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Luo F, Hao M, Zhang L, Xie Y, Hou W, Wang H, Zhang Z. Identification of nonvolatile organic compounds (NVOCs) in biopharmaceuticals through non-target analysis and quantification using complexation-precipitation extraction. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1713:464540. [PMID: 38039624 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Single-use systems in biopharmaceutical manufacturing can potentially release chemical constituents (leachables) into drug products. Prior to conducting toxicological risk assessments, it is crucial to establish the qualitative and quantitative methods for these leachables. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive screening and structure elucidation of 23 leachables (nonvolatile organic compounds, NVOCs) in two antibody drugs using multiple (self-built and public) databases and mass spectral simulation. We identified 7 compounds that have not been previously reported in medical or medicinal extractables and leachables. The confidence levels for identified compounds were classified based on analytical standards, literature references, and fragment assignments. Most of the identified leachables were found to be plasticizers, antioxidants, slip agents or polymer degradants. Polysorbate (namely Tween) is commonly used as an excipient for protein stabilization in biopharmaceutical formulations, but its ionization in liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry can interfere with compound quantification. To address this, we employed a complexation-precipitation extraction method to reduce polysorbate content and quantify the analytes. The developed quantitative method for target NVOCs demonstrated high sensitivity (limit of quantification: 20 or 50 μg/L), accuracy (recoveries: 77.2 to 109.5 %) and precision (RSD ≤ 8.2 %). Overall, this established method will facilitate the evaluation of NVOC safety in drug products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Luo
- Analytical Science Development, Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd, 5155 Guangfulin Road, Shanghai 201616, China
| | - Mengmeng Hao
- Analytical Science Development, Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd, 5155 Guangfulin Road, Shanghai 201616, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Analytical Science Development, Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd, 5155 Guangfulin Road, Shanghai 201616, China.
| | - Yangguo Xie
- Analytical Science Development, Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd, 5155 Guangfulin Road, Shanghai 201616, China
| | - Wei Hou
- Analytical Science Development, Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd, 5155 Guangfulin Road, Shanghai 201616, China
| | - Hongya Wang
- Analytical Science Development, Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd, 5155 Guangfulin Road, Shanghai 201616, China
| | - Zhongli Zhang
- Analytical Science Development, Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd, 5155 Guangfulin Road, Shanghai 201616, China.
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Evaluation of Retention Range of Extractables Under Linear Gradient Conditions for Reversed-Phase Chromatographic Considerations and Requirements in Extractables Analytical Methods for Chemical Characterization of Medical Devices. Chromatographia 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-022-04185-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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3
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Identification of Potential Migrants in Polyethylene Terephthalate Samples of Ecuadorian Market. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13213769. [PMID: 34771326 PMCID: PMC8588110 DOI: 10.3390/polym13213769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is the plastic packaging material most widely used to produce bottles intended for contact with food and beverages. However, PET is not inert, and therefore, some chemical compounds present in PET could migrate to food or beverages in contact, leading to safety issues. To evaluate the safety of PET samples, the identification of potential migrants is required. In this work, eight PET samples obtained from the Ecuadorian market at different phases of processing were studied using a well-known methodology based on a solvent extraction followed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis and overall migration test. Several chemical compounds were identified and categorized as lubricants (carboxylic acids with chain length of C12 to C18), plasticizers (triethyl phosphate, diethyl phthalate), thermal degradation products (p-xylene, benzaldehyde, benzoic acid), antioxidant degradation products (from Irgafos 168 and Irganox), and recycling indicator compounds (limonene, benzophenone, alkanes, and aldehydes). Additionally, overall migration experiments were performed in PET bottles, resulting in values lower than the overall migration limit (10 mg/dm2); however, the presence of some compounds identified in the samples could be related to contamination during manufacturing or to the use of recycled PET-contaminated flakes. In this context, the results obtained in this study could be of great significance to the safety evaluation of PET samples in Ecuador and would allow analyzing the PET recycling processes and avoiding contamination by PET flakes from nonfood containers.
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Li B, Wang ZW, Bai YH. Determination of the partition and diffusion coefficients of five chemical additives from polyethylene terephthalate material in contact with food simulants. Food Packag Shelf Life 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2019.100332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Paseiro-Cerrato R, DeJager L, Begley TH. Assessment of the Impact of Accelerated Migration Testing for Coated Food Cans Using Food Simulants. Molecules 2019; 24:E3123. [PMID: 31466267 PMCID: PMC6749474 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24173123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, an accelerated migration test on food can coatings into food simulants was investigated. Food simulants covering a wide range of polarity were used to conduct migration tests at 60 °C with storage times ranging from 4 h to 30 days. Epoxy-resins, acrylic-phenolic, polyester, and vinyl coatings were exposed to water, 3% acetic acid, 50% ethanol, and Miglyol 812®. Using liquid chromatography coupled to a variety of detectors (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS, UFLC-MS/MS, and HPLC-DAD), migration of several monomers and previously identified oligomers, as well as some unidentified migrants, were determined during the experiment. The data from this study was compared to our findings from previous long-term migration studies with storage times ranging from 24 h to 540 days at 40 °C using the same can coating applications. The results illustrate that performing migration experiments for short time periods at 60 °C may mimic migration results that would be obtained at 40 °C after long-term migration tests (up to 1.5 years) from food can coatings into food simulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Paseiro-Cerrato
- US FDA, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, MD 20740, USA.
| | - Lowri DeJager
- US FDA, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Timothy H Begley
- US FDA, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, MD 20740, USA
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Li B. Determination of the mass transport properties of chemical additives in polypropylene material/simulated food system. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 36:625-637. [PMID: 30900953 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1569266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The mass transport process (migration) of five additives from three different types of polypropylene (PP) films into selected food simulants was studied. The migration tests were carried out at different time-temperature conditions, and the concentration of additives in polymer matrix and food simulants were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). With all data, the mass transport properties for migration kinetics (partition and diffusion coefficients) were determined. Results showed that the partition coefficient was affected significantly by the temperature and simulants' properties, whereas little affected by the types of PP film and molecular weight of substance. The polarity, structure and shape of substances can also have an influence in their partition between the polymer matrix and food simulants. Additionally, comparison results between the experimental diffusion coefficients and the calculated values by Piringer model suggested that the current migration model with the default modelling parameters for PP does not describe realistically the diffusion coefficients of additives. The calculated diffusion coefficients were greater than the experimental values, as a consequence, the migration of chemical additives will be overestimated. For more realistic migration calculations, more accurate modelling parameters in Piringer model should be established and the effect of food on migration should be high interest in future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- a College of Food and Bioengineering , Zhengzhou University of Light Industry , Zhengzhou , China.,b Henan Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Production and safety , Zhengzhou , China.,c Henan Key Laboratory of Cold Chain Food Quality and Safety Control , Zhengzhou , China
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7
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The control and optimization of the curing process of epoxy coatings: a case of poly(glycidoxy siloxane) resins. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2015-0276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Coatings from poly(glycidoxy siloxane) resins were developed and their mechanical properties examined. Three different resins with varying numbers of methyl siloxane and glycidyl siloxane units were tested. Crystallinity was found to be a very important indicator of the mechanical properties of coatings, as the parameters such as cupping and hardness were linearly dependent on the degree of crystallinity of coatings. The method involving the spectrophotometric determination of unbounded amine curing agent was successfully applied as a way of optimizing the curing process both for expected mechanical properties and for ecological aspect. It was found that the resin with 50 methyl siloxane and 25 glycidyl siloxane units was the most appropriate for technological use because of the preferred mechanical properties and stability of technological parameters. Interestingly, this type of resin was characterized by the lowest degree of crystallinity. The curing conditions leading to the optimal product corresponded to 30 min of curing at 120°C or 20 min at 140°C. Under such conditions, the amount of released unbounded amine was the lowest. It was also found that poly(glycidoxy) siloxane resins may be ecologically valuable since the release of amine from this type of resins is smaller than that from a typical epoxy resin.
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Paseiro-Cerrato R, Tongchat C, Franz R. Study of the partition coefficients Kp/f of seven model migrants from LDPE polymer in contact with food simulants. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:885-92. [PMID: 26998811 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1166873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the influence of parameters such as temperature and type of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) film on the log Kp/f values of seven model migrants in food simulants. Two different types of LDPE films contaminated by extrusion and immersion were placed in contact with three food simulants including 20% ethanol, 50% ethanol and olive oil under several time-temperature conditions. Results suggest that most log Kp/f values are little affected by these parameters in this study. In addition, the relation between log Kp/f and log Po/w was established for each food simulant and regression lines, as well as correlation coefficients, were calculated. Correlations were compared with data from real foodstuffs. Data presented in this study could be valuable in assigning certain foods to particular food simulants as well as predicting the mass transfer of potential migrants into different types of food or food simulants, avoiding tedious and expensive laboratory analysis. The results could be especially useful for regulatory agencies as well as for the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Paseiro-Cerrato
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela , Spain
| | - Chinawat Tongchat
- b Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging (IVV) , Freising , Germany
| | - Roland Franz
- b Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging (IVV) , Freising , Germany
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Vaclavikova M, Paseiro-Cerrato R, Vaclavik L, Noonan GO, DeVries J, Begley TH. Target and non-target analysis of migrants from PVC-coated cans using UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap MS: evaluation of long-term migration testing. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:352-63. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1128564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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11
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Ren Q, Xu H, Yu Q, Zhu S. Development of Epoxy Foaming with CO2 as Latent Blowing Agent and Principle in Selection of Amine Curing Agent. Ind Eng Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.5b03069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Ren
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
| | - Haijin Xu
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
| | - Qiang Yu
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
| | - Shiping Zhu
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
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12
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Study of the Migration of Three Model Substances from Low Density Polyethylene into Food Simulant and Fruit Juices. BEVERAGES 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/beverages1030159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Paseiro-Cerrato R, Rodríguez-Bernaldo de Quirós A, Sendón R, Bustos J, Sánchez JJ, López-Hernández J, Paseiro-Losada P. Instability of an aromatic amine in fatty food and fatty food simulant: characterisation of reaction products and prediction of their toxicity. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 32:100-9. [PMID: 25351874 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.975751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
It is a well-known fact that amines are not stable in food of a fatty nature. In this study the synthesis and characterisation of the products obtained as a result of the reaction of amines in a fatty medium are reported. Based on the well-known reactions among amines and acid and esters groups, two novel compounds were synthesised using m-xylylenediamine (mXDA), a primary diamine widely used as monomer in the manufacture of food contact materials and two fatty acids, oleic acid and palmitic acid, which occur in most fats. The resulting compounds were two molecules belonging to the family of fatty acid amides, dioleamide and dipalmitamide. A complete characterisation of both products was carried out employing several techniques such as infrared spectroscopy, (1)H- and (13)C-NMR spectroscopy, electron ionisation mass spectrometry, LC-MS/MS and UV spectrometry. The results obtained by the different techniques were well correlated. In the second part of the work, the formation of these compounds in real samples was evaluated. For this purpose a certain volume of olive oil was spiked with a known amount of mXDA. Olive oil was selected as a fatty medium since it is a widely consumed food and additionally is used as a fatty food simulant in migration studies of food contact materials. A method was developed to extract the fatty acid amides from the fatty matrix, which were then identified by LC-MS/MS. The toxicity of the synthesised compounds was predicted using a toxicity estimation software tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Paseiro-Cerrato
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science. Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela , Spain
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Paseiro-Cerrato R, Noonan G, Begley T. Development of a rapid screening method to determine primary aromatic amines in kitchen utensils using direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (DART-MS). Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:537-45. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.867366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Monitoring the extraction of additives and additive degradation products from polymer packaging into solutions by multi-residue method including solid phase extraction and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 406:1493-507. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7551-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Jeliński T, Cysewski P, Makarewicz E. Application of alizarin colorimetric measurements for quantification of amine extraction by model food simulants from epoxy polymer. SPRINGERPLUS 2013; 2:593. [PMID: 24294544 PMCID: PMC3833905 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-2-593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A simple and straightforward method has been proposed for quantification of residual amine in cured epoxy resin. Non-bounded triethylenetetramine was extracted from epoxy polymer and determined via spectrophotometry using alizarin chromophore. Four solvents commonly used as food simulants, namely water, 95% ethanol, 10% ethanol and 3% acetic acid were examined. Released amine induces changes in the absorption spectrum of alizarin, by decreasing the intensity of the maximum at 430 nm band and mutually increasing the 527 nm band. These changes were proportional to the amounts of amine concentration in samples. The statistical significance of obtained calibration curves was validated. Among studied solvents, the highest amine release was observed for water solution and 3% acetic acid, that is approximately 7% w/w. The maximal amount of residual amine extracted with 95% ethanol was about 1.25%, while for 10% ethanol this amount was 2%. The effect of aging of the samples and exposure to artificial sunlight were also examined. The proposed method has been proven to be fast, low cost and directly applicable for analysis of typical epoxy resins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Jeliński
- />Department of Physical Chemistry, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Kurpińskiego 5, 85-950 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Piotr Cysewski
- />Department of Physical Chemistry, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Kurpińskiego 5, 85-950 Bydgoszcz, Poland
- />Division of Materials Chemistry and Protective Coatings University of Technology and Life Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Seminaryjna 3, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Edwin Makarewicz
- />Division of Materials Chemistry and Protective Coatings University of Technology and Life Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Seminaryjna 3, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Paseiro-Cerrato R, de Quirós ARB, Sendón R, Bustos J, Ruíz E, Cruz J, Paseiro-Losada P. Analytical method for the simultaneous determination of polyfunctional amines used as monomers in the manufacture of food packaging materials. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:7105-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.07.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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