1
|
Gorantla A, Alsaiqali M, Francois J, Sivakumar S, Freytes-Santiago L, Jallad A, Budzikowski AS. Comparative Effectiveness of Various Radiofrequency Ablation Catheters in the Ablation of Typical Atrial Flutter. Cardiol Ther 2023; 12:741-747. [PMID: 37864121 DOI: 10.1007/s40119-023-00336-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although ablation of typical atrial flutter (AFL) can be easily achieved with radiofrequency energy (RF), no studies compare the effectiveness of different ablation catheters. Our study aimed to compare the efficacy of various types of ablation catheters in treating typical AFL. METHODS We analyzed patients with AFL who underwent RF ablation by a single operator at our institution. Successful ablation was evidenced by a bidirectional conduction block (trans-isthmus conduction time ≥ 130 ms or double potentials ≥ 90 ms). Logistic regression was used to compare success rate and linear regression to compare lesion time. RESULTS Out of 222 patients, only six did not meet the success criteria (2.7%). The catheters used were non-irrigated, large-tip, internally irrigated (Chili II Boston Scientific), and externally irrigated (non-force-sensing) catheters (Cool Path, Abbott). An externally irrigated force-sensing catheter (TactiCath, Abbott) was used with > 10 gm of force and (LPLD) setting (30 W- 45 °C- 60 s), and high-power short-duration (HPSD) setting (50 W- 43 °C - 12 s). No complications were encountered. The catheter type had no statistically significant association with ablation success. With the use of externally irrigated catheter with contract force-sensing and HPSD settings, statistically significantly shortening of lesion time was achieved 758.3 s, [CI - 1128.29, - 388.35 s] followed by LPLD by 419.0 s [CI - 808.49, - 29.47 s]. CONCLUSIONS The typical atrial flutter radiofrequency ablation procedure had a high success rate, which was not influenced by the type of ablation catheter. Contact force ablation catheter and HPSD are associated with shorter total lesion time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asher Gorantla
- Department of Medicine, SUNY Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Mahmoud Alsaiqali
- Department of Medicine, SUNY Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan Francois
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine-EP Section, SUNY Health Sciences University, 450 Clarkson Ave, Box 1199, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA
| | - Shruthi Sivakumar
- Department of Medicine, SUNY Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Leonell Freytes-Santiago
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine-EP Section, SUNY Health Sciences University, 450 Clarkson Ave, Box 1199, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA
| | - Ahmad Jallad
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine-EP Section, SUNY Health Sciences University, 450 Clarkson Ave, Box 1199, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA
| | - Adam S Budzikowski
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine-EP Section, SUNY Health Sciences University, 450 Clarkson Ave, Box 1199, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
De Ruvo E, Sagone A, Rovaris G, Marchese P, Santamaria M, Solimene F, Rauhe W, Piazzi E, Moretti L, Parisi Q, Schillaci V, Pelissero E, Manfrin M, Giacopelli D, Gargaro A, Calò L, Senatore G. A comparison of 8-mm and open-irrigated gold-tip catheters for typical atrial flutter ablation: Data from a prospective multicenter registry. J Arrhythm 2018; 34:402-409. [PMID: 30167011 PMCID: PMC6111483 DOI: 10.1002/joa3.12069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI) radiofrequency (RF) catheter ablation is the standard treatment for patients suffering from CTI-dependent atrial flutter (AFL). The aim of this study was to compare the use in clinical practice of 8-mm gold-tip catheter (8mmRFC) and open-irrigated gold-tip catheter (irrRFC) for RF typical AFL ablation. METHODS Patients with typical AFL were treated with 8mmRFC or irrRFC catheters according to investigator preferences. The primary endpoint was the cumulative radiofrequency time (CRFT). Fluoroscopy time, acute and 6-month success rates were secondary endpoints. RESULTS After excluding 3 patients with left AFL, 157 of the enrolled patients (median age 71.8 [interquartile range, 64.1-76.2], 76% men, 91% in NYHA class ≤II, 65% with no structural heart disease) were analyzed: 74 (47%) subjects were treated with the 8mmRFC and 83 (53%) with the irrRFC. The median CRFT was 3 [2-6] minutes in the 8mmRFC group and 5 [3-7] minutes in the irrRFC group (P = .183). There were no significant differences in ablation success rates, intraprocedural CTI reconnections, audible steam pops, and procedural times. In the 8mmRFC group, a significantly lower fluoroscopy time was observed as compared to the irrRFC group (8 [5-12] vs 15 [10-20] minutes, P < .001). During the follow-up period, AFL recurrences were documented in 3 patients in the 8mmRFC group and 2 in the irrRFC group (P = .655). CONCLUSIONS The 8mmRFC and the irrRFC performed similarly in routine practice for CTI ablation in terms of cumulative RF time, acute and 6-month success rates. Fluoroscopy time was significantly lower in the 8mmRFC group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio Sagone
- IRCSS Multimedica, Milano, and Ospedale Luigi SaccoMilanoItaly
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rubín JM, Calvo D, Pérez D, Fidalgo A, de la Hera JM, Martínez L, Capín E, Arrizabalaga H, Carballeira L, García D, Morís C. Characterization of a stepwise approach in cavotricuspid isthmus ablation for typical atrial flutter: A randomized study comparing three catheters. PACING AND CLINICAL ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY: PACE 2017; 40:1052-1058. [DOI: 10.1111/pace.13170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Rubín
- Cardiology Department; Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias; Oviedo Spain
| | - David Calvo
- Cardiology Department; Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias; Oviedo Spain
| | - Diego Pérez
- Cardiology Department; Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias; Oviedo Spain
| | - Ana Fidalgo
- Cardiology Department; Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias; Oviedo Spain
| | | | - Lidia Martínez
- Cardiology Department; Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias; Oviedo Spain
| | - Esmeralda Capín
- Cardiology Department; Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias; Oviedo Spain
| | - Haritz Arrizabalaga
- Cardiology Department; Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias; Oviedo Spain
| | - Lidia Carballeira
- Cardiology Department; Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias; Oviedo Spain
| | - Daniel García
- Cardiology Department; Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias; Oviedo Spain
| | - Cesar Morís
- Cardiology Department; Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias; Oviedo Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lewalter T, Weiss C, Mewis C, Jung W, Haverkamp W, Proff J, Bauer W. An optimized approach for right atrial flutter ablation: a post hoc analysis of the AURUM 8 study. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2016; 48:159-166. [DOI: 10.1007/s10840-016-0202-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
5
|
Tzeis S, Pastromas S, Andrikopoulos G. Ablation of Cavotricuspid Isthmus-Dependent Flutter Using a Mini-Electrode-Equipped 8-mm Ablation Catheter: Case Series. Hellenic J Cardiol 2016; 57:53-8. [PMID: 26856204 DOI: 10.1016/s1109-9666(16)30021-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stylianos Tzeis
- Henry Dunant Hospital Center, Department of Cardiology, Athens, Greece
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Magnetic navigation has been established as an alternative to conventional, manual catheter navigation for invasive electrophysiology interventions about a decade ago. Besides the obvious advantage of radiation protection for the operator who is positioned remotely from the patient, there are additional benefits of steering the tip of a very floppy catheter. This manuscript reviews the published evidence from simple arrhythmias in patients with normal cardiac anatomy to the most complex congenital heart disease. This progress was made possible by the introduction of improved catheters and most importantly irrigated-tip electrodes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonya V Babu-Narayan
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Brompton Hospital; NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton and National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sabine Ernst
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Brompton Hospital; NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton and National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Shah D. A critical appraisal of cardiac ablation technology for catheter-based treatment of atrial fibrillation. Expert Rev Med Devices 2014; 8:49-55. [DOI: 10.1586/erd.10.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
8
|
Berjano E, d'Avila A. Lumped Element Electrical Model based on Three Resistors for Electrical Impedance in Radiofrequency Cardiac Ablation: Estimations from Analytical Calculations and Clinical Data. Open Biomed Eng J 2013; 7:62-70. [PMID: 23961299 PMCID: PMC3744857 DOI: 10.2174/1874120720130603001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The electrical impedance measured during radiofrequency cardiac ablation (RFCA) is widely used in clinical studies to predict the heating evolution and hence the success of the procedure. We hypothesized that a model based on three resistors in series can mimic the total electrical impedance measured during RFCA. The three resistors or impedances are given by: impedance associated with the tissue around the active electrode (myocardium and circulating blood) (Z-A), that associated with the tissue around the dispersive electrode (Z-DE) and that associated with the rest of the body (Z-B). Our objective was to quantify the values associated with these three impedance types by an analytical method, after which the values obtained would be compared to those estimated from clinical data from previous studies. The results suggest that an RFCA using a 7 Fr 4-mm electrode would give a Z-A of around 75 ohms, a Z-DE around 20 ohms, and Z-B would be 15±10 ohms (for body surface area variations between 1.5 and 2.5 m^2). Finally, adaptations of the proposed model were used to explain the results of previous clinical studies using a different electrode arrangement, such as in bipolar ablation of the ventricular septum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Berjano
- Biomedical Synergy, Electronic Engineering Department, Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
LINHART MARKUS, LIBERMAN ILJA, SCHRICKEL JANWILKO, MITTMANN-BRAUN ERICALILIAN, ANDRIÉ RENÉ, STÖCKIGT FLORIAN, KREUZ JENS, NICKENIG GEORG, LICKFETT LARSMARTIN. Superiority of Gold versus Platinum Irrigated Tip Catheter Ablation of the Pulmonary Veins and the Cavotricuspid Isthmus: A Randomized Study Comparing Tip Temperatures and Cooling Flow Requirements. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2012; 23:717-21. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8167.2011.02267.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
10
|
ILG KARLJ, KÜHNE MICHAEL, CRAWFORD THOMAS, CHUGH AMAN, JONGNARANGSIN KRIT, GOOD ERIC, PELOSI Jr FRANK, BOGUN FRANK, MORADY FRED, ORAL HAKAN. Randomized Comparison of Cavotricuspid Isthmus Ablation for Atrial Flutter Using an Open Irrigation-Tip versus a Large-Tip Radiofrequency Ablation Catheter. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2011; 22:1007-12. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8167.2011.02045.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
11
|
|
12
|
Lewalter T, Weiss C, Spencker S, Jung W, Haverkamp W, Willems S, Deneke T, Kautzner J, Wiedemann M, Siebels J, Pitschner HF, Hoffmann E, Hindricks G, Zabel M, Vester E, Schwacke H, Mittmann-Braun E, Lickfett L, Hoffmeister S, Proff J, Mewis C, Bauer W. Gold vs. platinum-iridium tip catheter for cavotricuspid isthmus ablation: the AURUM 8 study. Europace 2010; 13:102-8. [DOI: 10.1093/europace/euq339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
13
|
Matsuo S, Yamane T, Tokuda M, Date T, Hioki M, Narui R, Ito K, Yamashita S, Hama Y, Nakane T, Inada K, Shibayama K, Miyanaga S, Yoshida H, Miyazaki H, Abe K, Sugimoto KI, Taniguchi I, Yoshimura M. Prospective randomized comparison of a steerable versus a non-steerable sheath for typical atrial flutter ablation. Europace 2010; 12:402-409. [DOI: 10.1093/europace/eup434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
|
14
|
Schutt D, Berjano EJ, Haemmerich D. Effect of electrode thermal conductivity in cardiac radiofrequency catheter ablation: a computational modeling study. Int J Hyperthermia 2009; 25:99-107. [PMID: 19337910 DOI: 10.1080/02656730802563051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Radiofrequency (RF ablation) is the treatment of choice for certain types of cardiac arrhythmias. Recent studies have suggested that using gold instead of platinum as the electrode material for cardiac catheter ablation leads to larger thermal lesions due to its higher thermal conductivity. In this study we created computer models to compare the effects of different electrode materials on lesion dimensions using different catheters, insertion depths, and flow rates. MATERIALS AND METHODS Finite element method (FEM) models of two cardiac ablation electrodes (7Fr, length 4 mm and 8Fr, length 10 mm) made of platinum, gold, and copper were created with tissue insertion depths of 0.75, 1.25, and 2.5 mm. Convective cooling was applied to the electrode and tissue based on measurements from previous studies at different flow rates. RF ablations were simulated with both temperature control and constant power control algorithms to determine temperature profiles after 60 s. RESULTS With the constant power algorithm there was no difference in lesion dimensions between the electrode materials over the range of parameters. With the temperature control algorithm, lesion width and depth were only marginally larger ( approximately 0.1-0.7 mm) with the gold and copper electrodes compared to the platinum electrode for all parameter combinations. CONCLUSION Our computer modelling results show only minor increases in thermal lesion dimensions with electrode materials of higher thermal conductivity. These observed differences likely do not provide a significant advantage during clinical procedures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Schutt
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kardos A, Foldesi C, Mihalcz A, Szili-Torok T. Cavotricuspid isthmus ablation with large-tip gold alloy versus platinum-iridium-tip electrode catheters. PACING AND CLINICAL ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY: PACE 2009; 32 Suppl 1:S138-40. [PMID: 19250078 DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.2008.02270.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gold has excellent electrical conductive properties and creates deeper and wider lesions than platinum-iridium during radiofrequency (RF) ablation in vitro. We tested the maximum voltage-guided technique (MVGT) of cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI) ablation using two 8-mm tip catheters containing gold (group G) or platinum-iridium (group PI). METHODS We enrolled 31 patients who underwent CTI ablation. In group G (n = 15) CTI ablation was performed with a gold-tip ablation catheter, while in group PI (n = 16) a platinum-iridium tip was used. Ablation was guided by CTI potentials with the highest amplitude until achievement of bidirectional block (BIB). If BIB was not achieved after 10 RF applications, RF was delivered via a 3.5-mm irrigated-tip catheter. Success rate, procedure duration, duration of fluoroscopic exposure, and number of RF applications were measured. RESULTS BIB was achieved in all patients in group G, while in group PI an irrigated tip was used in four patients (0% vs 25%, P < 0.001). These four patients required a total of 21 additional RF applications (5.25 +/- 2.22). Procedure time (56.4 +/- 12 vs 73.1 +/- 15 minutes P < 0.05) and fluoroscopic explosure (4.9 +/- 2.3 vs 7.1 +/- 3.8 minutes, P < 0.01) were shorter in group G than in group PI. Mean number of RF applications was lower (4.6 +/- 1.9 vs 6.6 +/- 3.1 P < 0.001) and total RF duration shorter (280 +/- 117 vs 480 +/- 310 seconds) in group G than in group PI. No difference was observed in the number of recurrences at a 6 month-follow up (1 in group G vs 1 in group PI). CONCLUSION Using the MVGT of CTI ablation, gold-tip catheters were associated with shorter procedural and fluoroscopic times, and fewer RF applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Attila Kardos
- Gottsegen Gyorgy Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Budapest, Hungary.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Linhart M, Mollnau H, Bitzen A, Wurtz S, Schrickel JW, Andrie R, Stockigt F, Weiss C, Nickenig G, Lickfett LM, Lewalter T. In vitro comparison of platinum-iridium and gold tip electrodes: lesion depth in 4 mm, 8 mm, and irrigated-tip radiofrequency ablation catheters. Europace 2009; 11:565-70. [DOI: 10.1093/europace/eup040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
|
17
|
Steven D, Rostock T, Servatius H, Hoffmann B, Drewitz I, Müllerleile K, Meinertz T, Willems S. Robotic versus conventional ablation for common-type atrial flutter: a prospective randomized trial to evaluate the effectiveness of remote catheter navigation. Heart Rhythm 2008; 5:1556-60. [PMID: 18984532 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2008.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2008] [Accepted: 08/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conventional catheter ablation for common-type atrial flutter (AFL) is a widely established therapy but has not been compared with the use of a robotic navigation system (RNS) thus far. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of a new, nonmagnetic RNS with regard to safety, efficacy, and X-ray exposure to investigator and patient compared with the conventional ablation approach in patients with AFL. METHODS Fifty patients (65.7 +/- 9.3 years, 40 male) undergoing de novo catheter ablation for AFL were randomly assigned to conventional or RNS-guided cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI) ablation. RESULTS Complete bidirectional isthmus block was achieved for all patients without occurrence of procedure-related complications. The fluoroscopy time and the investigator X-ray exposure (8.2 +/- 4.6 vs. 5.8 +/- 3.6, P = .038; and 8.2 +/- 4.6 vs. 1.9 +/- 1.1 minutes, P<.001) as well as the mean radiofrequency (RF) duration and the energy delivered were significantly higher in the conventional than in the RNS group (321.7 +/- 214.6 vs. 496.4 +/- 213.9 seconds, P = .006; 8279 +/- 5767 vs. 16,308 +/- 6870 J, P<.001, respectively). The overall procedure time in the RNS group was significantly longer than in the conventional group (79.2 +/- 30.6 vs. 58.4 +/- 17.7 minutes; P = .04) but significantly decreased comparing the first 10 with the last 10 patients in the RNS group (105.3 +/- 34.8 vs. 60.6 +/- 6.3 minutes; P = .003). Starting ablation during AFL, bidirectional block instantly after termination was observed in 90% of the RNS and 50% of the conventionally treated patients (P = .03). CONCLUSION The present study demonstrates the safety and feasibility of RNS for performing CTI ablation in patients with common-type AFL for use in the clinical routine. As a result of the remote navigation, X-ray exposure and RF duration to achieve bidirectional block were significantly decreased and occurred more often immediately after AFL termination. These findings are consistent with increased catheter stability and RF application efficacy using RNS compared with conventional catheter manipulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Steven
- University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Cardiology, Hamburg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
ARYA ARASH, KOTTKAMP HANS, PIORKOWSKI CHRISTOPHER, BOLLMANN ANDREAS, GERDES-LI JINHONG, RIAHI SAM, ESATO MASAHIRO, HINDRICKS GERHARD. Initial Clinical Experience with a Remote Magnetic Catheter Navigation System for Ablation of Cavotricuspid Isthmus-Dependent Right Atrial Flutter. PACING AND CLINICAL ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY: PACE 2008; 31:597-603. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.2008.01047.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
19
|
STÜHLINGER MARKUS, STEINWENDER CLEMENS, SCHNÖLL FELIX, WINTER SIEGMUND, FREIHOFF FRITZ, WURTZ SABINE, HINTRINGER FLORIAN. GOLDART—Gold Alloy Versus Platinum–Iridium Electrode for Ablation of AVNRT. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2008; 19:242-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8167.2007.01049.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|