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Price PS. The Hazard Index at thirty-seven: new science new insights. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2023.100388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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Li Y, Wang J, Li J, Sun X. An improved overall risk probability-based method for assessing the combined health risks of chemical mixtures: An example about mixture of aflatoxin B 1 and microcystin LR by dietary intake. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 146:111815. [PMID: 33157167 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies on the risk assessment of chemicals with respect to human health have focused mainly on the safety of individual substances. Recently, public health policy emphasizes the combined effects of mixtures. An overall risk probability (ORP)-based method long with the combined toxicity factor (cuv) can be used to evaluate the combined toxicity of chemical mixtures from the environment and foods on human health. However, the procedure for calculating the cuv accurately and quantitatively in the ORP method is yet unclear. In this study, an improved ORP-based method (IORP) was developed by introducing a variable time t, and the cuv was analyzed quantitatively using simultaneous equations and based on the principle of least squares regression. This phenomenon can be explained based on the example of the mixture of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and microcystin LR (MC-LR) by dietary intake in order to understand the application of this method. The IORP approach makes it possible for estimating the combined effects of mixtures for human health by dietary pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, PR China; Key Laboratory of Agro-products Safety and Quality of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12, Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, PR China.
| | - JiaSheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, PR China
| | - JinJuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Safety and Quality of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12, Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - XiuLan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, PR China.
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Kawamoto T, Fuchs A, Fautz R, Morita O. Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) for Botanical Extracts (Botanical-TTC) derived from a meta-analysis of repeated-dose toxicity studies. Toxicol Lett 2019; 316:1-9. [PMID: 31415786 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) is a promising approach for evaluating the human health risk for systemic toxicity when there is a lack of toxicological information. The threshold for systemic toxicity is reportedly 1800, 540, and 90 μg/day for Cramer I-III chemical structures, according to Munro's structural decision tree, and 0.15 μg/day for genotoxic compounds. However, the concept of TTC has been developed for single substances; therefore, the applicability of TTC for mixtures remains unclear. To expand application of probability approach for mixtures, a validation study using the point of departures (PoDs) derived from mixtures is required. In the present study, we investigated novel TTC of botanical extracts (Botanical-TTC) for cosmetics from a meta-analysis based on the PoDs derived from repeated dose toxicity testing in botanical extracts. Accordingly, 213 PoDs were determined by repeated-dose toxicity studies and divided using a default uncertainty factor of 100 combined with the extrapolation factor of study duration to calculate the derived-no-effect-level (DNEL) and derived-minimal-effect-level (DMEL). The minimum DNEL/DMEL was 1.6-fold higher than the Cramer III TTC. In addition, because human health risk below the 1 st percentile value (663 μg/day) was considered as extremely limited, the exposure level can be proposed as Botanical-TTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisuke Kawamoto
- Safety & Toxicology, Kao Germany GmbH, Pfungstädter Str. 98-100, D-64297, Darmstadt, Germany; Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2-1-3, Bunka, Sumida-ku, Tokyo 131-8501, Japan.
| | - Anne Fuchs
- Safety & Toxicology, Kao Germany GmbH, Pfungstädter Str. 98-100, D-64297, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Rolf Fautz
- Safety & Toxicology, Kao Germany GmbH, Pfungstädter Str. 98-100, D-64297, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Osamu Morita
- Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2-1-3, Bunka, Sumida-ku, Tokyo 131-8501, Japan
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Bopp SK, Kienzler A, Richarz AN, van der Linden SC, Paini A, Parissis N, Worth AP. Regulatory assessment and risk management of chemical mixtures: challenges and ways forward. Crit Rev Toxicol 2019; 49:174-189. [DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2019.1579169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Aude Kienzler
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | | | | | - Alicia Paini
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | | | - Andrew P. Worth
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
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More SJ, Bampidis V, Benford D, Bennekou SH, Bragard C, Halldorsson TI, Hernández-Jerez AF, Koutsoumanis K, Naegeli H, Schlatter JR, Silano V, Nielsen SS, Schrenk D, Turck D, Younes M, Benfenati E, Castle L, Cedergreen N, Hardy A, Laskowski R, Leblanc JC, Kortenkamp A, Ragas A, Posthuma L, Svendsen C, Solecki R, Testai E, Dujardin B, Kass GE, Manini P, Jeddi MZ, Dorne JLC, Hogstrand C. Guidance on harmonised methodologies for human health, animal health and ecological risk assessment of combined exposure to multiple chemicals. EFSA J 2019; 17:e05634. [PMID: 32626259 PMCID: PMC7009070 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This Guidance document describes harmonised risk assessment methodologies for combined exposure to multiple chemicals for all relevant areas within EFSA's remit, i.e. human health, animal health and ecological areas. First, a short review of the key terms, scientific basis for combined exposure risk assessment and approaches to assessing (eco)toxicology is given, including existing frameworks for these risk assessments. This background was evaluated, resulting in a harmonised framework for risk assessment of combined exposure to multiple chemicals. The framework is based on the risk assessment steps (problem formulation, exposure assessment, hazard identification and characterisation, and risk characterisation including uncertainty analysis), with tiered and stepwise approaches for both whole mixture approaches and component‐based approaches. Specific considerations are given to component‐based approaches including the grouping of chemicals into common assessment groups, the use of dose addition as a default assumption, approaches to integrate evidence of interactions and the refinement of assessment groups. Case studies are annexed in this guidance document to explore the feasibility and spectrum of applications of the proposed methods and approaches for human and animal health and ecological risk assessment. The Scientific Committee considers that this Guidance is fit for purpose for risk assessments of combined exposure to multiple chemicals and should be applied in all relevant areas of EFSA's work. Future work and research are recommended. This publication is linked to the following EFSA Supporting Publications article: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/sp.efsa.2019.EN-1589/full, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/sp.efsa.2019.EN-1602/full
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Risk assessment for migration of styrene oligomers into food from polystyrene food containers. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 124:151-167. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Solomon KR, Wilks MF, Bachman A, Boobis A, Moretto A, Pastoor TP, Phillips R, Embry MR. Problem formulation for risk assessment of combined exposures to chemicals and other stressors in humans. Crit Rev Toxicol 2016; 46:835-844. [PMID: 27685317 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2016.1211617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
When the human health risk assessment/risk management paradigm was developed, it did not explicitly include a "problem formulation" phase. The concept of problem formulation was first introduced in the context of ecological risk assessment (ERA) for the pragmatic reason to constrain and focus ERAs on the key questions. However, this need also exists for human health risk assessment, particularly for cumulative risk assessment (CRA), because of its complexity. CRA encompasses the combined threats to health from exposure via all relevant routes to multiple stressors, including biological, chemical, physical and psychosocial stressors. As part of the HESI Risk Assessment in the 21st Century (RISK21) Project, a framework for CRA was developed in which problem formulation plays a critical role. The focus of this effort is primarily on a chemical CRA (i.e., two or more chemicals) with subsequent consideration of non-chemical stressors, defined as "modulating factors" (ModFs). Problem formulation is a systematic approach that identifies all factors critical to a specific risk assessment and considers the purpose of the assessment, scope and depth of the necessary analysis, analytical approach, available resources and outcomes, and overall risk management goal. There are numerous considerations that are specific to multiple stressors, and proper problem formulation can help to focus a CRA to the key factors in order to optimize resources. As part of the problem formulation, conceptual models for exposures and responses can be developed that address these factors, such as temporal relationships between stressors and consideration of the appropriate ModFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith R Solomon
- a Centre for Toxicology, School of Environmental Sciences , University of Guelph , Guelph , Canada
| | - Martin F Wilks
- b Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology , University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Ammie Bachman
- c ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Inc , Annandale , NJ , USA
| | | | - Angelo Moretto
- e Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche, and International Centre for Pesticides and Health Risks Prevention (ICPS), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Luigi Sacco Hospital , University of Milan , Milan , Italy
| | | | | | - Michelle R Embry
- g ILSI Health and Environmental Sciences Institute , Washington , DC , USA
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Evans RM, Scholze M, Kortenkamp A. Examining the feasibility of mixture risk assessment: A case study using a tiered approach with data of 67 pesticides from the Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues (JMPR). Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 84:260-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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9
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Laabs V, Leake C, Botham P, Melching-Kollmuß S. Regulation of non-relevant metabolites of plant protection products in drinking and groundwater in the EU: Current status and way forward. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 73:276-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Criteria for the Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc. (RIFM) safety evaluation process for fragrance ingredients. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 82 Suppl:S1-S19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1123] [Impact Index Per Article: 124.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Price P, Zaleski R, Hollnagel H, Ketelslegers H, Han X. Assessing the safety of co-exposure to food packaging migrants in food and water using the maximum cumulative ratio and an established decision tree. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:414-21. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.865145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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International Frameworks Dealing with Human Risk Assessment of Combined Exposure to Multiple Chemicals. EFSA J 2013. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Løkke H, Ragas AMJ, Holmstrup M. Tools and perspectives for assessing chemical mixtures and multiple stressors. Toxicology 2012; 313:73-82. [PMID: 23238274 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2012.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The present paper summarizes the most important insights and findings of the EU NoMiracle project with a focus on (1) risk assessment of chemical mixtures, (2) combinations of chemical and natural stressors, and (3) the receptor-oriented approach in cumulative risk assessment. The project aimed at integration of methods for human and ecological risk assessment. A mechanistically based model, considering uptake and toxicity as a processes in time, has demonstrated considerable potential for predicting mixture effects in ecotoxicology, but requires the measurement of toxicity endpoints at different moments in time. Within a novel framework for risk assessment of chemical mixtures, the importance of environmental factors on toxicokinetic processes is highlighted. A new paradigm for applying personal characteristics that determine individual exposure and sensitivity in human risk assessment is suggested. The results are discussed in the light of recent developments in risk assessment of mixtures and multiple stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Løkke
- Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, Vejlsøvej 25, P.O. Box 314, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark.
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Hennes E. An overview of values for the threshold of toxicological concern. Toxicol Lett 2012; 211:296-303. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.03.795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hazardous compounds in tobacco smoke. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2011; 8:613-28. [PMID: 21556207 PMCID: PMC3084482 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph8020613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 502] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Revised: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco smoke is a toxic and carcinogenic mixture of more than 5,000 chemicals. The present article provides a list of 98 hazardous smoke components, based on an extensive literature search for known smoke components and their human health inhalation risks. An electronic database of smoke components containing more than 2,200 entries was generated. Emission levels in mainstream smoke have been found for 542 of the components and a human inhalation risk value for 98 components. As components with potential carcinogenic, cardiovascular and respiratory effects have been included, the three major smoke-related causes of death are all covered by the list. Given that the currently used Hoffmann list of hazardous smoke components is based on data from the 1990s and only includes carcinogens, it is recommended that the current list of 98 hazardous components is used for regulatory purposes instead. To enable risk assessment of components not covered by this list, thresholds of toxicological concern (TTC) have been established from the inhalation risk values found: 0.0018 μg day−1 for all risks, and 1.2 μg day−1 for all risks excluding carcinogenicity, the latter being similar to previously reported inhalation TTCs.
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