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Lee WJ. Small Free-Living Heterotrophic Flagellates from Marine Intertidal Sediments of the Sydney Region, Australia. ACTA PROTOZOOL 2019. [DOI: 10.4467/16890027ap.19.016.12018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A total of 155 species and 75 genera were found at marine sediments in Sydney region (Australia) and are described using light microscopy: 117 species at Port Botany, 111 species at Kogarah Bay, 94 species at Woolooware Bay, 126 species at Quibray Bay, 74 species at Avoca beach, 48 species at Watsons Bay. The records include accounts of 15 unidentified taxa and two new taxa: Eoramonas jungensis sp. nov. (Eoramonas gen. nov.), Protaspa flexibilis sp. nov. Most flagellates described here have been found at other locations worldwide, but many species not reported from any other locations. I am unable to assess if these species are endemic because of the lack of intensive studies elsewhere. However, these results suggest that the flagellate communities from Botany Bay are distinctive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Je Lee
- Department of Environment and Energy Engineering, Kyungnam University, Changwon, Korea
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Zhang Q, Táborský P, Silberman JD, Pánek T, Čepička I, Simpson AGB. Marine Isolates of Trimastix marina Form a Plesiomorphic Deep-branching Lineage within Preaxostyla, Separate from Other Known Trimastigids (Paratrimastix n. gen.). Protist 2015; 166:468-91. [PMID: 26312987 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Trimastigids are free-living, anaerobic protists that are closely related to the symbiotic oxymonads, forming together the taxon Preaxostyla (Excavata: Metamonada). We isolated fourteen new strains morphologically corresponding to two species assigned to Trimastix (until now the only genus of trimastigids), Trimastix marina and Trimastix pyriformis. Unexpectedly, marine strains of Trimastix marina branch separately from freshwater strains of this morphospecies in SSU rRNA gene trees, and instead form the sister group of all other Preaxostyla. This position is confirmed by three-gene phylogenies. Ultrastructural examination of a marine isolate of Trimastix marina demonstrates a combination of trimastigid-like features (e.g. preaxostyle-like I fibre) and ancestral characters (e.g. absence of thickened flagellar vane margins), consistent with inclusion of marine T. marina within Preaxostyla, but also supporting its distinctiveness from 'freshwater T. marina' and its deep-branching position within Preaxostyla. Since these results indicate paraphyly of Trimastix as currently understood, we transfer the other better-studied trimastigids to Paratrimastix n. gen. and Paratrimastigidae n. fam. The freshwater form previously identified as T. marina is described as Paratrimastix eleionoma n. sp., and Trimastix pyriformis becomes Paratrimastix pyriformis n. comb. Because of its phylogenetic position, 'true' Trimastix is potentially important for understanding the evolution of mitochondrion-related organelles in metamonads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Zhang
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, B3H 4R2, Canada; Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Petr Táborský
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Vinicna 7, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jeffrey D Silberman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Tomáš Pánek
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Vinicna 7, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Čepička
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Vinicna 7, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
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Yubuki N, Simpson AG, Leander BS. Comprehensive Ultrastructure of Kipferlia bialata Provides Evidence for Character Evolution within the Fornicata (Excavata). Protist 2013; 164:423-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Takishita K, Kolisko M, Komatsuzaki H, Yabuki A, Inagaki Y, Cepicka I, Smejkalová P, Silberman JD, Hashimoto T, Roger AJ, Simpson AGB. Multigene phylogenies of diverse Carpediemonas-like organisms identify the closest relatives of 'amitochondriate' diplomonads and retortamonads. Protist 2012; 163:344-55. [PMID: 22364773 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2011.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Diplomonads, retortamonads, and "Carpediemonas-like" organisms (CLOs) are a monophyletic group of protists that are microaerophilic/anaerobic and lack typical mitochondria. Most diplomonads and retortamonads are parasites, and the pathogen Giardia intestinalis is known to possess reduced mitochondrion-related organelles (mitosomes) that do not synthesize ATP. By contrast, free-living CLOs have larger organelles that superficially resemble some hydrogenosomes, organelles that in other protists are known to synthesize ATP anaerobically. This group represents an excellent system for studying the evolution of parasitism and anaerobic, mitochondrion-related organelles. Understanding these evolutionary transitions requires a well-resolved phylogeny of diplomonads, retortamonads and CLOs. Unfortunately, until now the deep relationships amongst these taxa were unresolved due to limited data for almost all of the CLO lineages. To address this, we assembled a dataset of up to six protein-coding genes that includes representatives from all six CLO lineages, and complements existing rRNA datasets. Multigene phylogenetic analyses place CLOs as well as the retortamonad Chilomastix as a paraphyletic basal assemblage to the lineage comprising diplomonads and the retortamonad Retortamonas. In particular, the CLO Dysnectes was shown to be the closest relative of the diplomonads + Retortamonas clade, with strong support. This phylogeny is consistent with a drastic degeneration of mitochondrion-related organelles during the evolution from a free-living organism resembling extant CLOs to a probable parasite/commensal common ancestor of diplomonads and Retortamonas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyotaka Takishita
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Kanagawa, 237-0061, Japan
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PARK JONGSOO, KOLISKO MARTIN, SIMPSON ALASTAIRG. Cell Morphology and Formal Description of Ergobibamus cyprinoides n. g., n. sp., Another Carpediemonas-Like Relative of Diplomonads. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2010; 57:520-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2010.00506.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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PARK JONGSOO, KOLISKO MARTIN, HEISS AARONA, SIMPSON ALASTAIRG. Light Microscopic Observations, Ultrastructure, and Molecular Phylogeny ofHicanonectes teleskoposn. g., n. sp., a Deep-Branching Relative of Diplomonads. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2009; 56:373-84. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2009.00412.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Non-monophyly of Retortamonadida and high genetic diversity of the genus Chilomastix suggested by analysis of SSU rDNA. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2008; 48:770-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2008.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2007] [Revised: 03/29/2008] [Accepted: 04/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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EYDEN BRIANP, VICKERMAN KEITH. Ultrastructure and Vacuolar Movements in the Free-Living DiplomonadTrepomonas agilisKlebs*. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1975.tb00944.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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MIGNOT JEANPIERRE, BRUGEROLLE GUY. Etude Ultrastructurale de Différents Types de Kystes d'Opalines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1974.tb03721.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lara E, Chatzinotas A, Simpson AGB. Andalucia (n. gen.)--the deepest branch within jakobids (Jakobida; Excavata), based on morphological and molecular study of a new flagellate from soil. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2006; 53:112-20. [PMID: 16579813 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00081.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new heterotrophic flagellate (Andalucia godoyi n. gen. n. sp.) is described from soil. Earlier preliminary 18S rRNA analyses had indicated a relationship with the phylogenetically difficult-to-place jakobid Jakoba incarcerata. Andalucia godoyi is a small (3-5 mum) biflagellated cell with a ventral feeding groove. It has tubular mitochondrial cristae. There are two major microtubular roots (R1, R2) and a singlet root associated with basal body 1 (posterior). The microtubular root R1 is associated with non-microtubular fibres "I,""B," and "A," and divides in two parts, while R2 is associated with a "C" fibre. These structures support the anterior portion of the groove. Several features of A. godoyi are characteristic of jakobids: (i) there is a single dorsal vane on flagellum 2; (ii) the C fibre has the jakobid multilaminate substructure; (iii) the dorsal fan of microtubules originates in very close association with basal body 2; and (iv) there is no "R4" microtubular root associated with basal body 2. Morphological analyses incorporating the A. godoyi data strongly support the monophyly of all jakobids. Our 18S rRNA phylogenies place A. godoyi and J. incarcerata as a strong clade, which falls separately from other jakobids. Statistical tests do not reject jakobid monophyly, but a specific relationship between Jakoba libera and J. incarcerata and/or A. godoyi is rejected. Therefore, we have established a new genus Andalucia n. gen. with the type species Andalucia godoyi n. sp., and transfer Jakoba incarcerata to Andalucia as Andalucia incarcerata n. comb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Lara
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Environnementale, ISTE, ENAC, Polytechnical School of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Xin DD, Wen JF, He D, Lu SQ. Identification of a Giardia krr1 Homolog Gene and the Secondarily Anucleolate Condition of Giaridia lamblia. Mol Biol Evol 2004; 22:391-4. [PMID: 15548749 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msi052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Giaridia lamblia was long considered to be one of the most primitive eukaryotes and to lie close to the transition between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, but several supporting features, such as lack of mitochondrion and Golgi, have been challenged recently. It was also reported previously that G. lamblia lacked nucleolus, which is the site of pre-rRNA processing and ribosomal assembling in the other eukaryotic cells. Here, we report the identification of the yeast homolog gene, krr1, in the anucleolate eukaryote, G. lamblia. The krr1 gene, encoding one of the pre-rRNA processing proteins in yeast, is actively transcribed in G. lamblia. The deduced protein sequence of G. lamblia krr1 is highly similar to yeast KRR1p that contains a single-KH domain. Our database searches indicated that krr1 genes actually present in diverse eukaryotes and also seem to present in Archaea. However, only the eukaryotic homologs, including that of G. lamblia, have the single-KH domain, which contains the conserved motif KR(K)R. Fibrillarin, another important pre-rRNA processing protein has also been identified previously in G. lamblia. Moreover, our database search shows that nearly half of the other nucleolus-localized protein genes of eukaryotic cells also have their homologs in Giardia. Therefore, we suggest that a common mechanism of pre-RNA processing may operate in the anucleolate eukaryote G. lamblia and in the other eukaryotes and that like the case of "lack of mitochondrion," "lack of nucleolus" may not be a primitive feature, but a secondarily evolutionary condition of the parasite.
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Simpson AG, Patterson DJ. On core jakobids and excavate taxa: the ultrastructure of Jakoba incarcerata. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2001; 48:480-92. [PMID: 11456326 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2001.tb00183.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The cellular organisation of the 'excavate' flagellate Jakoba incarcerata Bernard, Simpson and Patterson 2000 is described. Cells have one nucleus and dictyosome. The putative mitochondria lack cristae. Two flagella (anterior and posterior) insert anterior to the feeding groove. The posterior flagellum bears a dorsal vane. An 'anterior' microtubular root arises against the anterior basal body. Two main microtubular roots, left and right, and a singlet 'root' arise around the posterior basal body and support the groove. Non-microtubular fibres termed 'A', 'B', 'I', and 'composite' associate with the right root. A multilaminar 'C' fibre associates with the left root. The cytoskeleton of J. incarcerata indicates a common ancestry with other excavate taxa (i.e. diplomonads, retortamonads, heteroloboseids, 'core jakobids', Malawimonas, Carpediemonas, and Trimastix). Overall, J. incarcerata is most similar to (other) core jakobids, namely Jakoba libera, Reclinomonas, and Histiona. We regard J. incarcerata as a core jakobid and identify the group by the synapomorphy 'vanes restricted to dorsal side of the posterior flagellum'. The anterior root and position of the B fibre (and presence of dense inclusions in the cartwheels and a conscpicuous singlet root-associated fibre) in J. incarcerata are novel for core jakobids and argue for close relationships with Trimastix and/or Heterolobosea. The C fibre is similar in substructure to the costal fibre of parabasalids and it is possible that the structures are homologous.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Simpson
- Protist Research Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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Bernard C, Simpson AGB, Patterson DJ. Some free-living flagellates (protista) from anoxic habitats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1080/00785236.1999.10409422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Simpson AG, Patterson DJ. The ultrastructure of Carpediemonas membranifera (Eukaryota) with reference to the “excavate hypothesis”. Eur J Protistol 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0932-4739(99)80044-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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O'Kelly CJ, Farmer MA, Nerad TA. Ultrastructure of Trimastix pyriformis (Klebs) Bernard et al.: similarities of Trimastix species with retortamonad and jakobid flagellates. Protist 1999; 150:149-62. [PMID: 10505415 DOI: 10.1016/s1434-4610(99)70018-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Trimastix pyriformis (Klebs 1893) Bernard et al. 1999, is a quadriflagellate, free-living, bacterivorous heterotrophic nanoflagellate from anoxic freshwaters that lacks mitochondria. Monoprotist cultures of this species contained naked trophic cells with anterior flagellar insertion and a conspicuous ventral groove. Bacteria were ingested at the posterior end of the ventral groove, but there was no persistent cytopharyngeal complex. The posterior flagellum resided in this groove, and bore two prominent vanes. A Golgi body (dictyosome) was present adjacent to the flagellar insertion. The kinetid consisted of four basal bodies, four microtubular roots, and associated fibers and bands. Duplicated kinetids, each with four basal bodies and microtubular root templates, appeared at the poles of the open mitotic spindle. Trimastix pyriformis is distinguishable from other Trimastix species on the basis of external morphology, kinetid architecture and the distribution of endomembranes. Trimastix species are most similar to jakobid flagellates, especially Malawimonas jakobiformis, and to species of the retortamonad genus Chilomastix. Retortamonads may have evolved from a Trimastix-like ancestor through loss of "canonical" (easily seen with electron microscopy) endomembrane systems and elaboration of cytoskeletal elements associated with the cytostome/cytopharynx complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J O'Kelly
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, West Boothbay Harbor, Maine 04575, USA.
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O'Kelly CJ. Ultrastructure of trophozoites, zoospores and cysts of Reclinomonas americana Flavin & Nerad, 1993 (Protista incertae sedis: Histionidae). Eur J Protistol 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0932-4739(97)80045-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Bernard C, Simpson AG, Patterson DJ. An ultrastructural study of a free-living retortamonad, Chilomastix cuspidata (Larsen & Patterson, 1990) n. comb. (Retortamonadida, Protista). Eur J Protistol 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0932-4739(97)80003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Brugerolle G, Patterson D. Ultrastructure of Trimastix convexa hollande, an amitochondriate anaerobic flagellate with a previously undescribed organization. Eur J Protistol 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0932-4739(97)80029-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Pecka Z, Nohýnková E, Kulda J. Ultrastructure of Cochlosoma anatis Kotlán, 1923 and taxonomic position of the family Cochlosomatidae (Parabasala: Trichomonadida). Eur J Protistol 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0932-4739(96)80019-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Hrdý I, Müller M. Primary structure of the hydrogenosomal malic enzyme of Trichomonas vaginalis and its relationship to homologous enzymes. J Eukaryot Microbiol 1995; 42:593-603. [PMID: 7581334 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1995.tb05913.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The complete nucleotide sequence has been established for two genes (maeA and maeB) coding for different subunits of the hydrogenosomal malic enzyme [malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) EC 1.1.1.39] of Trichomonas vaginalis. Two further genes (maeC and maeD) of this enzyme have been partially sequenced. The complete open reading frames code for polypeptides of 567 amino acids in length. These two open reading frames are similar with less than 12 percent pairwise nucleotide differences and less than 9 percent pairwise amino acid differences. The open reading frames of the two partially sequenced genes correspond to the amino-terminal part of the polypeptides coded and are similar to the corresponding parts of the completely sequenced ones. The deduced translation products of the two complete genes differ in their calculated pI values by 1.5 pH unit. The genes code for polypeptides which contain 12 or 11 amino-terminal amino-acyl residues not present in the proteins isolated from the cell. Other hydrogenosomal enzymes also have similar amino-terminal extensions which probably play a role in organellar targeting and translocation of the newly synthesized polypeptides. A comparison of 19 related enzymes from bacteria and eukaryotes with the maeA product revealed 34-45 percent amino acid identity. Phylogenetic reconstruction based on nonconservative amino acid differences with maximum parsimony (phylogenetic analysis using parsimony, PAUP) and distance based (neighbor-joining, NJ) methods showed that the T. vaginalis enzyme is the most divergent of all eukaryotic malic enzymes, indicating its long independent evolutionary history.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Hrdý
- Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021, USA
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O'KELLY CHARLESJ. The Jakobid Flagellates: Structural Features of Jakoba, Reclinomonas and Histiona and Implications for the Early Diversification of Eukaryotes. J Eukaryot Microbiol 1993. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1993.tb06120.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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FARMER MARKA. Ultrastructure of Ditrichomonas honigbergii N. G., N. Sp. (Parabasalia) and Its Relationship to Amitochondrial Protists. J Eukaryot Microbiol 1993. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1993.tb06119.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Siddall ME, Hong H, Desser SS. Phylogenetic analysis of the Diplomonadida (Wenyon, 1926) Brugerolle, 1975: evidence for heterochrony in protozoa and against Giardia lamblia as a "missing link". THE JOURNAL OF PROTOZOOLOGY 1992; 39:361-7. [PMID: 1640383 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1992.tb01465.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A suite of 23 ultrastructural characters was used in a phylogenetic analysis of the protozoan order Diplomonadida. A single most parsimonious solution was found, with a length of 38 transformations and a consistency index of 0.84. The cladogram supports previous hypotheses of the relationships of the genera in the suborder Diplomonadina, as well as the inclusion of the genera Enteromonas and Trimitus in the order. Heterochrony is suggested in the change to binary axial symmetry, as hypermorphosis resulting from delayed cytokinesis in the ancestor. Hypotheses regarding a pivotal position for Giardia lamblia in the evolution of eukaryotes are inconsistent with the phylogeny proposed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Siddall
- Department of Zoology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
A method of mapping the patterns of origin of flagellar roots around basal bodies in two-dimensional diagrams is suggested, making allowance for the varied orientations of members of a pair or quartet of basal bodies in a cell. The method is used to compare flagellar root patterns in a wide range of protistan groups, and appears to demonstrate similarities in many areas. Comparison of such patterns in three published examples shows that during the ontogeny of a basal body it may display first one root pattern and then another, so that the root array of a given basal body is not fixed but changes with the position and role of that basal body in the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Sleigh
- Department of Biology, University of Southampton, U.K
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Respiration of hydrogenosomes of Tritrichomonas foetus. I. ADP-dependent oxidation of malate and pyruvate. J Biol Chem 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)38131-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Müller M, Lindmark D. Respiration of hydrogenosomes of Tritrichomonas foetus. II. Effect of CoA on pyruvate oxidation. J Biol Chem 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)38132-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Lindmark DG, Müller M. Hydrogenosome, a Cytoplasmic Organelle of the Anaerobic Flagellate Tritrichomonas foetus, and Its Role in Pyruvate Metabolism. J Biol Chem 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)43249-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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