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Anand V, Michelena HI, Pellikka PA. Noninvasive Imaging for Native Aortic Valve Regurgitation. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2024; 37:1167-1181. [PMID: 39218370 DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2024.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 08/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Aortic regurgitation (AR) is associated with left ventricular (LV) volume and pressure overload, resulting in eccentric LV remodeling and enlargement. This condition may be well tolerated for years before the onset of myocardial dysfunction and symptoms. Echocardiography plays a crucial role in the diagnosis of AR, assessing its mechanism and severity, and detecting LV remodeling. The assessment of AR severity is challenging and frequently requires the integration of information from multiple different measurements to assess the severity. Recent data suggest that echocardiographically derived LV volumes (end-systolic volume index > 45 mL/m2), an ejection fraction threshold of <60%, and abnormal global longitudinal strain may help identify early dysfunction and may be used to improve clinical outcomes. Consequently, these parameters can identify candidates for surgery. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging is emerging as a valuable tool for assessing severity when it remains unclear after an echocardiographic evaluation. This review emphasizes the importance of imaging, particularly echocardiography, in the evaluation of AR. It focuses on various echocardiographic parameters, including technical details, and how to integrate them for assessing the mechanism and severity of AR as well as LV remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidhu Anand
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
| | - Hector I Michelena
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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Tsampasian V, Victor K, Bhattacharyya S, Oxborough D, Ring L. Echocardiographic assessment of aortic regurgitation: a narrative review. Echo Res Pract 2024; 11:1. [PMID: 38167345 PMCID: PMC10762934 DOI: 10.1186/s44156-023-00036-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Aortic regurgitation (AR) is the third most frequently encountered valve lesion and may be caused by abnormalities of the valve cusps or the aorta. Echocardiography is instrumental in the assessment of AR as it enables the delineation of valvular morphology, the mechanism of the lesion and the grading of severity. Severe AR has a major impact on the myocardium and carries a significant risk of morbidity and mortality if left untreated. Established and novel echocardiographic methods, such as global longitudinal strain and three-dimensional echocardiography, allow an estimation of this risk and provide invaluable information for patient management and prognosis. This narrative review summarises the epidemiology of AR, reviews current practices and recommendations with regards to the echocardiographic assessment of AR and outlines novel echocardiographic tools that may prove beneficial in patient assessment and management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - David Oxborough
- Research Institute of Sports and Exercise Science and Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Liam Ring
- West Suffolk Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Bury St Edmunds, UK
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Vieira MLC, Branco CEDB, Gazola ASL, Vieira PPAC, Benvenuti LA, Demarchi LMMF, Gutierrez PS, Aiello VD, Tarasoutchi F, Sampaio RO. 3D Echocardiography for Rheumatic Heart Disease Analysis: Ready for Prime Time. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:676938. [PMID: 34355026 PMCID: PMC8329529 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.676938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) remains to be a very important health issue worldwide, mainly in underdeveloped countries. It continues to be a leading cause of morbidity and mortality throughout developing countries. RHD is a delayed non-suppurative immunologically mediated inflammatory response to the throat infection caused by a hemolytic streptococcus from the A group (Streptococcus pyogenes). RHD keeps position 1 as the most common cardiovascular disease in young people aged <25 years considering all the continents. The disease can lead to valvular cardiac lesions as well as to carditis. Rheumatic fever valvular injuries lead most commonly to the fusion and thickening of the edges of the cusps and to the fusion, thickening, and shortening of the chordae and ultimately to calcification of the valves. Valvular commissures can also be deeply compromised, leading to severe stenosis. Atrial and ventricular remodeling is also common following rheumatic infection. Mixed valvular lesions are more common than isolated valvular disorders. Echocardiography is the most relevant imaging technique not only to provide diagnostic information but also to enable prognostic data. Further, it presents a very important role for the correction of complications after surgical repair of rheumatic heart valvulopathies. Three-dimensional (3D) echocardiography provides additional anatomical and morphofunctional information of utmost importance for patients presenting rheumatic valvopathies. Accordingly, three-dimensional echocardiography is ready for routine use in patients with RHD presenting with valvular abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Luiz Campos Vieira
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
- Heart Institute (InCor), São Paulo University Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Flávio Tarasoutchi
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
- Heart Institute (InCor), São Paulo University Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roney Orismar Sampaio
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
- Heart Institute (InCor), São Paulo University Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
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New echocardiographic method for chronic aortic regurgitation: diastolic retrograde ratio in the descending aorta by vector flow mapping. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2018; 35:461-468. [DOI: 10.1007/s10554-018-1471-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Argulian E, Seetharam K. Echocardiographic 3D-guided 2D planimetry in quantifying left-sided valvular heart disease. Echocardiography 2018; 35:695-706. [PMID: 29420834 DOI: 10.1111/echo.13828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Echocardiographic 3D-guided 2D planimetry can improve the accuracy of valvular disease assessment. Acquisition of 3D pyramidal dataset allows subsequent multiplanar reconstruction with accurate orthogonal plane alignment to obtain the correct borders of an anatomic orifice or flow area. Studies examining the 3D-guided 2D planimetry approach in left-sided valvular heart disease were identified and reviewed. The strongest evidence exists for estimating mitral valve area in patients with rheumatic mitral valve stenosis and vena contracta area in patients with mitral regurgitation (both primary and secondary). 3D-guided approach showed excellent feasibility and reproducibility in most studies, as well as time efficiency and good correlation with reference and comparator methods. Therefore, 3D-guided 2D planimetry can be used as an important clinical tool in quantifying left-sided valvular heart disease, especially mitral valve disorders.
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Buck T, Bösche L, Plicht B. [Real-time 3D echocardiography for estimation of severity in valvular heart disease : Impact on current guidelines]. Herz 2017; 42:241-254. [PMID: 28229203 DOI: 10.1007/s00059-017-4540-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Besides providing spatial anatomic information on heart valves, real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) combined with color Doppler has the potential to overcome the limitations of flow quantification inherent to conventional 2D color Doppler methods. Recent studies validated the application of color Doppler 3DE (cD-3DE) for the quantification of regurgitation flow based on the vena contracta area (VCA) and the proximal isovelocity surface area (PISA) methods. Particularly the assessment of VCA by cD-3DE led to a change of paradigm by understanding of the VCA as being strongly asymmetric in the majority of patients and etiologies. This review provides a comprehensive description of the different concepts of cD-3DE-based flow quantification in the setting of different valvular heart diseases and their presentation in recent guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Buck
- Medizinische Klinik III, Klinik für Kardiologie, Klinikum Westfalen, Am Knappschaftskrankenhaus 1, 44309, Dortmund, Deutschland.
| | - L Bösche
- Medizinische Universitätsklinik II - Kardiologie und Angiologie, Berufsgenossenschaftliches Universitätsklinikum Bergmannsheil, Bochum, Deutschland
| | - B Plicht
- Medizinische Klinik III, Klinik für Kardiologie, Klinikum Westfalen, Am Knappschaftskrankenhaus 1, 44309, Dortmund, Deutschland
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Hagendorff A, Stoebe S, Jurisch D, Neef M, Metze M, Pfeiffer D. Neues und Bewährtes in der kardiologischen Diagnostik mithilfe der TEE. Herz 2017; 42:232-240. [DOI: 10.1007/s00059-017-4534-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Szymanski T, Maslow A, Mahmood F, Singh A. Three-Dimensional Imaging of the Repaired Aortic Valve. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2016; 30:1599-1610. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter von Homeyer
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Sato H, Ohta T, Hiroe K, Okada S, Shimizu K, Murakami R, Tanabe K. Severity of aortic regurgitation assessed by area of vena contracta: a clinical two-dimensional and three-dimensional color Doppler imaging study. Cardiovasc Ultrasound 2015; 13:24. [PMID: 25940029 PMCID: PMC4425861 DOI: 10.1186/s12947-015-0016-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Quantitation of aortic regurgitation (AR) using two-dimensional (2D) echocardiography, including vena contracta width (VCW) measurement, is still challenging. Three-dimensional (3D) echocardiography can directly measure the vena contracta area (VCA), regardless of the rheological characteristics. We intended to assess the possibility of 3D vena contracta area (3DVCA) as well as 2D vena contracta area (2DVCA) in the assessment of AR severity. Methods Sixty-one patients with AR [17 female (32.7%); mean age: 74.0 ± 10.1 years] underwent 2D and 3D color Doppler echocardiography. Using conventional 2D color Doppler imaging, we measured VCW, 2DVCA, regurgitant volume (RV), and effective regurgitant orifice area (EROA). We also measured 3DVCA manually off-line from 3D full-volume color Doppler datasets for reference. Comprehensive 2D and 3D data on AR severity were successfully obtained from 52 of the 61 (85.2%) patients. Results Significant correlations existed between 2DVCA and EROA (r = 0.89; p < 0.001). The cut-off 2DVCA for grading severe AR was 34 mm2 (area under curve: 0.95; sensitivity: 78%; specificity: 95%). Significant correlations existed between 3DVCA and EROA (r = 0.89; p < 0.001). The cut-off 3DVCA for grading severe AR was 32 mm2 (area under curve: 0.96; sensitivity: 89%; specificity: 98%). Significant correlations existed between 2DVCA and 3DVCA (r = 0.97; p < 0.001). Conclusion Two-dimensional, as well as three dimensional, vena contracta area measurement is a simple technique suitable for clinical use during comprehensive Doppler echocardiographic AR assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotomo Sato
- Department of Cardiology, Matsue City Hospital, 32-1 Nohira-cho, Matsue, Japan.
| | - Tetsuro Ohta
- Department of Cardiology, Matsue City Hospital, 32-1 Nohira-cho, Matsue, Japan.
| | - Kimiko Hiroe
- Department of Cardiology, Matsue City Hospital, 32-1 Nohira-cho, Matsue, Japan.
| | - Seiji Okada
- Department of Cardiology, Matsue City Hospital, 32-1 Nohira-cho, Matsue, Japan.
| | - Koji Shimizu
- Department of Cardiology, Matsue City Hospital, 32-1 Nohira-cho, Matsue, Japan.
| | - Rinji Murakami
- Department of Cardiology, Matsue City Hospital, 32-1 Nohira-cho, Matsue, Japan.
| | - Kazuaki Tanabe
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shimane University Faulty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan.
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Güvenç TS, Karaçimen D, Erer HB, İlhan E, Sayar N, Karakuş G, Çekirdekçi E, Eren M. Jet length/velocity ratio: a new index for echocardiographic evaluation of chronic aortic regurgitation. Echocardiography 2014; 32:3-9. [PMID: 25417932 DOI: 10.1111/echo.12698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Management of aortic regurgitation depends on the assessment for severity. Echocardiography remains as the most widely available tool for evaluation of aortic regurgitation. In this manuscript, we describe a novel parameter, jet length/velocity ratio, for the diagnosis of severe aortic regurgitation. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 30 patients with aortic regurgitation were included to this study. Severity of aortic regurgitation was assessed with an aortic regurgitation index incorporating five echocardiographic parameters. Jet length/velocity ratio is calculated as the ratio of maximum jet penetrance to mean velocity of regurgitant flow. Jet length/velocity ratio was significantly higher in patients with severe aortic regurgitation (2.03 ± 0.53) compared to patients with less than severe aortic regurgitation (1.24 ± 0.32, P < 0.001). Correlation of jet length/velocity ratio with aortic regurgitation index was very good (r(2) = 0.86) and correlation coefficient was higher for jet length/velocity ratio compared to vena contracta, jet width/LVOT ratio and pressure half time. For a cutoff value of 1.61, jet length/velocity ratio had a sensitivity of 92% and specificity of 88%, with an AUC value of 0.955. CONCLUSIONS Jet length/velocity ratio is a novel parameter that can be used to assess severity of chronic aortic regurgitation. Main limitation for usage of this novel parameter is jet impringement to left ventricular wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tolga Sinan Güvenç
- Department of Cardiology, Kafkas University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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Real-Time Three-Dimensional Echocardiographic Flow Quantification in Valvular Heart Disease. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING REPORTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12410-014-9298-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Citro R, Attisano T, Vigorito F, Cavallo AU, Vitale G, Coccia M, Santoro G, Giudice P. Combined percutaneous closure of paravalvular leaks and intraprosthetic regurgitation after transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Int J Cardiol 2014; 175:e48-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Skaug TR, Amundsen BH, Hergum T, Urheim S, Torp H, Haugen BO. Quantification of aortic regurgitation using high-pulse repetition frequency three-dimensional colour Doppler. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2013; 15:615-22. [PMID: 24344195 DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jet255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to validate and assess the feasibility of a previously described method using multibeam high-pulse repetition frequency (HPRF) colour Doppler to quantify the vena contracta area (VCA) in aortic regurgitation (AR). METHODS Twenty-nine patients with mild to severe AR were studied. Regurgitant volume and fraction measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were used as the standard of reference. The VCA was measured automatically by combining the Doppler power from multiple beams with a priori knowledge of the individual beam profiles, to give an absolute measurement of the VCA. The regurgitant volume was calculated as the product of the VCA and the velocity time integral, measured separately by continuous wave Doppler. RESULTS The Spearman's rank correlation between regurgitant volume by MRI and multibeam HPRF colour Doppler was rs = 0.73 (P < 0.01), with 95% limits of agreement of -14.4 ± 29.1 mL. The mean difference between the methods in those with MRI regurgitant volume of ≥30 mL (n = 14) was -7.6 (95% confidence interval -13.9 to -1.2) mL. CONCLUSION There was good agreement between MRI and multibeam HPRF colour Doppler in patients with moderate to severe AR, while agreement for those with mild AR was modest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Skaug
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim 7006, Norway Department of Cardiology, St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Brage H Amundsen
- Department of Cardiology, St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway Department of Radiology, St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway MI lab and Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Torbjørn Hergum
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim 7006, Norway
| | - Stig Urheim
- Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hans Torp
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim 7006, Norway
| | - Bjørn Olav Haugen
- Department of Cardiology, St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway MI lab and Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
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Ruddox V, Mathisen M, Bækkevar M, Aune E, Edvardsen T, Otterstad JE. Is 3D echocardiography superior to 2D echocardiography in general practice? Int J Cardiol 2013; 168:1306-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/01/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Ewe SH, Delgado V, van der Geest R, Westenberg JJM, Haeck MLA, Witkowski TG, Auger D, Marsan NA, Holman ER, de Roos A, Schalij MJ, Bax JJ, Sieders A, Siebelink HMJ. Accuracy of three-dimensional versus two-dimensional echocardiography for quantification of aortic regurgitation and validation by three-dimensional three-directional velocity-encoded magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Cardiol 2013; 112:560-6. [PMID: 23683972 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2013.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative assessment of aortic regurgitation (AR) remains challenging. The present study evaluated the accuracy of 2-dimensional (2D) and 3-dimensional (3D) transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) for AR quantification, using 3D 3-directional velocity-encoded magnetic resonance imaging (VE-MRI) as the reference method. Thirty-two AR patients were included. With color Doppler TTE, 2D effective regurgitant orifice area (EROA) was calculated using the proximal isovelocity surface area method. From the 3D TTE multiplanar reformation data, 3D-EROA was calculated by planimetry of the vena contracta. Regurgitant volumes (RVol) were obtained by multiplying the 2D-EROA and 3D-EROA by the velocity-time integral of AR jet and compared with that obtained using VE-MRI. For the entire population, 3D TTE RVol demonstrated a strong correlation and good agreement with VE-MRI RVol (r = 0.94 and -13.6 to 15.6 ml/beat, respectively), whereas 2D TTE RVol showed a modest correlation and large limits of agreement with VE-MRI (r = 0.70 and -22.2 to 32.8 ml/beat, respectively). Eccentric jets were noted in 16 patients (50%). In these patients, 3D TTE demonstrated an excellent correlation (r = 0.95) with VE-MRI, a small bias (0.1 ml/beat) and narrow limits of agreement (-18.7 to 18.8 ml/beat). Finally, the kappa agreement between 3D TTE and VE-MRI for grading of AR severity was good (k = 0.96), whereas the kappa agreement between 2D TTE and VE-MRI was suboptimal (k = 0.53). In conclusion, AR RVol quantification using 3D TTE is accurate, and its advantage over 2D TTE is particularly evident in patients with eccentric jets.
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Affiliation(s)
- See Hooi Ewe
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Généreux P, Head SJ, Hahn R, Daneault B, Kodali S, Williams MR, van Mieghem NM, Alu MC, Serruys PW, Kappetein AP, Leon MB. Paravalvular Leak After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 61:1125-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.08.1039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Perry R, Joseph M. Advanced echocardiographic techniques. Australas J Ultrasound Med 2012; 15:126-142. [PMID: 28191159 PMCID: PMC5024913 DOI: 10.1002/j.2205-0140.2012.tb00196.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Echocardiography has advanced significantly since its first clinical use. The move towards more accurate imaging and quantification has driven this advancement. In this review, we will briefly focus on three distinct but important recent advances, three‐dimensional (3D) echocardiography, contrast echocardiography and myocardial tissue imaging. The basic principles of these techniques will be discussed as well as current and future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Perry
- Flinders Clinical Research; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute; Adelaide South Australia Australia
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine; Flinders Medical Centre; Bedford Park South Australia Australia
- Discipline of Medicine Flinders University; Bedford Park South Australia Australia
| | - Majo Joseph
- Flinders Clinical Research; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute; Adelaide South Australia Australia
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine; Flinders Medical Centre; Bedford Park South Australia Australia
- Discipline of Medicine Flinders University; Bedford Park South Australia Australia
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Lang RM, Badano LP, Tsang W, Adams DH, Agricola E, Buck T, Faletra FF, Franke A, Hung J, de Isla LP, Kamp O, Kasprzak JD, Lancellotti P, Marwick TH, McCulloch ML, Monaghan MJ, Nihoyannopoulos P, Pandian NG, Pellikka PA, Pepi M, Roberson DA, Shernan SK, Shirali GS, Sugeng L, Ten Cate FJ, Vannan MA, Zamorano JL, Zoghbi WA. EAE/ASE recommendations for image acquisition and display using three-dimensional echocardiography. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2012; 13:1-46. [PMID: 22275509 DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jer316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Lang RM, Badano LP, Tsang W, Adams DH, Agricola E, Buck T, Faletra FF, Franke A, Hung J, de Isla LP, Kamp O, Kasprzak JD, Lancellotti P, Marwick TH, McCulloch ML, Monaghan MJ, Nihoyannopoulos P, Pandian NG, Pellikka PA, Pepi M, Roberson DA, Shernan SK, Shirali GS, Sugeng L, Ten Cate FJ, Vannan MA, Zamorano JL, Zoghbi WA. EAE/ASE recommendations for image acquisition and display using three-dimensional echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2012; 25:3-46. [PMID: 22183020 DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2011.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 480] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Muraru D, Badano LP, Vannan M, Iliceto S. Assessment of aortic valve complex by three-dimensional echocardiography: a framework for its effective application in clinical practice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 13:541-55. [DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jes075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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