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Lu X, Song Z, Hao J, Kong X, Yuan W, Shen Y, Zhang C, Yang J, Yu P, Qian Y, Zhang G, Feng H, Wang J, Cai Z, Cai Z. Proton pump inhibitors enhance macropinocytosis-mediated extracellular vesicle endocytosis by inducing membrane v-ATPase assembly. J Extracell Vesicles 2024; 13:e12426. [PMID: 38532609 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Besides participating in diverse pathological and physiological processes, extracellular vesicles (EVs) are also excellent drug-delivery vehicles. However, clinical drugs modulating EV levels are still lacking. Here, we show that proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) reduce EVs by enhancing macropinocytosis-mediated EV uptake. PPIs accelerate intestinal cell endocytosis of autocrine immunosuppressive EVs through macropinocytosis, thereby aggravating inflammatory bowel disease. PPI-induced macropinocytosis facilitates the clearance of immunosuppressive EVs from tumour cells, improving antitumor immunity. PPI-induced macropinocytosis also increases doxorubicin and antisense oligonucleotides of microRNA-155 delivery efficiency by EVs, leading to enhanced therapeutic effects of drug-loaded EVs on tumours and acute liver failure. Mechanistically, PPIs reduce cytosolic pH, promote ATP6V1A (v-ATPase subunit) disassembly from the vacuolar membrane and enhance the assembly of plasma membrane v-ATPases, thereby inducing macropinocytosis. Altogether, our results reveal a mechanism for macropinocytic regulation and PPIs as potential modulators of EV levels, thus regulating their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinliang Lu
- Institute of Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University & Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhengbo Song
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiayue Hao
- Institute of Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University & Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xianghui Kong
- Institute of Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University & Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiyi Yuan
- Institute of Immunology and Department of Orthopaedics of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingying Shen
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Key lab of Biotherapy in Zhejiang, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Sir Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chengyan Zhang
- Institute of Immunology and Department of Orthopaedics of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pengfei Yu
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yun Qian
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gensheng Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huajun Feng
- Ecological-Environment & Health College, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianli Wang
- Institute of Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University & Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhenzhai Cai
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhijian Cai
- Institute of Immunology and Department of Orthopaedics of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Sauvant MP, Pepin D, Piccinni E. Tetrahymena pyriformis: a tool for toxicological studies. A review. CHEMOSPHERE 1999; 38:1631-1669. [PMID: 10070737 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(98)00381-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Among protozoa, Tetrahymena pyriformis is the most commonly ciliated model used for laboratory research. After a brief description of the morphology and biology of Tetrahymena pyriformis, this article focuses on the most important and recent investigations performed with this species in toxicology and ecotoxicology. The methodological features of its culture, and main tests, based on cell growth rate, biochemical markers, behavioral changes and motility, are discussed. Examples of xenobiotics (organic and inorganic substances, pharmaceutical drugs, water pollutants) tested with Tetrahymena pyriformis are also given.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Sauvant
- UFR Pharmacie, Laboratoire Hydrologie, Environnement et Santé Publique, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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