1
|
Abstract
There is no single optimal set of conditions for cardio pulmonary bypass. What is optimal is determined by patient factors, surgical need, and the mechanics of perfusion. Additionally, the best way to manage bypass typically varies over its course.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J. Cook
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Baikoussis NG, Papakonstantinou NA, Verra C, Kakouris G, Chounti M, Hountis P, Dedeilias P, Argiriou M. Mechanisms of oxidative stress and myocardial protection during open-heart surgery. Ann Card Anaesth 2015; 18:555-64. [PMID: 26440242 PMCID: PMC4881677 DOI: 10.4103/0971-9784.166465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cold heart protection via cardioplegia administration, limits the amount of oxygen demand. Systemic normothermia with warm cardioplegia was introduced due to the abundance of detrimental effects of hypothermia. A temperature of 32-33°C in combination with tepid blood cardioplegia of the same temperature appears to be protective enough for both; heart and brain. Reduction of nitric oxide (NO) concentration is in part responsible for myocardial injury after the cardioplegic cardiac arrest. Restoration of NO balance with exogenous NO supplementation has been shown useful to prevent inflammation and apoptosis. In this article, we discuss the "deleterious" effects of the oxidative stress of the extracorporeal circulation and the up-to-date theories of "ideal'' myocardial protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos G. Baikoussis
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, “Evangelismos” General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Chrysoula Verra
- Department of Medical Biopathology, Patras General Hospital, Patras, Greece
| | - Georgios Kakouris
- Department of Medical Biopathology, Patras General Hospital, Patras, Greece
| | - Maria Chounti
- Nursing School - Technological Institute of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Hountis
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Athens Naval and Veterans Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Dedeilias
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, “Evangelismos” General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Michalis Argiriou
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, “Evangelismos” General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Suojaranta-Ylinen RT, Roine RO, Vento AE, Niskanen MM, Salmenperä MT. Improved neurologic outcome after implementing evidence-based guidelines for cardiac surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2007; 21:529-34. [PMID: 17678779 DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2006.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A high incidence of neurologic complications was observed in the year 2001 in cardiac surgical patients in this department. This article attempts to show the impact of changing and optimizing management protocols on the incidence of neurologic morbidity after cardiac surgery. DESIGN An observational study of cardiac surgical patients. SETTING University hospital. PARTICIPANTS All cardiac surgical patients treated postoperatively in the cardiac surgical ICU in 2001 (n = 1,165, control group) and in 2003 (n = 1,222, intervention group) were evaluated. INTERVENTIONS A quality improvement program started at the beginning of 2002, based on the Task Force Committee Guidelines, included surgical and cardiopulmonary bypass recommendations as well as peri- and postoperative care (eg, use of epiaortic echo and strict perfusion protocol, avoidance of hyperthermia and hyperglycemia, and minimization of cerebral edema). RESULTS The number of neurologic complications decreased from 78 (6.7%) in 2001 to 33 (2.7%) in 2003 (p < 0.01), and corresponding numbers for ICU mortality were 44 (3.8%) and 24 (2.0%) (p < 0.01). The length of ICU stay also decreased (3.2 +/- 4.5 days in 2001 v 2.9 +/- 5.5 days in 2003, p < 0.001). In 2001, patients with neurologic complications consumed 853 ICU patient days (23% of all ICU patient days) and, in 2003, 549 (15% of all ICU patient days). According to logistic regression analysis that included 11 independent variables (treatment year, EuroSCORE, diabetes mellitus, history of stroke, and 7 different types of surgery), treatment in 2003 was independently associated with decreased risk for neurologic complications (odds ratio 0.30, 95% confidence intervals 0.19-0.47, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The occurrences of neurologic complications, mortality, and ICU resource consumption by this patient group decreased after implementation of an optimized management protocol and evidence-based guidelines.
Collapse
|
4
|
Comparison of isothermic and cold cardioplegia in paediatric cardiac surgery. Indian J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s12055-007-0001-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
|
5
|
Abstract
Despite remarkable progress in surgical, cardiopulmonary bypass and anaesthetic techniques during the last three decades, brain damage remains an important complication of adult cardiac surgery. Effective brain protection strategies are already implemented today, but ongoing research is needed to meet the challenges faced in operating on increasingly old and disabled patients. The incidence of brain injury may be reduced by modifying the surgical procedure according to carotid duplex scanning and epiaortic echocardiography, by using techniques to reduce microembolization during cardiopulmonary bypass and by optimizing patient temperature during and after surgery. Increased knowledge will aid in choosing the best procedure or combination of procedures in each case to ensure that risks do not outweigh benefits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Ahonen
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mallidi HR, Sever J, Tamariz M, Singh S, Hanayama N, Christakis GT, Bhatnagar G, Cutrara CA, Goldman BS, Fremes SE. The short-term and long-term effects of warm or tepid cardioplegia. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2003; 125:711-20. [PMID: 12658215 DOI: 10.1067/mtc.2003.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical studies of myocardial protection rarely identify differences in hard clinical outcomes after surgery, either early or late, because most trials lack sufficient statistical power to deal with low-frequency events. METHODS Prospectively collected data concerning all isolated coronary bypass operations from November 1989 to February 2000 were analyzed to determine the effects of cold blood cardioplegia and warm or tepid blood cardioplegia on early and late outcomes after surgery. Warm blood cardioplegia was used in 4532 patients, whereas cold blood cardioplegia was used in 1532. The allocation of patients to receive warm blood cardioplegia and cold blood cardioplegia was random in 749 cases and according to surgeon preference in the remainder. Most patients in the cold blood cardioplegia group had surgery earlier in the time course of the study, and most in the warm blood cardioplegia group underwent surgery later. RESULTS Perioperative death, myocardial infarction, and death or myocardial infarction were all more common in the cold blood cardioplegia group than in the warm blood cardioplegia group (death 2.5% vs 1.6%, P =.027, adjusted odds ratio 1.45, 95% confidence interval 0.95-2.22, P =.09; myocardial infarction 5.4% vs 2.4%, P <.0001, adjusted odds ratio 1.86, 95% confidence interval 1.36-2.53, P <.0001; death or myocardial infarction 7.3% vs. 3.8%, P <.0001, adjusted odds ratio 1.70, 95% confidence interval 1.30-2.21, P <.0001). Actuarial survival at 60 months was 91.1% +/- 1.4% in the warm blood cardioplegia group and 89.9% +/- 1.3% in the cold blood cardioplegia group (P =.09), whereas freedom from death or myocardial infarction was 84.7% +/- 1.8% and 83.2% +/- 1.6%, respectively (P =.16). In multivariate models, cold blood cardioplegia was associated with poorer survival (risk ratio 1.30, 95% confidence interval 0.96-1.75, P =.09) and freedom from any death or late myocardial infarction (risk ratio 1.93, 95% confidence interval 1.56-2.39, P =.0001). CONCLUSIONS In 6064 patients undergoing isolated coronary artery bypass grafting, warm or tepid blood cardioplegia may be associated with better early and late event-free survivals than is cold cardioplegia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hari R Mallidi
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery of Sunnybrook and Women's College Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Neville MJ, Butterworth J, James RL, Hammon JW, Stump DA. Similar neurobehavioral outcome after valve or coronary artery operations despite differing carotid embolic counts. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2001; 121:125-36. [PMID: 11135169 DOI: 10.1067/mtc.2001.111378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The interrelationships among coronary and valvular operations, microemboli, and neurobehavioral outcome are unclear. We hypothesized that adult patients undergoing cardiac valve operations would have more total emboli delivered to the brain than patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting and that this would associate with worse neurobehavioral outcomes. METHODS One hundred ninety-three patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting and 73 patients undergoing cardiac valve operations were compared. Patients received neurologic, neuro-ophthalmologic, and 11 standardized neurobehavioral tests preoperatively and 5 to 7 days, 1 month, and 6 months postoperatively. Left common carotid Doppler ultrasonographic embolus detection was performed intraoperatively. Repeated measures and logistic regression analyses of outcome were performed. RESULTS Patients undergoing either coronary or valve operations were well matched by age (61 +/- 10 and 59 +/- 12 years, respectively), but a significantly greater fraction of patients undergoing valve operations were female, diabetic, or had undergone previous cardiac operations. Neurobehavioral scores of patients undergoing either coronary artery bypass grafting or cardiac valve operations did not differ significantly at any time. Total embolus counts differed significantly: the median was 105 during coronary artery bypass grafting and 479 during cardiac valve operations (geometric means of 104 and 412, respectively; P =.0001). Significantly more emboli were detected in the patients undergoing cardiac valve operations after removal of the left ventricular vent and after separation from cardiopulmonary bypass, but comparable numbers of emboli were seen in the 2 groups before cardiopulmonary bypass. In both groups decreased neurobehavioral performance was apparent at 5 to 7 days, with improvement at 1 and 6 months. Increasing numbers of carotid emboli significantly associated with worse performance on the letter cancellation test. There were no significant differences between patients undergoing valve and coronary operations in neurobehavioral outcomes, strokes, transient ischemic attacks, or deaths. CONCLUSIONS The significantly greater number of emboli in the group of patients undergoing cardiac valve operations is likely the result of the entrainment of intracardiac air. The greater numbers of emboli during cardiac valve operations do not appear associated with a commensurately greater risk of adverse neurologic or neurobehavioral outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J Neville
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rees K, Beranek-Stanley M, Burke M, Ebrahim S. Hypothermia to reduce neurological damage following coronary artery bypass surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001; 2001:CD002138. [PMID: 11279752 PMCID: PMC8407455 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd002138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) may be life saving, but known side effects include neurological damage and cognitive impairment. The temperature used during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) may be important with regard to these adverse outcomes, where hypothermia is used as a means of neuroprotection. OBJECTIVES To assess the effectiveness of hypothermia during CABG in reducing neurological damage and subsequent cognitive deficits. SEARCH STRATEGY The Cochrane Controlled Trials Register was searched for randomised controlled trials (RCT) and this was updated by searching MEDLINE and EMBASE to December 1999 using database specific RCT filters. Reference lists of retrieved articles were searched and experts in the field were contacted. SELECTION CRITERIA Only RCTs were considered. All patients undergoing CABG, either first time or revisions, elective or emergency procedures, were included. Any hypothermia protocol was considered. Only trials reporting neurological outcomes were included. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Studies were selected independently and data were extracted from the source papers independently by two reviewers. Authors were contacted for further information. Studies were combined with meta-analysis where appropriate, and meta-regression was used to explore heterogeneity. MAIN RESULTS There was a trend towards a reduction in the incidence of non fatal strokes in the hypothermic group (OR 0.68 (0.43, 1.05)). Conversely, there was a trend for the number of non stroke related perioperative deaths to be higher in the hypothermic group (OR 1.46 (0.9, 2.37)). Hypothermia had no effect on the incidence of non fatal myocardial infarction (OR 1.05 (0.81, 1.37)), but the incidence of another marker of myocardial damage, low output syndrome, was higher in the hypothermic group (OR 1.21 (0.99, 1.48). When pooling all "bad" outcomes (stroke, perioperative death, myocardial infarction, low output syndrome, intra aortic balloon pump use) there was no significant advantage of either hypothermia or normothermia (OR 1.07 (0.92, 1.24)). Only 4 of 17 trials reported neuropsychological function as an outcome. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS This review could find no definite advantage of hypothermia over normothermia in the incidence of clinical events. Hypothermia was associated with a reduced stroke rate, but this is off set by a trend towards an increase in non stroke related perioperative mortality and myocardial damage. There is insufficient data to date to draw any conclusions about the use of mild hypothermia. Similarly, there is insufficient data to date to comment on the effect of temperature during CPB on subtle neurological deficits, and further trials are needed in these areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Rees
- Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, Whiteladies Road, Bristol, BS8 2PR.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Murkin JM. Pro: tight intraoperative glucose control improves outcome in cardiovascular surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2000; 14:475-8. [PMID: 10972620 DOI: 10.1053/jcan.2000.7967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J M Murkin
- Department of Anaesthesia, London Health Sciences Centre, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gaillard D, Bical O, Paumier D, Trivin F. A review of myocardial normothermia: its theoretical basis and the potential clinical benefits in cardiac surgery. CARDIOVASCULAR SURGERY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2000; 8:198-203. [PMID: 10799828 DOI: 10.1016/s0967-2109(00)00008-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial protection during cardiac surgery aims to preserve myocardial function while providing a bloodless and motionless operating field to make surgery easier. Myocardial protection is achieved by decreasing the oxygen needs using hypothermia and producing electromechanical cardiac arrest using potassium infusion which allows surgery to be performed on a non-beating heart. The deleterious effects of hypothermia include dysfunction of enzymatic systems, development of acidosis, a decrease in tissue oxygen delivery, an increase in blood viscosity and a decrease in erythrocyte deformability. Ninety percent of the decrease in oxygen consumption is obtained by inducing electromechanical arrest and inducing hypothermia has little additional benefit. Maintenance of systemic and myocardial normothermia reduces problems and provides a more physiological approach for cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). The current results obtained using normothermic protection are very encouraging, and it is an easier inexpensive option. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the benefits of normothermia, based upon experimental and clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Gaillard
- Departments of Cardiac Surgery and Clinical Biochemistry, Saint Joseph Hospital, 185 rue Raymond Losserand, 75014, Paris, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Eagle KA, Guyton RA, Davidoff R, Ewy GA, Fonger J, Gardner TJ, Gott JP, Herrmann HC, Marlow RA, Nugent WC, O'Connor GT, Orszulak TA, Rieselbach RE, Winters WL, Yusuf S, Gibbons RJ, Alpert JS, Eagle KA, Garson A, Gregoratos G, Russell RO, Smith SC. ACC/AHA Guidelines for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Revise the 1991 Guidelines for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery). American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999; 34:1262-347. [PMID: 10520819 DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(99)00389-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
12
|
Affiliation(s)
- D J Cook
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
|
14
|
Gaudino M, Glieca F, Alessandrini F, Cellini C, Luciani N, Pragliola C, Schiavello R, Possati G. Individualized surgical strategy for the reduction of stroke risk in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg 1999; 67:1246-53. [PMID: 10355391 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-4975(99)00151-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of a protocol of systematic screening of the ascending aorta and internal carotid arteries and individualization of the surgical strategy to the ascending aorta and internal carotid arteries status in reducing the stroke incidence among patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. METHODS On the basis of a pre- and intraoperative screening of the ascending aorta and internal carotid arteries, 2,326 consecutive patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting were divided in low, moderate, and high neurologic risk groups. In the high-risk group dedicated surgical techniques were always adopted and the reduction of the neurologic risk was considered more important than the achievement of total revascularization. RESULTS The incidence of perioperative stroke in the high-risk group was similar to those of the other two groups (1.1 versus 1.3 and 1.1%, respectively; p = not significant); however, angina recurrence was significantly more frequent in the high-risk group. CONCLUSIONS The described strategy allows a low rate of perioperative stroke in high-risk patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Whether the reduction of the neurologic risk outweighs the benefits of complete revascularization remains to be determined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Gaudino
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Catholic University, Rome, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|