating multiple pathogens within multiple categories to avoid underestimating the prevalence and risk of waterborne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R Corsi
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wisconsin Water Science Center , 8505 Research Way, Middleton, Wisconsin 53562, United States
| | - Mark A Borchardt
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service , 2615 Yellowstone Dr., Marshfield, Wisconsin 54449, United States
| | - Rebecca B Carvin
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wisconsin Water Science Center , 8505 Research Way, Middleton, Wisconsin 53562, United States
| | - Tucker R Burch
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wisconsin Water Science Center , 2615 Yellowstone Drive, Marshfield, Wisconsin 54449, United States
| | - Susan K Spencer
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service , 2615 Yellowstone Dr., Marshfield, Wisconsin 54449, United States
| | - Michelle A Lutz
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wisconsin Water Science Center , 8505 Research Way, Middleton, Wisconsin 53562, United States
| | - Colleen M McDermott
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh , 800 Algoma Boulevard, Oshkosh, Wisconsin 54901, United States
| | - Kimberly M Busse
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh , 800 Algoma Boulevard, Oshkosh, Wisconsin 54901, United States
| | - Gregory T Kleinheinz
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh , 800 Algoma Boulevard, Oshkosh, Wisconsin 54901, United States
| | - Xiaoping Feng
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1300 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1300 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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Greenberg M, Haas C, Cox A, Lowrie K, McComas K, North W. Ten most important accomplishments in risk analysis, 1980-2010. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2012; 32:771-81. [PMID: 22548638 PMCID: PMC7169135 DOI: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01817.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
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Ashbolt NJ, Schoen ME, Soller JA, Roser DJ. Predicting pathogen risks to aid beach management: the real value of quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA). WATER RESEARCH 2010; 44:4692-4703. [PMID: 20638095 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2010.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Revised: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
There has been an ongoing dilemma for agencies that set criteria for safe recreational waters in how to provide for a seasonal assessment of a beach site versus guidance for day-to-day management. Typically an overall 'safe' criterion level is derived from epidemiologic studies of sewage-impacted beaches. The decision criterion is based on a percentile value for a single sample or a moving median of a limited number (e.g. five per month) of routine samples, which are reported at least the day after recreator exposure has occurred. The focus of this paper is how to better undertake day-to-day recreational site monitoring and management. Internationally, good examples exist where predictive empirical regression models (based on rainfall, wind speed/direction, etc.) may provide an estimate of the target faecal indicator density for the day of exposure. However, at recreational swimming sites largely impacted by non-sewage sources of faecal indicators, there is concern that the indicator-illness associations derived from studies at sewage-impacted beaches may be inappropriate. Furthermore, some recent epidemiologic evidence supports the relationship to gastrointestinal (GI) illness with qPCR-derived measures of Bacteroidales/Bacteroides spp. as well as more traditional faecal indicators, but we understand less about the environmental fate of these molecular targets and their relationship to bather risk. Modelling pathogens and indicators within a quantitative microbial risk assessment framework is suggested as a way to explore the large diversity of scenarios for faecal contamination and hydrologic events, such as from waterfowl, agricultural animals, resuspended sediments and from the bathers themselves. Examples are provided that suggest that more site-specific targets derived by QMRA could provide insight, directly translatable to management actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Ashbolt
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA.
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