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Capuano E, Regazzoni F, Maines M, Fornara S, Locatelli V, Catanzariti D, Stella S, Nobile F, Greco MD, Vergara C. Personalized computational electro-mechanics simulations to optimize cardiac resynchronization therapy. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2024:10.1007/s10237-024-01878-8. [PMID: 39192164 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-024-01878-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we present a computational framework designed to evaluate virtual scenarios of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) and compare their effectiveness based on relevant clinical biomarkers. Our approach involves electro-mechanical numerical simulations personalized, for patients with left bundle branch block, by means of a calibration obtained using data from Electro-Anatomical Mapping System (EAMS) measures acquired by cardiologists during the CRT procedure, as well as ventricular pressures and volumes, both obtained pre-implantation. We validate the calibration by using EAMS data coming from right pacing conditions. Three patients with fibrosis and three without are considered to explore various conditions. Our virtual scenarios consist of personalized numerical experiments, incorporating different positions of the left electrode along reconstructed epicardial veins; different locations of the right electrode; different ventriculo-ventricular delays. The aim is to offer a comprehensive tool capable of optimizing CRT efficiency for individual patients. We provide preliminary answers on optimal electrode placement and delay, by computing some relevant biomarkers such as d P / d t max , ejection fraction, stroke work. From our numerical experiments, we found that the latest activated segment during sinus rhythm is an effective choice for the non-fibrotic cases for the location of the left electrode. Also, our results showed that the activation of the right electrode before the left one seems to improve the CRT performance for the non-fibrotic cases. Last, we found that the CRT performance seems to improve by positioning the right electrode halfway between the base and the apex. This work is on the line of computational works for the study of CRT and introduces new features in the field, such as the presence of the epicardial veins and the movement of the right electrode. All these studies from the different research groups can in future synergistically flow together in the development of a tool which clinicians could use during the procedure to have quantitative information about the patient's propagation in different scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Capuano
- MOX, Dipartimento di Mathematica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, 201333, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Regazzoni
- MOX, Dipartimento di Mathematica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, 201333, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Maines
- Cardiology department, S.M. del Carmine Hospital, APSS, Corso Verona, 4, Rovereto, 38068, Trento, Italy
| | - Silvia Fornara
- LABS, Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, 201333, Milan, Italy
| | - Vanessa Locatelli
- LABS, Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, 201333, Milan, Italy
| | - Domenico Catanzariti
- Cardiology department, S.M. del Carmine Hospital, APSS, Corso Verona, 4, Rovereto, 38068, Trento, Italy
| | - Simone Stella
- MOX, Dipartimento di Mathematica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, 201333, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Nobile
- Institute of Mathematics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 8, Av. Piccard, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maurizio Del Greco
- Cardiology department, S.M. del Carmine Hospital, APSS, Corso Verona, 4, Rovereto, 38068, Trento, Italy
| | - Christian Vergara
- LABS, Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, 201333, Milan, Italy.
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Lehmann HI, Tsao L, Singh JP. Treatment of cardiac resynchronization therapy non-responders: current approaches and new frontiers. Expert Rev Med Devices 2022; 19:539-547. [PMID: 35997539 DOI: 10.1080/17434440.2022.2117031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) has developed into a very effective technology for patients with decreased systolic function and has substantially improved patients' clinical course. However, non-responsiveness to CRT, described as lack of reverse cardiac chamber remodeling, leading to lack to improve symptoms, heart failure hospitalizations or mortality, is common, rather unpredictable, and not fully understood. AREAS COVERED This article aims to discuss key factors that are impacting CRT response; from patient selection to LV lead position, to structured follow-up in CRT clinics. Secondly, common causes and interventions for CRT non-responsiveness are discussed. Next, insight is given into technologies representing new and feasible interventions as well as pacing strategies in this group of patients that remain challenging to treat. Finally, an outlook is given into future scientific development. EXPERT OPINION Despite the progress that has been made, CRT non-response remains a significant and complex problem. Patient management in interdisciplinary teams including heart failure, imaging, and cardiac arrhythmia experts appears critical as complexity is increasing and CRT non-response often is a multifactorial problem. This will allow optimization of medical therapy, the use of new integrated sensor technologies and telemedicine to ultimately optimize outcomes for all patients in need of CRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Immo Lehmann
- Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lana Tsao
- Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jagmeet P Singh
- Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Grebmer C, Friedrich L, Semmler V, Kottmaier M, Bourier F, Brkic A, Blazek P, Weigand S, Connor MO, Deisenhofer I, Hessling G, Kolb C, Lennerz C. Cardiac resynchronisation therapy in patients with left bundle branch block with residual conduction. Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J 2020; 21:14-17. [PMID: 33212244 PMCID: PMC7854372 DOI: 10.1016/j.ipej.2020.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To evaluate whether left bundle branch block with residual conduction (rLBBB) is associated with worse outcomes after cardiac resynchronisation therapy (CRT). Methods All consecutive CRT implants at our institution between 2006 and 2013 were identified from our local device registry. Pre- and post-implant patient specific data were extracted from clinical records. Results A total of 690 CRT implants were identified during the study period. Prior to CRT, 52.2% of patients had true left bundle branch block (LBBB), 19.1% a pacing-induced LBBB (pLBBB), 11.2% a rLBBB, 0.8% a right bundle branch block (RBBB), and 16.5% had a nonspecific intraventricular conduction delay (IVCD) electrocardiogram pattern. Mean age at implant was 67.5 years (standard deviation [SD] = 10.6), mean left ventricular ejection fraction (LV EF) was 25.7% (SD = 7.9%), and mean QRS duration was 158.4 ms (SD = 32 ms). After CRT, QRS duration was significantly reduced in the LBBB (p < 0.001), pLBBB (p < 0.001), rLBBB (p < 0.001), RBBB (p = 0.04), and IVCD groups (p = 0.03). LV EF significantly improved in the LBBB (p < 0.001), rLBBB (p = 0.002), and pLBBB (p < 0.001) groups, but the RBBB and IVCD groups showed no improvement. There was no significant difference in mortality between the LBBB and rLBBB groups. LV EF post-CRT, chronic kidney disease, hyperkalaemia, hypernatremia, and age at implant were significant predictors of mortality. Conclusion CRT in patients with rLBBB results in improved LV EF and similar mortality rates to CRT patients with complete LBBB. Predictors of mortality post-CRT include post-CRT LV EF, presence of CKD, hyperkalaemia, hypernatremia, and older age at implant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Grebmer
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik für Herz- uns Kreislauferkrankungen, Klinik an der Technischen Universität München, München, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.
| | - Lena Friedrich
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik für Herz- uns Kreislauferkrankungen, Klinik an der Technischen Universität München, München, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Verena Semmler
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik für Herz- uns Kreislauferkrankungen, Klinik an der Technischen Universität München, München, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Marc Kottmaier
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik für Herz- uns Kreislauferkrankungen, Klinik an der Technischen Universität München, München, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Felix Bourier
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik für Herz- uns Kreislauferkrankungen, Klinik an der Technischen Universität München, München, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Amir Brkic
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik für Herz- uns Kreislauferkrankungen, Klinik an der Technischen Universität München, München, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Patrick Blazek
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik für Herz- uns Kreislauferkrankungen, Klinik an der Technischen Universität München, München, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Severin Weigand
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik für Herz- uns Kreislauferkrankungen, Klinik an der Technischen Universität München, München, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthew O' Connor
- Wellington Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Isabel Deisenhofer
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik für Herz- uns Kreislauferkrankungen, Klinik an der Technischen Universität München, München, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Gabriele Hessling
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik für Herz- uns Kreislauferkrankungen, Klinik an der Technischen Universität München, München, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Christof Kolb
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik für Herz- uns Kreislauferkrankungen, Klinik an der Technischen Universität München, München, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Carsten Lennerz
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik für Herz- uns Kreislauferkrankungen, Klinik an der Technischen Universität München, München, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
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Dauw J, Martens P, Mullens W. CRT Optimization: What Is New? What Is Necessary? CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE 2019; 21:45. [PMID: 31342198 DOI: 10.1007/s11936-019-0751-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) has proven to improve quality of life, reduce heart failure hospitalization, and prolong life in selected heart failure patients with reduced ejection fraction, on optimal medical therapy and with electrical dyssynchrony. To ensure maximal benefit for CRT patients, optimization of care should be implemented. This begins with appropriate referring as well as selecting patients, knowing that the presence of left bundle branch block and QRS ≥ 150 ms is associated with the greatest reverse remodeling. The LV lead, preferably quadripolar, is best targeted in a postero-lateral position. After implantation, optimal device programming should aim for maximal biventricular pacing and in selected cases further electrical delay optimization might be of use. Even as important, is the implementation of thorough multidisciplinary heart failure care with medication uptitration, remote monitoring, rehabilitation, and patient education. The role of newer pacing strategies as endocardial or His-bundle pacing remains the subject of ongoing investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Dauw
- Department of Cardiology, Ziekenhuis Oost-Limburg, Schiepse Bos 6, 3600, Genk, Belgium
- Doctoral School for Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Pieter Martens
- Department of Cardiology, Ziekenhuis Oost-Limburg, Schiepse Bos 6, 3600, Genk, Belgium
- Doctoral School for Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Wilfried Mullens
- Department of Cardiology, Ziekenhuis Oost-Limburg, Schiepse Bos 6, 3600, Genk, Belgium.
- Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, LCRC, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
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Gold MR, Yu Y, Singh JP, Birgersdotter-Green U, Stein KM, Wold N, Meyer TE, Ellenbogen KA. Effect of Interventricular Electrical Delay on Atrioventricular Optimization for Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2018; 11:e006055. [PMID: 30354310 PMCID: PMC6110372 DOI: 10.1161/circep.117.006055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Routine atrioventricular optimization (AVO) has not been shown to improve outcomes with cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). However, more recently subgroup analyses of multicenter CRT trials have identified electrocardiographic or lead positions associated with benefit from AVO. Therefore, the purpose of this analysis was to evaluate whether interventricular electrical delay modifies the impact of AVO on reverse remodeling with CRT. METHODS This substudy of the SMART-AV trial (SMARTDELAY Determined AV Optimization) included 275 subjects who were randomized to either an electrogram-based AVO (SmartDelay) or nominal atrioventricular delay (120 ms). Interventricular delay was defined as the time between the peaks of the right ventricular (RV) and left ventricular (LV) electrograms (RV-LV duration). CRT response was defined prospectively as a >15% reduction in LV end-systolic volume from implant to 6 months. RESULTS The cohort was 68% men, with a mean age of 65±11 years and LV ejection fraction of 28±8%. Longer RV-LV durations were significantly associated with CRT response ( P<0.01) for the entire cohort. Moreover, the benefit of AVO increased as RV-LV duration prolonged. At the longest quartile, there was a 4.26× greater odds of a remodeling response compared with nominal atrioventricular delays ( P=0.010). CONCLUSIONS Baseline interventricular delay predicted CRT response. At long RV-LV durations, AVO can increase the likelihood of reverse remodeling with CRT. AVO and LV lead location optimized to maximize interventricular delay may work synergistically to increase CRT response. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: NCT00874445.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. Gold
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (M.R.G.)
| | - Yinghong Yu
- Department of Research, Boston Scientific, St. Paul (Y.Y.)
| | - Jagmeet P. Singh
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (J.P.S.)
| | | | - Kenneth M. Stein
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Boston Scientific, St. Paul (K.M.S., N.W., T.E.M.)
| | - Nicholas Wold
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Boston Scientific, St. Paul (K.M.S., N.W., T.E.M.)
| | - Timothy E. Meyer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Boston Scientific, St. Paul (K.M.S., N.W., T.E.M.)
| | - Kenneth A. Ellenbogen
- Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond (K.A.E.)
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Lee AWC, Costa CM, Strocchi M, Rinaldi CA, Niederer SA. Computational Modeling for Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2018; 11:92-108. [PMID: 29327314 PMCID: PMC5908824 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-017-9779-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is an effective treatment for heart failure (HF) patients with an electrical substrate pathology causing ventricular dyssynchrony. However 40-50% of patients do not respond to treatment. Cardiac modeling of the electrophysiology, electromechanics, and hemodynamics of the heart has been used to study mechanisms behind HF pathology and CRT response. Recently, multi-scale dyssynchronous HF models have been used to study optimal device settings and optimal lead locations, investigate the underlying cardiac pathophysiology, as well as investigate emerging technologies proposed to treat cardiac dyssynchrony. However the breadth of patient and experimental data required to create and parameterize these models and the computational resources required currently limits the use of these models to small patient numbers. In the future, once these technical challenges are overcome, biophysically based models of the heart have the potential to become a clinical tool to aid in the diagnosis and treatment of HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela W C Lee
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
| | | | - Marina Strocchi
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Steven A Niederer
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
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Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy—Emerging Therapeutic Approaches. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE 2018; 20:20. [DOI: 10.1007/s11936-018-0614-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Rowe MK, Kaye GC. Advances in atrioventricular and interventricular optimization of cardiac resynchronization therapy - what's the gold standard? Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2018; 16:183-196. [PMID: 29338475 DOI: 10.1080/14779072.2018.1427582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is one of the most important advances in heart failure management in the last twenty years. Approximately one-third of patients appear not to respond to therapy. Although there are a number of possible mechanisms for non-response, an important factor is suboptimal atrioventricular (AV) and interventricular (VV) timing intervals. There remains controversy over whether routinely optimizing intervals is necessary and there is no agreed gold standard methodology. Optimization has classically been performed using echocardiography which has limits related to resource use, time-cost and variable reproducibility. Newer optimization methods using device-based sensors and algorithms show promise in reducing heart-failure hospitalization compared with echocardiography. Areas covered: This review outlines the rationale for optimization, the principles of AV and VV optimization, the standard echocardiographic approach and newer device-based algorithms and the evidence base for their use. Expert commentary: The incremental gains of optimization are likely to be real, but small, compared to the overall improvement gained from cardiac resynchronization itself. At this time routine optimization may not be mandatory but should be performed where there is no response to CRT. Device-based optimization algorithms appear to be practical and in some cases, deliver superior clinical outcomes compared to echocardiography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew K Rowe
- a Department of Cardiology , Princess Alexandra Hospital , Brisbane , Australia.,b Faculty of Medicine , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Gerald C Kaye
- a Department of Cardiology , Princess Alexandra Hospital , Brisbane , Australia.,b Faculty of Medicine , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia
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LEE ANGELAWC, CROZIER ANDREW, HYDE EOINR, LAMATA PABLO, TRUONG MICHAEL, SOHAL MANAV, JACKSON THOMAS, BEHAR JONATHANM, CLARIDGE SIMON, SHETTY ANOOP, SAMMUT EVA, PLANK GERNOT, RINALDI CHRISTOPHERALDO, NIEDERER STEVEN. Biophysical Modeling to Determine the Optimization of Left Ventricular Pacing Site and AV/VV Delays in the Acute and Chronic Phase of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2017; 28:208-215. [PMID: 27885749 PMCID: PMC5535003 DOI: 10.1111/jce.13134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac anatomy and function adapt in response to chronic cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). The effects of these changes on the optimal left ventricle (LV) lead location and timing delay settings have yet to be fully explored. OBJECTIVE To predict the effects of chronic CRT on the optimal LV lead location and device timing settings over time. METHODS Biophysical computational cardiac models were generated for 3 patients, immediately post-implant (ACUTE) and after at least 6 months of CRT (CHRONIC). Optimal LV pacing area and device settings were predicted by pacing the ACUTE and CHRONIC models across the LV epicardium (49 sites each) with a range of 9 pacing settings and simulating the acute hemodynamic response (AHR) of the heart. RESULTS There were statistically significant differences between the distribution of the AHR in the ACUTE and CHRONIC models (P < 0.0005 in all cases). The site delivering the maximal AHR shifted location between the ACUTE and CHRONIC models but provided a negligible improvement (<2%). The majority of the acute optimal LV pacing regions (76-100%) and device settings (76-91%) remained optimal chronically. CONCLUSION Optimization of the LV pacing location and device settings were important at the time of implant, with a reduced benefit over time, where the majority of the acute optimal LV pacing region and device settings remained optimal with chronic CRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- ANGELA W. C. LEE
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical EngineeringKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - ANDREW CROZIER
- Institute of BiophysicsMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - EOIN R. HYDE
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical EngineeringKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - PABLO LAMATA
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical EngineeringKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - MICHAEL TRUONG
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical EngineeringKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - MANAV SOHAL
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical EngineeringKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - THOMAS JACKSON
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical EngineeringKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - JONATHAN M. BEHAR
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical EngineeringKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - SIMON CLARIDGE
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical EngineeringKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - ANOOP SHETTY
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical EngineeringKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - EVA SAMMUT
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical EngineeringKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - GERNOT PLANK
- Institute of BiophysicsMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - CHRISTOPHER ALDO RINALDI
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical EngineeringKing's College LondonLondonUK
- Cardiovascular DepartmentGuy's and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
| | - STEVEN NIEDERER
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical EngineeringKing's College LondonLondonUK
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Cobb DB, Gold MR. The Role of Atrioventricular and Interventricular Optimization for Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy. Heart Fail Clin 2017; 13:209-223. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hfc.2016.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Cobb DB, Gold MR. The Role of Atrioventricular and Interventricular Optimization for Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy. Card Electrophysiol Clin 2015; 7:765-779. [PMID: 26596818 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccep.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Many patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction may benefit from cardiac resynchronization therapy; however, approximately 30% of patients do not experience significant clinical improvement with this treatment. AV and VV delay optimization techniques have included echocardiography, device-based algorithms, and several other novel noninvasive techniques. Using these techniques to optimize device settings has been shown to improve hemodynamic function acutely; however, the long-term clinical benefit is limited. In most cases, an empiric AV delay with simultaneous biventricular or left ventricular pacing is adequate. The value of optimization of these intervals in "nonresponders" still requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Cobb
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Michael R Gold
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
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Peckham E, Brabyn S, Cook L, Devlin T, Dumville J, Torgerson DJ. The use of unequal randomisation in clinical trials — An update. Contemp Clin Trials 2015; 45:113-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2015.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Naegeli B, Brunner-La Rocca HP, Attenhofer Jost C, Fah-Gunz A, Maurer D, Bertel O, Scharf C. Clinical Long-Term Response to Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Is Independent of Persisting Echocardiographic Markers of Dyssynchrony. Cardiol Res 2014; 5:163-170. [PMID: 28352448 PMCID: PMC5358264 DOI: 10.14740/cr368w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the study was to prove the concept that correction of established parameters of dyssynchrony is a requirement for favorable long-term outcome in patients with cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), whereas patients with persisting dyssynchrony should have a less favorable response. METHODS After CRT implantation and optimization of dyssynchrony parameters, we evaluated whether correction or persistence of dyssynchrony predicted long-term outcome. Primary endpoint was a combination of cardiac mortality/heart transplantation and hospitalization due to worsening heart failure, and secondary endpoint was NYHA class. RESULTS One hundred twenty-eight consecutive patients (mean age 68 ± 10 years) undergoing CRT with a mean left ventricular ejection fraction of 27±9% were followed for 27 ± 19 months. All cause mortality was 17.2%, cardiac mortality was 7.8% and 3.1% had to undergo heart transplantation. Rehospitalization due to worsening heart failure was observed in 14.8%. NYHA class before CRT implantation was 2.8 ± 0.8 and improved during follow-up to 2.0 ± 0.8 (P < 0.001). A clinical response was observed in 76% (n = 97) and an echocardiographic response was documented in 66% (n = 85). After individually optimized AV and VV intervals with echocardiography, atrioventricular dyssynchrony was still present in 7.2%, interventricular dyssynchrony in 13.3% and intraventricular dyssynchrony in 16.4%. Despite persistent atrioventricular, interventricular and intraventricular dyssynchrony at long-term follow-up, the combined primary and secondary endpoints did not differ compared to the group without mechanical dyssynchrony (P = ns). QRS duration with biventricular stimulation did not differ between responders vs. nonresponders. CONCLUSION After successful CRT implantation, clinical long-term response is independent of correction of dyssynchrony measured by echocardiographic parameters and QRS width.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Naegeli
- HerzGefassZentrum, Klinik Im Park, Seestrasse 247, CH-8027 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Peter Brunner-La Rocca
- Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, PO Box 5800, NL-6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Anja Fah-Gunz
- HerzGefassZentrum, Klinik Im Park, Seestrasse 247, CH-8027 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dominik Maurer
- HerzGefassZentrum, Klinik Im Park, Seestrasse 247, CH-8027 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Osmund Bertel
- HerzGefassZentrum, Klinik Im Park, Seestrasse 247, CH-8027 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Scharf
- HerzGefassZentrum, Klinik Im Park, Seestrasse 247, CH-8027 Zurich, Switzerland
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Vernooy K, van Deursen CJM, Strik M, Prinzen FW. Strategies to improve cardiac resynchronization therapy. Nat Rev Cardiol 2014; 11:481-93. [PMID: 24839977 DOI: 10.1038/nrcardio.2014.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) emerged 2 decades ago as a useful form of device therapy for heart failure associated with abnormal ventricular conduction, indicated by a wide QRS complex. In this Review, we present insights into how to achieve the greatest benefits with this pacemaker therapy. Outcomes from CRT can be improved by appropriate patient selection, careful positioning of right and left ventricular pacing electrodes, and optimal timing of electrode stimulation. Left bundle branch block (LBBB), which can be detected on an electrocardiogram, is the predominant substrate for CRT, and patients with this conduction abnormality yield the most benefit. However, other features, such as QRS morphology, mechanical dyssynchrony, myocardial scarring, and the aetiology of heart failure, might also determine the benefit of CRT. No single left ventricular pacing site suits all patients, but a late-activated site, during either the intrinsic LBBB rhythm or right ventricular pacing, should be selected. Positioning the lead inside a scarred region substantially impairs outcomes. Optimization of stimulation intervals improves cardiac pump function in the short term, but CRT procedures must become easier and more reliable, perhaps with the use of electrocardiographic measures, to improve long-term outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Vernooy
- Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, Netherlands
| | | | - Marc Strik
- Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Frits W Prinzen
- Department of Physiology, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, Netherlands
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Meta-analysis of effects of optimization of cardiac resynchronization therapy on left ventricular function, exercise capacity, and quality of life in patients with heart failure. Am J Cardiol 2014; 113:988-94. [PMID: 24461769 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of postimplant optimization of device settings to the beneficial effect of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) in heart failure is uncertain. We performed a meta-analysis to investigate the impact of CRT optimization on the improvement of left ventricular function, exercise capacity, and quality of life. We undertook a systemic review of the evidence from a search of relevant controlled clinical studies in the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases. Changes in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), 6-minute walk distance, and Minnesota Living with Heart Failure score at follow-up were assessed; the primary outcome was ejection fraction. A random-effects model was used to combine weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). A metaregression was undertaken to assess the impact of potential covariates. Data were collated from 13 studies enrolling 1,431 patients (919 optimized and 669 controls). Pooled analysis demonstrated that the optimization procedure resulted in a significant increase in LVEF (WMD 2.6%, 95% CI 0.8 to 4.4, p = 0.001) as compared with a nonoptimized CRT. No improvements with the optimization of CRT were seen in 6-minute walk distance and quality of life (WMD 12 m, 95% CI 23 to 48, p = 0.49, and 3.6, 95% CI 2.2 to 9.5, p = 0.22, respectively); however, this part of the analysis was performed using limited data. Thus, these collated data suggest that the optimization of CRT leads to a significant but small improvement in LVEF in patients with heart failure. Additional, adequately powered studies are needed to evaluate the effects of this procedure on exercise tolerance and quality of life.
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Gabrielli L, Sitges M, Mont L. Assessing reverse remodeling in heart failure patients treated with cardiac resynchronization therapy and its impact on prognosis. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2014; 10:1437-48. [DOI: 10.1586/erc.12.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Nayar V, Khan FZ, Pugh PJ. Optimizing atrioventricular and interventricular intervals following cardiac resynchronization therapy. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2014; 9:185-97. [DOI: 10.1586/erc.10.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Parkash R, Philippon F, Shanks M, Thibault B, Cox J, Low A, Essebag V, Bashir J, Moe G, Birnie DH, Larose E, Yee R, Swiggum E, Kaul P, Redfearn D, Tang AS, Exner DV. Canadian Cardiovascular Society guidelines on the use of cardiac resynchronization therapy: implementation. Can J Cardiol 2014; 29:1346-60. [PMID: 24182753 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have provided the impetus to update the recommendations for cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). This article provides guidance on the implementation of CRT and is intended to serve as a framework for the implementation of CRT within the Canadian health care system and beyond. These guidelines were developed through a critical evaluation of the existing literature, and expert consensus. The panel unanimously adopted each recommendation. The 9 recommendations relate to patient selection in the presence of comorbidities, delivery and optimization of CRT, and resources required to deliver this therapy. The strength of evidence was weighed, taking full consideration of any risk of bias, and any imprecision, inconsistency, and indirectness of the available data. The strength of each recommendation and the quality of evidence were adjudicated. Trade-offs between desirable and undesirable consequences of alternative management strategies were considered, as were values, preferences, and resource availability. These guidelines were externally reviewed by experts, modified based on those reviews, and will be updated as new knowledge is acquired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratika Parkash
- Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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Stabile G, Bertaglia E, Botto G, Isola F, Mascioli G, Pepi P, Caico SI, De Simone A, D’Onofrio A, Pecora D, Palmisano P, Maglia G, Arena G, Malacrida M, Padeletti L. Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy MOdular REgistry. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2013; 14:886-93. [DOI: 10.2459/jcm.0b013e3283644bb2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Ulč I, Vančura V. Optimization of pacing intervals in cardiac resynchronization therapy. COR ET VASA 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crvasa.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Cobb V, Thomas M, Ellery S, Jewell S, Lee L, James R, O'Nunain S, Hildick-Smith D. Cardiac resynchronisation therapy: a randomised trial of factory or echocardiographic settings for optimum response. Heart Lung Circ 2013; 22:717-23. [PMID: 23499523 DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2013.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to assess whether echocardiographically-optimised atrioventricular (AV) and interventricular (VV) delay programming provided any additional benefit over standard settings following biventricular pacemaker implantation in patients with advanced heart failure. METHODS Paired data were collected on 22 patients (aged 67.5 ± 8.3 years, 16 male) with refractory heart failure, NYHA class III/IV symptoms, sinus rhythm, LBBB and a broad QRS complex >120 ms. All patients underwent implantation of a biventricular pacemaker and were randomised to eight weeks of factory pacing mode (Mode 1) or echocardiographically-guided pacing mode (Mode 2), followed by eight weeks in the alternate mode, in a randomised blinded crossover design. RESULTS Peak oxygen consumption, 6 min walk distance, NYHA class and quality of life scores improved after biventricular pacing, but no significant difference was found between the two modes, with the exception of peak oxygen consumption score (baseline: 14.8 ± 0.9, Mode 1: 14.6 ± 1.2, Mode 2: 16.1 ± 1.2 mL/kg/min), which was better in Mode 2 than Mode 1 (p 0.003). CONCLUSION Transthoracic echocardiographic optimisation of AV and VV delays following biventricular pacing may offer additional clinical benefit in an unselected group of patients when compared with factory settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Cobb
- Cardiology Department, The Heart Hospital, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, 16-18 Westmoreland Street, London W1G 8PH, United Kingdom.
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Kumar P, Upadhyay GA, Cavaliere-Ogus C, Heist EK, Altman RK, Chatterjee NA, Parks KA, Singh JP. Right ventricular lead adjustment in cardiac resynchronization therapy and acute hemodynamic response: a pilot study. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2012; 36:223-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s10840-012-9759-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Sonne C, Bott-Flügel L, Hauck S, Lesevic H, Barthel P, Michalk F, Hoppe K, Hausleiter J, Schömig A, Kolb C. Acute beneficial hemodynamic effects of a novel 3D-echocardiographic optimization protocol in cardiac resynchronization therapy. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30964. [PMID: 22319598 PMCID: PMC3272028 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-implantation therapies to optimize cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) focus on adjustments of the atrio-ventricular (AV) delay and ventricular-to-ventricular (VV) interval. However, there is little consensus on how to achieve best resynchronization with these parameters. The aim of this study was to examine a novel combination of doppler echocardiography (DE) and three-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) for individualized optimization of device based AV delays and VV intervals compared to empiric programming. METHODS 25 recipients of CRT (male: 56%, mean age: 67 years) were included in this study. Ejection fraction (EF), the primary outcome parameter, and left ventricular (LV) dimensions were evaluated by 3DE before CRT (baseline), after AV delay optimization while pacing the ventricles simultaneously (empiric VV interval programming) and after individualized VV interval optimization. For AV delay optimization aortic velocity time integral (AoVTI) was examined in eight different AV delays, and the AV delay with the highest AoVTI was programmed. For individualized VV interval optimization 3DE full-volume datasets of the left ventricle were obtained and analyzed to derive a systolic dyssynchrony index (SDI), calculated from the dispersion of time to minimal regional volume for all 16 LV segments. Consecutively, SDI was evaluated in six different VV intervals (including LV or right ventricular preactivation), and the VV interval with the lowest SDI was programmed (individualized optimization). RESULTS EF increased from baseline 23±7% to 30±8 (p<0.001) after AV delay optimization and to 32±8% (p<0.05) after individualized optimization with an associated decrease of end-systolic volume from a baseline of 138±60 ml to 115±42 ml (p<0.001). Moreover, individualized optimization significantly reduced SDI from a baseline of 14.3±5.5% to 6.1±2.6% (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Compared with empiric programming of biventricular pacemakers, individualized echocardiographic optimization with the integration of 3-dimensional indices into the optimization protocol acutely improved LV systolic function and decreased ESV and can be used to select the optimal AV delay and VV interval in CRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Sonne
- Klinik für Herz- und Kreislauferkrankungen des Erwachsenen, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, Faculty of Medicine, Munich, Germany. carolinsonne.gmx.de
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CUOCO FRANKA, GOLD MICHAELR. Optimization of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy: Importance of Programmed Parameters. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2011; 23:110-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8167.2011.02235.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Dreger H, Antonow G, Spethmann S, Bondke H, Baumann G, Melzer C. Dyssynchrony parameter-guided interventricular delay programming. Europace 2011; 14:696-702. [DOI: 10.1093/europace/eur376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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DOLTRA ADELINA, VIDAL BÀRBARA, SILVA ETELVINO, MONT LLUÍS, TAMBORERO DAVID, CASTEL MARÍAÁNGELES, TOLOSANA JOSÉMARÍA, BERRUEZO ANTONIO, BRUGADA JOSEP, SITGES MARTA. Comparison of Hemodynamic versus Dyssynchrony Assessment for Interventricular Delay Optimization with Echocardiography in Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy. PACING AND CLINICAL ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY: PACE 2011; 34:984-90. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.2011.03078.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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GENG JUNCHAO, ZHU JIANHUA. To the Editor:. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2010; 33:1289-90; author reply 1290-1. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.2010.02851.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Adlbrecht C, Hülsmann M, Gwechenberger M, Graf S, Wiesbauer F, Strunk G, Khazen C, Brodnjak I, Neuhold S, Binder T, Maurer G, Pacher R. Electrical optimization of cardiac resynchronization in chronic heart failure is associated with improved clinical long-term outcome. Eur J Clin Invest 2010; 40:678-84. [PMID: 20546015 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2010.02311.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is an established treatment option for symptomatic chronic heart failure (CHF) patients with pharmacological baseline therapy, but not all patients benefit from device therapy. One reason for this may be inadequate device settings. In real-world practice, echocardiographic evaluation of atrioventricular (AV) delay is not performed in a high proportion of patients, as the effect of electrical optimization of CRT is an issue open for investigation. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed a retrospective observational study analysing the effect of AV-interval evaluation with echocardiography on long-term [32 (23?43) months] clinical outcome in 205 CHF patients. A stepwise Cox regression model including a co-morbidity score, failed AV-interval evaluation, satisfactory device function after the first implantation attempt, failure to reach 100% of the recommended renin-angiotensin system inhibitor and beta-blocker dose at follow-up and CRT device implantation compared with CRT in combination with an implanted cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) was applied. RESULTS In the total study cohort, 124 (60.5%) patients had reached the primary combined endpoint death or cardiac hospitalization and 59 (28.8%) had died. Cox regression analysis revealed that failed AV-interval evaluation [HR = 1.72 (1.19-2.49), P = 0.004] non-optimized CHF pharmacotherapy dosages [HR = 2.12 (1.32-3.42), P = 0.002], the presence of a CRT/ICD combination device [HR = 1.87 (1.28-2.71), P = 0.001] and satisfactory device function after the first implantation attempt [HR = 0.44 (0.25-0.77), P = 0.004] were associated with the primary endpoint. CONCLUSION Echocardiographic evaluation of the AV-interval in patients with CRT was independently associated with improved clinical outcome, impacting on daily clinical practice of HF patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Adlbrecht
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Boriani G, Kranig W, Donal E, Calo L, Casella M, Delarche N, Lozano IF, Ansalone G, Biffi M, Boulogne E, Leclercq C. A randomized double-blind comparison of biventricular versus left ventricular stimulation for cardiac resynchronization therapy: the Biventricular versus Left Univentricular Pacing with ICD Back-up in Heart Failure Patients (B-LEFT HF) trial. Am Heart J 2010; 159:1052-1058.e1. [PMID: 20569719 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2010.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2009] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biventricular (BiV) stimulation is the preferred means of delivering cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), although left ventricular (LV)-only stimulation might be as safe and effective. B-LEFT HF is a prospective, multicenter, randomized, double-blind study aimed to examine whether LV-only is noninferior to BiV pacing regarding clinical and echocardiographic responses. METHODS B-LEFT HF randomly assigned 176 CRT-D recipients, in New York Heart Association class III or IV, with an LV ejection fraction < or =35% and QRS > or =130 milliseconds, to a BiV (n = 90) versus LV (n = 86) stimulation group. Clinical status and echocardiograms were analyzed at baseline and 6 months after CRT-D implant to test the noninferiority of LV-only compared with BiV stimulation. RESULTS The proportion of responders was in line with current literature on CRT, with improvement in heart failure composite score in 76.2% and 74.7% of patients in BiV and LV groups, respectively. Comparing LV versus BiV pacing, the small differences in response rates and corresponding 95% CI indicated that LV pacing was noninferior to BiV pacing for a series of response criteria (combination of improvement in New York Heart Association and reverse remodeling, improvement in heart failure composite score, reduction in LV end-systolic volume of at least 10%), both at intention-to-treat and at per-protocol analysis. CONCLUSIONS Left ventricular-only pacing is noninferior to BiV pacing in a 6-month follow-up with regard to clinical and echocardiographic responses. Left ventricular pacing may be considered as a clinical alternative option to BiV pacing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Boriani
- Institute of Cardiology, University of Bologna, Azienda Ospedaliera S. Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy.
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Validation of automated monitoring of cardiac output for biventricular pacing optimization. ASAIO J 2010; 56:265-9. [PMID: 20335801 DOI: 10.1097/mat.0b013e3181cf882a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Biventricular pacing (BiVP) can increase cardiac output (CO) during acute failure of the left ventricle (LV) after cardiac surgery. This CO benefit is maximized by adjustment of atrioventricular (AVD) and interventricular (VVD) pacing delays. Real-time CO calculation could facilitate this optimization. Accordingly, we compared real-time automated analysis (AA) of CO with manual analysis (MA) in an animal model of pressure overload of the right ventricle (RV). In six anesthetized pigs, pacing leads were placed on the right atrium, RV, and LV. Complete heart block was induced with ethanol injection, and RV systolic pressure was doubled with a pulmonary artery snare. Atrioventricular pacing delay was varied over seven common values and VVD over nine, in random sequence. Two LV pacing sites (LVPS) were also tested. Aortic flow velocity, measured by ultrasonic flow probe, was integrated by AA and MA to calculate CO. Interexaminer Reliability Coefficient (IRC) was determined by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for two 10-second runs in each animal. Cardiac output-AVD and CO-VVD relations were similar for AA and MA. Interexaminer Reliability Coefficients were 0.997 and 0.994 for MA vs. AA. Automated analysis was available in real-time. Manual analysis was delayed at 2 hours or more. Automated analysis merits development for real-time optimization of intraoperative BiVP.
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Turcott RG, Witteles RM, Wang PJ, Vagelos RH, Fowler MB, Ashley EA. Measurement precision in the optimization of cardiac resynchronization therapy. Circ Heart Fail 2010; 3:395-404. [PMID: 20176716 DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.109.900076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac resynchronization therapy improves morbidity and mortality in appropriately selected patients. Whether atrioventricular (AV) and interventricular (VV) pacing interval optimization confers further clinical improvement remains unclear. A variety of techniques are used to estimate optimum AV/VV intervals; however, the precision of their estimates and the ramifications of an imprecise estimate have not been characterized previously. METHODS AND RESULTS An objective methodology for quantifying the precision of estimated optimum AV/VV intervals was developed, allowing physiologic effects to be distinguished from measurement variability. Optimization using multiple conventional techniques was conducted in individual sessions with 20 patients. Measures of stroke volume and dyssynchrony were obtained using impedance cardiography and echocardiographic methods, specifically, aortic velocity-time integral, mitral velocity-time integral, A-wave truncation, and septal-posterior wall motion delay. Echocardiographic methods yielded statistically insignificant data in the majority of patients (62%-82%). In contrast, impedance cardiography yielded statistically significant results in 84% and 75% of patients for AV and VV interval optimization, respectively. Individual cases demonstrated that accepting a plausible but statistically insignificant estimated optimum AV or VV interval can result in worse cardiac function than default values. CONCLUSIONS Consideration of statistical significance is critical for validating clinical optimization data in individual patients and for comparing competing optimization techniques. Accepting an estimated optimum without knowledge of its precision can result in worse cardiac function than default settings and a misinterpretation of observed changes over time. In this study, only impedance cardiography yielded statistically significant AV and VV interval optimization data in the majority of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Turcott
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Center for Biomedical Informatics Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Response:. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.2009.02502.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Turcott RG, Das AK, Ashley EA. Re: A prospective randomized evaluation of VV delay optimization in CRT-D recipients: echocardiographic observations from the RHYTHM II ICD study. PACING AND CLINICAL ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY: PACE 2009; 32:1360-1; author reply 1361-2. [PMID: 19732365 DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.2009.02501.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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