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Rahmati-Holasoo H, Marandi A, Mousavi HE, Arabkhazaeli F, Shokrpoor S, Ziafati Kafi Z. Clinical, histopathological and phylogenetic analysis of Myxobolus lentisturalis (Myxozoa: Myxobolidae) infecting the musculature of farmed population of goldfish (Carassius auratus) in Iran: 2021-2022. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:361. [PMID: 39129031 PMCID: PMC11318346 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04218-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
There is a claimed increase in the global prevalence and incidence of emerging diseases observed in many organisms. Myxozoa represents an essential group of metazoan parasites that hold both economic and ecological significance. In the current study, 1% of the fish population at two commercial goldfish (Carassius auratus) farms in Tehran and Ghom province, Iran, developed cavitating muscular lesions resembling humps in February 2021 and January 2022. Fish displaying pathological abnormalities were transported to the Ornamental Fish Clinic and subjected to clinical examination. Light microscopy was subsequently used to examine wet smears of skin and gills, as well as whitish exudate. In addition, tissue homogenates were collected for more precise identification and molecular confirmation. The study discovered that individuals from the goldfish farms were infected with the pathogenic myxozoan Myxobolus lentisuturalis, which caused significant damage to the epaxial muscles. The spores collected from the humps had a lack of uniformity and were primarily ellipsoidal in shape. Histopathological analysis also revealed parasites in various stages of development, such as plasmodia and spores, as well as inflammatory cell infiltration (macrophage, giant cell and lymphoplasmacytic infiltration) between skeletal muscle fibers. Phylogenetic analysis of M. lentisuturalis was performed by using MEGA 11 and the maximum likelihood method. M. lentisuturalis is a myxozoan parasite that has been sparsely recorded and lacks widespread recognition. The current study is the first clinical, histopathological, and molecular characterization of M. lentisuturalis isolated from the skeletal musculature of goldfish (C. auratus) in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hooman Rahmati-Holasoo
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
- Centre of Excellence for Warm Water Fish Health and Disease, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Amin Marandi
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Fatemeh Arabkhazaeli
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Shokrpoor
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Ziafati Kafi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Sekiya M, Sakai H, Li YC, Rosyadi I, Yunus M, Sato H. Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Three Myxosporean Species of the Genera Myxobolus, Henneguya, and Myxidium (Cnidaria: Myxozoa) Infecting Freshwater Fish, Isolated for the First Time in Japan. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:974. [PMID: 39202717 PMCID: PMC11355902 DOI: 10.3390/life14080974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 07/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The majority of myxosporean species (Cnidaria: Myxozoa) of the genera Myxobolus (35 species), Henneguya (8 species), and Myxidium (9 species) from freshwater or brackish fish in Japan were recorded more than 30 years ago (accumulatively 81.1% [43/53]). The re-discovery and molecular-genetic characterization of these species is a current research priority. During our myxosporean survey in Japanese freshwater fish, we detected three species that had never been recorded in Japan, but in the Russian Far East (Sakhalin Island, and Maritime Province): Myxobolus tribolodonus sp. n., forming cysts in the gills of Tribolodon sachalinensis (syn. M. marinus sensu Aseeva, 2000; M. marinus sensu Sokolov et Frolova, 2015, recorded from the gills of Pseudaspius (syn. Tribolodon) spp.); Henneguya pungitii Achmerov, 1953, forming cysts in the subcutis of external skin and buccal submucosa of Pungitius sinensis; and Myxidium salvelini Konovalov et Shulman, 1966, in the urinary bladder of Oncorhynchus masou ishikawae. These new isolates were characterized by integrated taxonomic approaches, i.e., myxospore morphology and molecular-genetic characterization of the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (SSU rDNA). These new isolates were phylogenetically differentiated from any species whose SSU rDNA sequences were deposited in the DNA databases, and concurrently compared with recorded species based on classical morphological criteria. All three species were differentiated from myxosporeans previously recorded in Japan, indicating new distribution records out of the Russian Far East. For reliable species identification, accumulation of at least SSU rDNA sequences of known species worldwide is critically important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Sekiya
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Haruya Sakai
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Ying-Chun Li
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan; (Y.-C.L.); (I.R.)
| | - Imron Rosyadi
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan; (Y.-C.L.); (I.R.)
| | - Muchammad Yunus
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia;
| | - Hiroshi Sato
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan; (Y.-C.L.); (I.R.)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia;
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Suhaimi NS, Sellyei B, Cech G, Székely C, Borkhanuddin MH. First record and description of actinospore stages (raabeia, triactinomyxon, and aurantiactinomyxon types) of fish parasitic myxozoans from Malaysia. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2024; 24:100964. [PMID: 39105042 PMCID: PMC11298608 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.100964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
During a 2-month survey in 2023 at Tasik Telabak, Terengganu, Malaysia three distinct actinospore types, namely raabeia, triactinomyxon and aurantiactinomyxon were identified in three invertebrate host species: Aulodrilus acutus, Branchiodrilus sp., and Bothrioneurum sp. utilizing morphometric and molecular analyses. Maximum likelihood of 18S rDNA positioned the raabeia type within the Myxobolus clade from fish of the Order Cypriniformes, suggesting a detected actinospore has a potential life cycle development in Cypriniformes and the genus Myxobolus. Both triactinomyxon and aurantiactinomyxon types were described solely based on morphology and morphometrics due to preservation error preventing the acquisition of 18S rDNA sequences. The triactinomyxon type in this study exhibited distinct morphology in spore shape and dimensions, characterized by a short style and caudal processes. Conversely, the aurantiactinomyxon type described herein possesses prominent elongated pyriform polar capsules not resembling any previously known aurantiactinomyxon types. These distinctive features, along with host species and geographical location justify their classification as novel types. Histological and microscopic analyses revealed the development of pansporocysts in the intestinal epithelium of the oligochaete host. This study marks the first descriptions of actinospore stages of myxozoans in Malaysia and the initial report of actinospores infecting host species of Aulodrilus acutus, Branchiodrilus sp. and Bothrioneurum sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadhirah Syafiqah Suhaimi
- HUN-REN Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Animal Biotechnology and Animal Science, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Boglárka Sellyei
- HUN-REN Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Cech
- HUN-REN Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Székely
- HUN-REN Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary
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Okkay S, Gürkanlı CT, Çiftçi Y, Özer A. New molecular evidence on the members of the genus Ortholinea (Cnidaria, Myxozoa) and the description of Ortholinea hamsiensis n. sp. infecting the urinary bladder of European anchovy Engraulis engrasicolus in the Black Sea. Parasitology 2024; 151:485-494. [PMID: 38443982 PMCID: PMC11106505 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182024000325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Members of the genus Ortholinea are among the worldwide distributed myxozoan parasites that mainly infect marine fish. In this study, a new myxosporean species, Ortholinea hamsiensis n. sp., was isolated from the urinary bladder of European anchovy Engraulis engrasicolus collected from the Sinop coasts of the Black Sea. The prevalence and density values of infection were 1.4% and 1–5 individuals in the field of view (1 + ), respectively. Mature myxospores are subspherical with slight tapering down to the less pronounced tip in the frontal view and subspherical in the sutural view. Myxospores measured 9.1 ± 0.25 (8.8–9.9) μm in length, 9.2 ± 0.11 (8.9–9.4) μm in thickness, and 8.4 ± 0.33 (8.2-9.1) μm in width. Two polar capsules equal in size measured 3.1 ± 0.11 (3.0–3.3) μm in length and 2.7 ± 0.11 (2.6–2.9) μm in width. The polar tubule had 3–4 coils. Along with morphological peculiarities, the results of the 18S rDNA also revealed it to be a new species for science compared to the other species of the genus. In this study, another myxosporean species O. gobiusi was also detected in round goby Neogobius melanostomus with a prevalence of infection value of 4.8% and a density of 1–5 individuals in the field of view (1 + ). The present study also provided the first data of 18S rDNA of O. gobiusi from N. melanostomus and type species of the genus O. divergens from Gobius niger and the phylogenetic relationships of these species with other Ortholinea species have been revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevilay Okkay
- Kocaeli University, Science and Arts Faculty, Department of Biology, 41001, Kocaeli, Türkiye
| | - Cem Tolga Gürkanlı
- Ordu University, Fatsa Faculty of Marine Sciences, Department of Fisheries Technology Engineering, 52400, Fatsa-Ordu, Türkiye
| | - Yılmaz Çiftçi
- Ordu University, Fatsa Faculty of Marine Sciences, Department of Fisheries Technology Engineering, 52400, Fatsa-Ordu, Türkiye
| | - Ahmet Özer
- Sinop University, Faculty of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 57000, Sinop, Türkiye
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Surendran S, Vijayagopal P, Sanil NK. Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Two New Species of Ceratomyxa Thélohan, 1892 (Cnidaria: Myxosporea) from the Marine Ornamental Fish Zanclus cornutus (Linnaeus, 1758) off Lakshadweep Islands, Arabian Sea. Acta Parasitol 2024; 69:681-690. [PMID: 38349602 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-023-00782-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study provides the complete morphological and molecular description of two new species of myxosporeans, Ceratomyxa zancli n. sp. and Ceratomyxa cornuti n. sp. infecting the gallbladder of Zanclus cornutus from the Lakshadweep Islands, Arabian Sea. METHODS Zanclus cornutus were screened for the presence of myxosporeans, and the recovered myxospores were morphologically characterized using Nomarski Differential Interference Contrast (DIC) optics. The sequences of SSU rDNA were employed for molecular and phylogenetic studies. RESULTS Both the parasites exhibited a prevalence of 21% each. C. zancli n. sp. is characterized by broadly cresentic myxospores with convex anterior and slightly concave to straight posterior margins and rounded ends. Spore valves two, unequal, measured 9.6 ± 0.7 μm × 25.2 ± 1.3 μm. Polar capsules two, unequal, spherical, measured 4 ± 0.6 μm × 3.5 ± 0.6 μm. Polar filament exceptionally long and arranged irregularly. Myxospores of C. cornuti n. sp. are elongated with convex anterior and slightly concave to straight posterior margins. Spore valves two, unequal, measured 7.00 ± 0.4 μm × 26.56 ± 1.8 μm. Polar capsules spherical, unequal, measured 3.52 ± 0.2 × 3.36 ± 0.35. Molecular analysis of C. zancli n. sp. (ON818297) and C. cornuti n. sp. (ON818298) resulted in 1469 and 1491 bp long SSU rDNA sequences, respectively. Molecularly C. zancli n. sp. is close to C. diplodae and C. barnesi with 91.39% similarity, while C. cornuti n. sp. appears closer to C. robertsthomsoni with 97.46% similarity. In phylogenetic analyses, C. zancli n. sp. branched separately within the Ceratomyxa clade while C. cornuti n. sp. clustered with C. robertsthomsoni and C. thalassomae. CONCLUSION Based on the differences in morphological, morphometric, molecular, and phylogenetic characteristics, as well as differences in the host and geographic location, the above two species of myxosporeans are considered novel. The study forms the first report of a species of Ceratomyxa from Z. cornutus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Surendran
- Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Ernakulam North P.O., PB No. 1603, Kochi, Kerala, 682018, India.
| | - P Vijayagopal
- Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Ernakulam North P.O., PB No. 1603, Kochi, Kerala, 682018, India
| | - N K Sanil
- Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Ernakulam North P.O., PB No. 1603, Kochi, Kerala, 682018, India
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Rocha S, Alves Â, Antunes C, Rodrigues P, Casal G. Characterization of novel aurantiactinomyxon types (Cnidaria, Myxosporea) from the oligochaete Ilyodrilus templetoni (Southern, 1909), with a comprehensive phylogeny of the collective group. J Invertebr Pathol 2024; 203:108043. [PMID: 38104963 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2023.108043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Three new aurantiactinomyxon types are described from the oligochaete Ilyodrilus templetoni (Southern, 1909) (Naididae) collected from a northern Portuguese estuary, based on light microscopy and sequencing of the 18S rDNA. The addition of I. templetoni to the group of freshwater annelids known to be permissive for aurantiactinomyxon development reinforces the crucial role of naidids in the evolution and settlement of myxozoans in estuarine environments. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses of a comprehensive 18S rDNA dataset placed the novel types within the Paramyxidium clade. This positioning suggests them as probable life cycle counterparts to Paramyxidium spp. that most likely infect the European eel Anguilla anguilla, as the sole representative of Elopomorpha in Portuguese rivers. Although distance estimation revealed a genetic difference of only 0.4 % between Aurantiactinomyxon types 1 and 3, this value was determined to be representative of interspecific variability based on the consistent matching of both genotypes with distinct actinospore morphologies, and potential richness of closely related species of Paramyxidium infecting the European eel in Portuguese waters. The clustering of aurantiactinomyxon types within distinct myxosporean lineages, representative of the suborders Variisporina and Platysporina, demonstrates that the aurantiactinomyxon morphotype is highly functional in promoting myxozoan infections in estuarine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sónia Rocha
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen no. 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ângela Alves
- ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carlos Antunes
- Aquamuseu do Rio Minho, Parque do Castelinho, 4920-290 Vila Nova de Cerveira, Portugal; Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Pedro Rodrigues
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen no. 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Graça Casal
- 1H-OXRUN - One Health Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, Rua Central da Gandra no. 1317, 4585-116, Gandra, Portugal
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Alejandra Rossin M, Cantatore DMP, Lisnerova M, Taglioretti V, Sibylle Holzer A. Henneguya (Cnidaria: Myxobolidae) species infecting Oligosarcus jenynsii (Characiformes: Characidae) in a Neotropical shallow lake from Argentina: morphological and molecular characterisation. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2024; 71:2024.005. [PMID: 38526292 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2024.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Two previously undescribed myxozoan species, Henneguya sardellae sp. n. and H. margaritae sp. n., found infecting connective tissues of the Neotropical characid fish Oligosarcus jenynsii (Günther) from Argentina are morphologically and molecularly characterised. Mature spores of H. sardellae sp. n. are ellipsoid, with two, straight and visibly fused caudal appendages cleaved at its blunt terminal end; measuring 33.5 ± 1.2 (30.9-35.5) μm in total length, spore body 17.5 ± 0.6 (16.3-18.6) µm, 7.8 ± 0.4 (7.0-8.8) µm wide and 6.9 ± 0.2 (6.6-7.2) µm thick, with two elongated, unequally-sized polar capsules situated at anterior end, and 11-13 turns of polar tubules. Mature spores of H. margaritae sp. n. are pyriform, with two caudal appendages visible fused together and much longer than spore body, with unequal endings; measuring 35.9 ± 2.8 (29.2-40.7) µm in total length, spore body 11.5 ± 0.9 (9.2-13.0) µm long, 5.8 ± 0.4 (5.1-6.7) µm wide and 5.5 ± 0.2 (5.1-5.8) µm thick, with two polar capsules similar in size, pyriform polar capsules containing polar tubules with 4-5 coils. Both species showed a membraneous sheath surrounding the spore body and caudal appendages; in H. sardellae sp. n. this feature can deploy laterally. Phylogenetic analyses based on SSU rDNA sequences showed that H. sardellae sp. n. and H. margaritae sp. n. clustered with other myxobolids parasitising Characiformes in Brazil, Cichliformes in Mexico and Cyprinodontiformes in Mexico and the United States. The description of these two new species of Henneguya as the first described species of the genus that parasitise freshwater fish in Argentina highlights the importance of further research on the diversity and distribution of myxozoans in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Alejandra Rossin
- Laboratorio de Ictioparasitologia, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEyN), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET), Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Delfina Maria Paula Cantatore
- Laboratorio de Ictioparasitologia, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEyN), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET), Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Martina Lisnerova
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Veronica Taglioretti
- Laboratorio de Ictioparasitologia, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEyN), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET), Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Astrid Sibylle Holzer
- Fish Health Division, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria *Maria Alejandra Rossin and Delfina Maria Paula Cantatore contributed equally to this work. Address for correspondence: Cantatore D.M.P. Laboratorio de Ictioparasitologia, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEyN), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP). Dean Funes 3350, B7602AYL, Mar del Plata (7600), Argentina. E-mail: ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2839-8319
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Dar SA, Ahmad I, Ahmed I, Kaur H, Khursheed S, Nisar K, Magray AR, Chishti MZ. Strategies for describing myxozoan pathogens, dreadful fish diseases in aquaculture. Microb Pathog 2024; 187:106512. [PMID: 38154451 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Myxozoans are obligate endoparasites, cosmopolitan in distribution with both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. Their myxospores consist of shell valves, polar capsules with coiled polar tubules that are extrudible, and infective amoeboid germs. Myxozoan parasites are most abundant, and due to their increasing number in recent years, they can pose an emerging threat to the fish industry worldwide. Hence, the immediate need is to devise a strategy to understand and detect parasites and parasitism. They may proliferate to different organs with the advancement of infection. This all warrants the development/devising of strategies and results of integrative studies in order to identify these dreadful parasites and resolve taxonomic issues. Different methods whether classical methods including gross morphology or advanced methods such as electron microscopy (SEM, TEM, STEM), Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), histopathological studies, site preference, host and tissue specificity, a molecular approach using new markers can be clubbed for identification because these parasites are hidden and are difficult to recognize. This group was earlier classified only on the basis of myxospores morphology, but due to the high structural variability of this group advanced methods and approaches have to be implied which can minimize the problems in assigning new species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoaib Ali Dar
- Centre of Research for Development, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India
| | - Ishtiyaq Ahmad
- Fish Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India.
| | - Imtiaz Ahmed
- Fish Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Saba Khursheed
- Department of Zoology, School of Bioengineering & Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Kamran Nisar
- Centre of Research for Development, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India
| | - Aqib Rehman Magray
- Centre of Research for Development, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India
| | - M Z Chishti
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Kashmir, 191131, India
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Araujo Neto JP, Székely C, Molnár K, Pereira CMB, Guerreiro SLDM, Hamoy IG, Matos ER. Morphology and phylogeny of Coccomyxa bragantinensis n. sp. (Cnidaria: Myxozoa) found parasitising the Coco Sea catfish, Bagre bagre (Siluriformes: Ariidae), captured off the coast of Northern Brazil. Parasitol Int 2024; 98:102815. [PMID: 37820783 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2023.102815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
The present study describes Coccomyxa bragantinensis n. sp., which was found parasitising the gallbladder of the Coco Sea catfish, Bagre bagre, captured off Ajuruteua beach, in the region of Bragança in Pará state, northern Brazil. Most (77.5%) of the 40 fish specimens examined (31/40) had myxospores floating in the bile liquid. These spores are partially ellipsoid, with a tapering anterior extremity and a rounded, elongated posterior extremity with a single piriform polar capsule containing a helicoidal polar filament, with 5-6 coils. A partial sequence of 957 bp of the SSU rDNA gene was obtained from the specimens and deposited in GenBank (xxx). The new species described here - Coccomyxa bragantinensis n. sp. - is phylogenetically similar to Coccomyxa morovi, although it differs from all the other Coccomyxa species and is the first species of this genus to be described from Brazil on the basis of molecular evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Pompeu Araujo Neto
- Carlos Azevedo Research Laboratory, Institute of Animal Health and Production, Federal Rural University of Amazonia, Belém, Pará 66.077-901, Brazil
| | - Csaba Székely
- HUN-REN Veterinary Medical Research Institute, POB 18, H-1581 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kálmán Molnár
- HUN-REN Veterinary Medical Research Institute, POB 18, H-1581 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Camila Maria Barbosa Pereira
- Carlos Azevedo Research Laboratory, Institute of Animal Health and Production, Federal Rural University of Amazonia, Belém, Pará 66.077-901, Brazil
| | - Sávio Lucas de Matos Guerreiro
- Laboratory of Applied Genetics, Institute for Socio-Environmental and Water Resources, Federal Rural University of Amazonia, Belém, Pará, 66.077-901, Brazil
| | - Igor G Hamoy
- Laboratory of Applied Genetics, Institute for Socio-Environmental and Water Resources, Federal Rural University of Amazonia, Belém, Pará, 66.077-901, Brazil
| | - Edilson R Matos
- Carlos Azevedo Research Laboratory, Institute of Animal Health and Production, Federal Rural University of Amazonia, Belém, Pará 66.077-901, Brazil.
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Ibrahim MM, Attia MM, Baghdadi HB, Abdelsalam M. First report of Kudoa species (Myxozoa, Multivalvulida) infection in purple-spotted Bigeye (Priacanthus tayenus) from the Saudi Arabian Gulf. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0295668. [PMID: 38198465 PMCID: PMC10781066 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The purple-spotted bigeye, Priacanthus tayenus, is a marine benthic fish native to the Indian and Pacific Oceans, including the Arabian Gulf in Saudi Arabia. This study identified a myxozoan parasite infecting wild P. tayenus from the Saudi Arabian Gulf. These parasites produced spherical to ovoid-shaped, white plasmodia enclosed within pseudocysts in the fish musculature. The annual infection rate was 5.1%, with the highest prevalence in summer (7.6%), followed by spring (6%), and autumn (2.5%), while no infections were observed in winter. The number of plasmodia per fish ranged from 100 to 150 (135.1 ± 16.2). Their dimensions were 4-4.7 mm (4.3 ± 0.3 mm) in length and 4.5-7 mm (6 ± 1.1 mm) in width. Milky-colored exudates within the plasmodia contained mature spores measuring 8-9 μm (8.6 ± 0.4 μm) x 6-7.5 μm (6.9 ± 0.5 μm). The polar capsules of the spores exhibited dimensions of 2-5 μm (3.5 ± 0.5 μm) x 2.5-4.5 μm (3 ± 0.45 μm). Both morphological and genetic analyses confirmed these plasmodia as a novel Kudoa species. Histopathological examination revealed atrophy in the surrounding muscles without an inflammatory response. This study documents the first occurrence of a novel Kudoa sp. in P. tayenus at the Jubail landing site in Saudi Arabia, emphasizing the need for further surveillance and investigations to elucidate its pathogenesis and implications for wild fish stocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa M. Ibrahim
- Department of Pathology, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Marwa M. Attia
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Parasitology, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hanadi B. Baghdadi
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Imam Abdul Rahman bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Abdelsalam
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine and Management, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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11
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Zhang J, Wang Y, Zhao Y. The description of Myxobolus meijiangensis n. sp. (Myxozoa: Myxobolidae) and its pathogenicity to the gills of goldfish. Parasitol Int 2023; 97:102795. [PMID: 37574004 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2023.102795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Myxobolus Bütschli, 1882 is the most speciose myxozoan genus, although some species have only been described according to the morphological characteristics of spores. In the present study, a new Myxobolus species infecting the gill lamellae of goldfish from Chongqing, China, was described using a comprehensive analysis of morphological, molecular, and histological data. Mature spores were flat-pear in valvular view with tapering anterior and rounded posterior ends, measuring 11.0 ± 0.4 (10.4-11.6) μm in length and 10.3 ± 0.3 (9.6-11.0) μm in width. Two equal-sized elongate pyriform polar capsules were 5.6 ± 0.6 (4.5-6.4) μm long and 3.5 ± 0.5 (2.4-4.1) μm wide. Polar tubules were coiled with 8 or 9 turns. The small-subunit ribosomal DNA gene sequence length of the present species was 1951 nt, and the highest similarity was 97.99% with M. pyramidis. Comparative analysis of the morphological and molecular data revealed that the present species was distinct from other known myxosporeans. Plasmodia were located at the interlamellar troughs nearing the top of the primary gills. Infection by the present species destroyed the original structure of gill lamellae and caused an inflammatory response, eventually leading to fish dyspnea. The morphological, molecular, and pathological data from the present study can be used for aquaculture since they provide guidance for easy detection and future control of this myxosporidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinye Zhang
- Animal Biology Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission of China, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, People's Republic of China
| | - Yueru Wang
- Animal Biology Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission of China, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, People's Republic of China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanjun Zhao
- Animal Biology Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission of China, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Ghai N, Nissa K, Kaur H. Myxobolus coriumicus n.sp. (Cnidaria: Myxozoa) Causing Scale Disease Associated with Skin Lesions in Indian Cultured Carp, Cirrhinus mrigala in Punjab. Acta Parasitol 2023; 68:769-781. [PMID: 37596457 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-023-00714-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The motive of the present study was to investigate incidences of myxozoan parasite infection in commercially important fishes and their characterization using morphological attributes and molecular approach. METHODS The specimens of cultured Cirrhinus mrigala were sampled and various organs were examined. The plasmodia were detected on the scales. The identification of species was based on the myxospore morphology and 18S rDNA sequence analyses. For phylogenetic analysis, maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) methods were employed. The SEM and histological studies were performed to assess the damage to the scales. RESULTS The infected fishes had white patches on the scales and red haemorrhagic lesions on the skin. The plasmodia of Myxobolus coriumicus n. sp. were located on the dorsal surface of the scale towards its exposed part. SEM study indicated that lepidonts were damaged in the infected scales. The myxospores were spherical in shape, 9.0-10.0 × 8.0-9.0 [Formula: see text]m in size, with two ovoid equal polar capsules 3.13-4.0 × 2.03-2.33 [Formula: see text]m in size, having 4-5 sutural edge markings at the posterior-lateral margins of the shell valves and binucleated sporoplasm. BLAST search based on 18S rDNA revealed 93.87% sequence similarity with M. rewensis, (MZ230381). The prevalence of infection was 6.3% and Scale Plasmodium Index (SPI) was 3 indicating heavy infection. CONCLUSION Morpho-molecular data generated during this study enables us to conclude that the present species, M. coriumicus n. sp. infecting scales of C. mrigala is new to the science causing significant damage to the scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Ghai
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kharoon Nissa
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
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13
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Casal G, Silva TJ, Soares EC, Oliveira E, Santos M, Rocha S. Morphological, histopathological, ultrastructural and phylogenetic analysis of Henneguya archosargus n. sp. (Cnidaria, Myxosporea) infecting the sparid fish Archosargus probatocephalus in Brazilian waters. Microb Pathog 2023; 184:106366. [PMID: 37734487 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of new fish species to the aquaculture industry is essential to halt the progressive decline of natural fish stocks. The sheepshead Archosargus probatocephalus is a commercially valuable sparid fish with potential for breeding in captivity, but with limited information regarding parasitic infections that could pose a significant threat for its sustainable production. Thus, the present study aimed to study the myxozoan diversity infecting A. probatocephalus. A novel Henneguya sp. was detected forming plasmodia in the gill lamellae of specimens inhabiting the Brazilian coast, and is characterized based on morphological, histopathological, ultrastructural, molecular, and phylogenetic data. Myxospore total length was 21.3 ± 0.8 μm, with myxospore body 10.0 ± 0.5 μm long, 6.2 ± 0.3 μm wide, and 4.8 ± 0.5 μm thick. Caudal appendages were 10.3 ± 0.5 μm long and did not present any type of coating. Two pyriform polar capsules, 3.4 ± 0.3 μm long and 1.5 ± 0.2 μm wide, each containing an isofilar polar tubule with 4-5 coils. Histopathological analyses showed large intralamellar polysporic plasmodia associated with vascular congestion of the gill filament and gill lamellae, as well as epithelial hyperplasia causing partial or total fusion of gill lamellae. Maximum likelihood and Baysesian inference SSU rDNA-based phylogenetic analyses showed the novel sequence grouped within the marine clade of Henneguya spp. that mostly parasitize fishes belonging to Eupercaria incertae sedis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graça Casal
- 1H-OXRUN - One Health Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL, 4585-116, Gandra, Portugal; Department of Microscopy, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Themis J Silva
- Laboratório de Aquicultura e Análise de Água - LAQUA, Universidade Federal de Alagoas - UFAL, Campus de Engenharias e Ciências Agrárias - CECA, Rio Largo, AL, Brazil
| | - Emerson C Soares
- Laboratório de Aquicultura e Análise de Água - LAQUA, Universidade Federal de Alagoas - UFAL, Campus de Engenharias e Ciências Agrárias - CECA, Rio Largo, AL, Brazil
| | - Elsa Oliveira
- Department of Microscopy, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta Santos
- Department of Microscopy, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sónia Rocha
- Department of Microscopy, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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14
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Zhang B, Guo Q, Tu X, Gu Z. Identification of Myxobolus distalisensis n. sp. (Cnidaria: Myxozoa) infecting yellow catfish Tachysurus fulvidraco (Richardson), with a supplement description of M. voremkhai (Akhmerov, 1960) Landsberg and Lom, 1991. Syst Parasitol 2023; 100:473-485. [PMID: 37314635 DOI: 10.1007/s11230-023-10098-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
With growing scale of intensive fish cultivation, the risk of parasite infection in commercial fish is increased. Precisely identifying and characterizing the parasites that infect the farmed fish is critical to understanding the dynamics of their communities. Here, two species of Myxobolus were identified in farmed yellow catfish Tachysurus fulvidraco (Richardson) in China. Myxobolus distalisensis n. sp. developed plasmodia in the gill filaments, with oval to elliptical myxospores measuring 11.3 ± 0.6 (10.4-12.6) × 8.1 ± 0.3 (7.5-8.6) × 5.5 ± 0.2 (5.2-5.8) μm. Two pyriform polar capsules of equal size were measured 5.3 ± 0.4 (4.5-6.3) × 2.7 ± 0.1 (2.3-3) μm. Myxobolus voremkhai (Akhmerov, 1960) Landsberg and Lom, 1991 developed plasmodia in the gill arch and had a myxospore morphology similar to the conspecific isolates described in previous studies. The consensus sequences of M. distalisensis was remarkably distinct from those deposited in the GenBank, with exception of whereas M. voremkhai showing 99.84% identity. The genetic data on both isolates differed considerably from each other, revealing only 86.96% molecular identity. Histologically, M. distalisensis resided in the filament cartilage, and the aggressive proliferation of the sporogenic stages led to lytic cartilage corrosion. In contrast, plasmodia of M. voremkhai grossly observed at the base of the gill filament were embedded by the connective tissue in the gills arch. Phylogenetically, both isolates were separately placed in different subclades, indicating difference in their evolutionary history. Besides, the taxon under the family Myxobolidae was demonstrated non-monophyletic origins, and parasite radiation largely followed their host affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, 1 Shi Zi Shan Street, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
- National Aquatic Animal Diseases Para-Reference Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingxiang Guo
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, 1 Shi Zi Shan Street, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Tu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, 1 Shi Zi Shan Street, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
- National Aquatic Animal Diseases Para-Reference Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Zemao Gu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, 1 Shi Zi Shan Street, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
- National Aquatic Animal Diseases Para-Reference Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Grabner D, Rothe LE, Sures B. Parasites and Pollutants: Effects of Multiple Stressors on Aquatic Organisms. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2023; 42:1946-1959. [PMID: 37283208 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Parasites can affect their hosts in various ways, and this implies that parasites may act as additional biotic stressors in a multiple-stressor scenario, resembling conditions often found in the field if, for example, pollutants and parasites occur simultaneously. Therefore, parasites represent important modulators of host reactions in ecotoxicological studies when measuring the response of organisms to stressors such as pollutants. In the present study, we introduce the most important groups of parasites occurring in organisms commonly used in ecotoxicological studies ranging from laboratory to field investigations. After briefly explaining their life cycles, we focus on parasite stages affecting selected ecotoxicologically relevant target species belonging to crustaceans, molluscs, and fish. We included ecotoxicological studies that consider the combination of effects of parasites and pollutants on the respective model organism with respect to aquatic host-parasite systems. We show that parasites from different taxonomic groups (e.g., Microsporidia, Monogenea, Trematoda, Cestoda, Acanthocephala, and Nematoda) clearly modulate the response to stressors in their hosts. The combined effects of environmental stressors and parasites can range from additive, antagonistic to synergistic. Our study points to potential drawbacks of ecotoxicological tests if parasite infections of test organisms, especially from the field, remain undetected and unaddressed. If these parasites are not detected and quantified, their physiological effects on the host cannot be separated from the ecotoxicological effects. This may render this type of ecotoxicological test erroneous. In laboratory tests, for example to determine effect or lethal concentrations, the presence of a parasite can also have a direct effect on the concentrations to be determined and thus on the subsequently determined security levels, such as predicted no-effect concentrations. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:1946-1959. © 2023 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Grabner
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Louisa E Rothe
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Bernd Sures
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Research Center One Health Ruhr, Research Alliance Ruhr, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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16
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Silva MFD, Silva DTD, Giese E, Furtado AP, Matos P, Lima AM, Hamoy I, Matos E. Phylogeny and ultrastructure of Myxobolus rangeli n. sp. (Myxozoa, Bivalvulida), a histozoic parasite in Siluriformes fish from the Amazon region. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA = BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY : ORGAO OFICIAL DO COLEGIO BRASILEIRO DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2023; 32:e005923. [PMID: 37341287 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612023034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
A new species of Myxobolus parasitizing the arterial bulb and cardiac musculature of the freshwater fish Pimelodus ornatus Kner, 1858, from the Arari river in the municipality of Cachoeira do Arari, island of Marajó, Pará, Brazil, was described. In the present study, the observed prevalence of myxozoan parasites in the heart tissue of the hosts was 20% (6/30). The myxozoans observed had mature biconvex spores, slightly rounded, an anterior end with two pyriform polar capsules and a posterior end with very evident sporoplasm, measuring 8 ± 0.2 μmin length. The spore width was 5.8 ± 0.4 μm, with a thickness of 3.4 ± 0.2μm. The length of the polar capsules was 3.6 ± 0.3 μm and the width was 1.2 ± 0.2μm, with 6 to 7 turns of the polar filament. The divergences observed, regarding the morphometric and genetic structure of SSU rDNA, in relation to other Myxobolidae already described in the literature, confirm the description of the new species Myxobolus rangeli n. sp.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elane Giese
- Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia - UFRA, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | | | | | | | - Igor Hamoy
- Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia - UFRA, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - Edilson Matos
- Universidade Federal do Pará - UFPA, Belém, PA, Brasil
- Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia - UFRA, Belém, PA, Brasil
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17
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Figueredo RTA, Muller MI, Arana S, Long PF, Adriano EA. Phylogenetic and host-parasite relationship analyses of Henneguya caquetaia sp. nov (Myxosporea: Myxobolidae) infecting an Amazonian cichlid fish. Microb Pathog 2023; 179:106116. [PMID: 37068618 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
The present study describes a new species of Henneguya infecting the ornamental fish Caquetaia spectabilis from the Brazilian Amazon. Fish specimens were collected where the Tapajós and Amazon rivers merge, municipality of Santarém in the State of Pará, Brazil. Infections were intense, with several plasmodia spread on the opercula, fins and eye. Phylogenetic characterization and host-parasite relationship studies of the new Henneguya species used a combination of small subunit ribosomal DNA (ssrDNA) and morphological (photonic and transmission electron microscopy) analyses. Plasmodia were white round to ellipsoidal measuring up to 1.8 mm. The myxospores body measured 20.5 ± 3.9 (15-27) in length, 7.9 μm (6.2-10.8) in width, 6.7 μm (6.0-7.6) in thickness, 20.5 μm (14.4-32.3) in caudal appendages length, and 40.6 μm (34.2-54.6) in total length. The two polar capsules were elongated and equal in size, measuring 4.3 μm (3.3-5.4) in length and 2.1 μm (1.3-2.8) in width. Histological analysis revealed the parasite development in connective tissues of the fins, eyes and opercula. The skin of the fins and opercula presented detachment of the epidermis, however, no inflamatory infiltrate was observed. In the eye were observed inflammatory infiltratate in the epithelium and stroma of the cornea. Ultrastructure analysis showed the connective tissue capsule composed by an inner cellular layer with fibroblasts and outer layer where collagen fibers arranged transversely yet interspersed by layers of fibers arranged longitudinally. Numerous invaginations and extensive pinocytotic channels were observed in the plasmodial membrane. A layer of microfilament-like microfilament-like material was observed in the ectoplasm area and along to the internal surface of the plasmodial membrane. Generative cells and early stages of sporogenesis were seen more internally. The ssrDNA based phylogeny showed the South American species grouped in two lineages and the new species arises in a well-sustained subclade as sister branch of the clade composed by Henneguya spp. parasites of cichlids fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayline T A Figueredo
- Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Maria I Muller
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Diadema, SP, 09972-270, Brazil
| | - Sarah Arana
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, University of Campinas, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Paul F Long
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Edson A Adriano
- Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Diadema, SP, 09972-270, Brazil
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18
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Rocha S. Synopsis of the aurantiactinomyxon collective group (Cnidaria, Myxozoa), with a discussion on the validity of morphotype definition and demise of guyenotia. Syst Parasitol 2023; 100:307-323. [PMID: 37060426 PMCID: PMC10129985 DOI: 10.1007/s11230-023-10089-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Aurantiactinomyxon is one of the most diverse myxozoan collective groups, comprising types that mostly infect freshwater and marine oligochaetes belonging to the family Naididae Ehrenberg, 1828, but also Lumbriculidae Claus, 1872. In this study, a comprehensive revision of all known aurantiactinomyxon types is performed and highlights the fallibility of using the form and length of the valvular processes as main criterion for differentiating among style-less actinospore morphotypes. The demise of the guyenotia collective group is proposed based on the ambiguous features of several types that allow conformity with both the aurantiactinomyxon and guyenotia definitions. Nonetheless, the information presently available clearly shows that a general shift is needed in our approach to actinospore grouping, which should probably be based on actinospore functionality relative to environment and host ecology, rather than on morphology. Life cycle studies based on experimental transmission and molecular inferences of the 18S rDNA have linked aurantiactinomyxon (including former guyenotia) to myxozoans belonging to a diverse array of genera, including Chloromyxum, Henneguya, Hoferellus, Myxobolus, Paramyxidium, Thelohanellus and Zschokkella. This undoubtedly shows a high capacity of the aurantiactinomyxon morphotype to promote infection in intrinsically distinct vertebrate hosts and environmental habitats, consequently increasing interest in its study for attaining a better understanding of myxozoan-host interactions. The identification of novel and known types, however, is impeded by the lack of concise information allowing a comprehensive analysis of biological, morphological, and molecular criteria. In this sense, the compilation of data presented in this study will ultimately help researchers seeking to perform reliable identifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sónia Rocha
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen no. 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.
- ICBAS-School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira no. 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
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19
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Rangel LF, Santos MJ, Rocha S. Synopsis of the species of Henneguya Thélohan, 1892 (Cnidaria: Myxosporea: Myxobolidae) described since 2012. Syst Parasitol 2023; 100:291-305. [PMID: 37020081 DOI: 10.1007/s11230-023-10088-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
The genus Henneguya Thélohan, 1892 (Cnidaria: Myxosporea: Myxobolidae) encompasses a large number of species that mostly infect freshwater fish belonging to 71 families of Actinopterygii. A synopsis of Henneguya species described between 2012 and 2022 is herein presented. It includes 57 species described during the last decade, and one species missing from the previous synopses, adding to a total of 254 species that have been formally described within this genus. Biological characters and myxospore morphometry are presented for each species record.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F Rangel
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal.
- CIIMAR, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Maria J Santos
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
- CIIMAR, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sónia Rocha
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS - School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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20
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Correya MS, Pananghat V, Karayi SN. Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Myxobolus planilizae n. sp. (Cnidaria; Myxosporea; Myxobolidae) Infecting the Largescale Mullet Planiliza macrolepis (Smith, 1846) Collected From Cochin Backwaters, India. Acta Parasitol 2023; 68:42-50. [PMID: 36348180 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-022-00637-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Myxobolus planilizae n. sp. is described from the intestinal muscles of the largescale mullet Planiliza macrolepis from Cochin backwaters, Kerala, India. METHODS Host fishes inhabiting Cochin backwaters were collected using Chinese nets/gill nets. The morphometry and morphological studies were carried out using Nomarski differential interference contrast (DIC) optics, followed by molecular and phylogenetic analyses of the small subunit ribosomal DNA gene (SSU rDNA). RESULTS Plasmodia small, pale white, and infect the muscles of the intestine; measured 0.13-0.22 (0.17) × 0.09-0.14 (0.13) mm. Mature myxospores pyriform in valvular view, and biconvex in sutural and apical views with a short anterior extension, and measured 7.45-8.75 (8.40) × 6.04-6.86 (6.25) µm. Shell valves with sutural ornamentations. Polar capsules two, equal, pyriform, measured 3.96-4.54 (4.45) × 2.22-2.94 (2.52) µm. Polar filament arranged in five coils, measured 24.41-34.44 (28.52) µm when extruded. In morphological and morphometric analysis, the present species exhibit remarkable variations from other species of the genus Myxobolus. In molecular analysis, the present species revealed the highest identity of 91.85% and divergence of 9.95% with related species, underlining its molecular uniqueness. In phylogenetic analysis, species of Myxobolus infecting mullets appeared as a separate clade and the present species was positioned distinctly with a high bootstrap value. CONCLUSIONS Based on morphology, morphometry, and molecular and phylogenetic analyses, along with tissue/host specificities and geographic location, the present parasite is treated as new and is reported here as M. planilizae n. sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Soniya Correya
- Fish Health Section, Marine Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi, Kerala, 682018, India.
| | - Vijayagopal Pananghat
- Fish Health Section, Marine Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi, Kerala, 682018, India
| | - Sanil Nandiath Karayi
- Fish Health Section, Marine Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi, Kerala, 682018, India
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Rocha S, Filipe Rangel L, Casal G, Severino R, Soares F, Rodrigues P, Santos MJ. Occurrence of two myxosporean parasites in the gall bladder of white seabream Diplodus sargus (L.) (Teleostei, Sparidae), with the morphological and molecular description of Ceratomyxa sargus n. sp. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14599. [PMID: 36655052 PMCID: PMC9841901 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Myxosporeans are widespread cnidarian parasites that usually parasitize fish as part of their complex life cycle, thus constituting a potential threat for the aquaculture industry. White seabream Diplodus sargus (L.) is a commercially valuable sparid fish reared in Southern European aquacultures. Nonetheless, knowledge on myxosporean infections potentially harming the sustainable production of this fish is extremely limited. In this study, a myxosporean survey was conducted on D. sargus specimens reared in two Southern Portuguese fish farms. Two coelozoic myxosporeans were detected infecting the gall bladder, and are herein reported based on microscopic and molecular procedures: Ceratomyxa sargus n. sp. and Zschokkella auratis Rocha et al., 2013, previously described from reared stocks of gilthead seabream Sparus aurata in the same geographic locality. Ceratomyxa sargus n. sp. is the 12th species of the genus to be reported from Southern European sparids, reinforcing a substantial radiation of Ceratomyxa within this fish family and geographic region. SSU rRNA-based Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood analyses revealed C. sargus n. sp. positioned separately from other sparid-infecting Ceratomyxa spp. reported from Southern European countries, demonstrating that this species does not share a more immediate common ancestor with its closest relatives based on host affinity and geography. The recognition of a novel sparid-infecting lineage within the Ceratomyxa clade strengthens the contention that this genus entered sparid fish multiple times, namely in the Southern European region. The identification of Zschokkella auratis infections in D. sargus demonstrates that host shift has occurred among sparids reared in the Southern Portuguese coast. This agrees with the broad host specificity that is usually attributed to this genus, and that may be suggested to be the outcome of the capacity of the Zschokkella morphotype to undergo host shift/switch based on our findings and the limited molecular data available for this genus. Thus, a better understanding of Zschokkella host-associated diversification and dispersal mechanisms requires the increasing availability of molecular data from infections of the same species occurring in multiple hosts and geographical locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sónia Rocha
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Filipe Rangel
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal,Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences (FCUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Graça Casal
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal,TOXRUN – Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL, Gandra, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Severino
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Pedro Rodrigues
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria João Santos
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal,Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences (FCUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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22
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Elloumi A, Rangel LF, Santos MJ, Bahri S. Myxidium tunisiensis n. sp. (Myxosporea: Myxidiidae) infecting the rough skate Raja radula Delaroche, 1908 (Rajiformes: Rajidae) from North East Tunisia. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:19-33. [PMID: 34494121 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07306-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A new marine myxosporean, Myxidium tunisiensis n. sp. (Myxosporea: Myxidiidae), is described infecting the gallbladder of the rough skate Raja radula Delaroche, 1908 (Chondrichthyes: Rajidae) harvested from the Bay of Bizerte, Tunisia. Observed stages of the parasite were floating free in the bile. Plasmodia, disporic or polysporic, contain disporic pansporoblasts measuring 23.0-27.2 μm in maximum diameter and 21.0-25.5 μm in minimum diameter. Mature myxospores, which are elongated, typically fusiform measured 18.6 ± 1.7 (17.2-22.0) μm in length, 8.6 ± 1.2 (7.2-11.2) μm in width and 8.2 ± 0.9 (6.4-10.1) in thickness. Myxospore valves are symmetrical with 9-10 longitudinal striations. Two polar capsules, pyriform, were equal in size, measuring 5.8 ± 0.4 (5.2-6.7) μm in length and 3.1 ± 0.2 (3.0-3.2) μm in width, with 5-6 polar filament turns. The infection was prevalent throughout the year with the highest prevalence in autumn (81.8%) and the lowest in winter (32.3%). The seasonal prevalence of M. tunisiensis n. sp. in the Bay of Bizerte appeared to fluctuate according to seawater temperature. The morphological and morphometrical differences with all Myxidium spp. described so far, complemented by molecular data, prove clearly that the present species is a new member of the genus Myxidium. The SSU rDNA phylogenetic analyses revealed that Myxidium tunisiensis n. sp. clustered within the oligochaete-gallbladder clade in a basal position to the marine subclade of Myxidium baueri and Myxidium coryphaenoideum. While the new species branching pattern is stable in the ML and the BI analyses, it changed in the MP analysis. This is the first molecular study of a Myxidium species infecting an elasmobranch host inhabiting the Mediterranean Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Elloumi
- Research Laboratory of Biodiversity, Parasitology and Ecology of Aquatic Ecosystems, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, El Manar I, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Luis F Rangel
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Maria J Santos
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Sihem Bahri
- Research Laboratory of Biodiversity, Parasitology and Ecology of Aquatic Ecosystems, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, El Manar I, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia
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Sellyei B, Molnár K, Czeglédi I, Preiszner B, Székely C. Effect of 80% ethanol or 10% formalin fixation, freezing at -20 °C and staining on Myxobolus (Myxosporea) spores to be deposited in parasitological collections. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2022; 19:257-262. [PMID: 36388723 PMCID: PMC9663741 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The preparation of myxosporeans for the description of myxospores and their preservation as type material in parasitological collections show great variations. Most frequently, formalin and ethanol are used for fixation and Giemsa solution for staining spores. In this work, authors studied the effect of 80% ethanol and 10% formalin fixation, freezing at -20 °C and staining on the size and transparency of two Myxobolus species of cyprinid fishes, M. bramae and M. bliccae spore, and recommended a new method for the deposition of type material to parasitological collections in museums. The studies have commended that fresh spores from mature plasmodia are the best material for measuring the size and studying the inner structures, the number of polar tubules in polar capsules and the morphological characters of the intercapsular appendix. The obtained quantitative data suggest that cryo- and chemical preservation do not have a notable negative effect on spores compared to fresh samples but they decrease the transparency of spores. Staining the spores with Ziehl-Neelsen has proved to be a useful method for studying the fine structure without size reduction, while Giemsa staining induced a shrinkage of spores so it seems to be not ideal for description of a new species. When treating spores of Myxobolus spp. with Lugol's solution, iodinophilous vacuoles in the sporoplasm were not recognised but visualisation of the coils of polar tubules was enhanced. As a type material for newly described species, authors suggest phototypes and spores fixed in 80% ethanol to be deposited into collections, as this preservation method is suitable for subsequent research, such as re-measurements and molecular analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boglárka Sellyei
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, 1143, Budapest, Hungária krt. 21, Hungary
| | - Kálmán Molnár
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, 1143, Budapest, Hungária krt. 21, Hungary
| | - István Czeglédi
- Balaton Limnological Research Institute, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Tihany, Hungary
| | - Bálint Preiszner
- Balaton Limnological Research Institute, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Tihany, Hungary
| | - Csaba Székely
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, 1143, Budapest, Hungária krt. 21, Hungary
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24
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Mirandola Dias Vieira DH, Bravin Narciso R, da Silva RJ. Diversity of myxozoans parasitizing the catfish Rhamdia quelen (Siluriformes: Heptapteridae), in southeastern Brazil, based on morphological and molecular evidence. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17596. [PMID: 36266420 PMCID: PMC9585194 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22418-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhamdia quelen is a commercially important fish in South America. During the survey of myxozoan infections in fishes from Pardo River, Paranapanema River basin, São Paulo State, Brazil, we describe three new species of Henneguya found parasitizing gills of R. quelen: Henneguya bagre n. sp., Henneguya breviscauda n. sp and Henneguya novaerae n. sp. The descriptions were based on myxospores morphology and small subunit ribosomal DNA partial sequences. Phylogenetic analysis showed a clade formed by species that parasitize Siluriformes, with Henneguya jundiai as a sister species of Henneguya bagre n. sp., Henneguya breviscauda n. sp and Henneguya novaerae n. sp. Our study indicates that the parasites infecting R. quelen belong to a lineage of myxozoans infecting Heptapteridae fishes. Using molecular and morphological characterization, the species were identified as new species for the genus Henneguya. Based on our analysis we recommend monitoring the presence of these parasites in farmed fishes, to analyze possible pathologies caused by them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Henrique Mirandola Dias Vieira
- grid.410543.70000 0001 2188 478XInstitute of Biosciences, Division of Parasitology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, SP 18618-689 Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Bravin Narciso
- grid.410543.70000 0001 2188 478XInstitute of Biosciences, Division of Parasitology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, SP 18618-689 Brazil
| | - Reinaldo José da Silva
- grid.410543.70000 0001 2188 478XInstitute of Biosciences, Division of Parasitology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, SP 18618-689 Brazil
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25
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Özer A, Gürkanlı CT, Okkay S, Çiftçi Y, Yurakhno V. Molecular and morphological description of Ceratomyxa scophthalmi sp. nov. (Myxozoa) infecting Scophthalmus maeoticus and first report of Myxidium finnmarchicum in the Black Sea. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2022; 151:85-96. [PMID: 36173119 DOI: 10.3354/dao03693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, 2 species of myxozoan parasites, the novel Ceratomyxa scophthalmi sp. nov. and Myxidium finnmarchicum, were documented from the gallbladder of Scophthalmus maeoticus inhabiting the Turkish Black Sea coast at Sinop. C. scophthalmi sp. nov. had mostly spherical, clavate, and fine-grained polymorphic plasmodia that ranged in diameter from 16.0 to 29.0 µm. Spores were arcuate with a convex anterior margin and concave posterior. Valves of spores were highly elongated and unequal in thickness with one valve 1.1-1.3 times thicker than the other. Valves narrowed gradually toward slightly truncated ends. The mean (range) dimensions of spores were 9.4 (8.5-10.0) µm in length and 49.6 (44.5-55.0) µm in thickness, with polar capsules that were 3.1 (2.7-3.5) µm in length and 3.2 (2.7-3.5) µm in width. Polar filaments were coiled with 4-5 turns. Large numbers of immature forms of C. scophthalmi sp. nov., which were often 'crumpled', and mature forms were found together in the gallbladder bile. Along with morphological differences, phylogenetic analysis based on 18S rDNA, including pairwise nucleotide similarities with other related Ceratomyxa species, suggests C. scophthalmi as a novel species. Moreover, this report provides the first morphological and molecular descriptions of M. finnmarchicum outside of its original geographical location and type host species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Özer
- Sinop University, Faculty of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 57000 Sinop, Turkey
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26
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Feudjio-Dongmo B, Lekeufack-Folefack GB, Tene-Fossog B, Fomena A, Wondji CS, Yurakhno VM, Alomar S, Mansour L. Myxobolus makombensis n. sp. infection in African carp Labeobarbus batesii from the Makombè River, Cameroon: morphological and molecular characterization. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2022; 151:75-84. [PMID: 36173118 DOI: 10.3354/dao03691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we examined myxozoan infections of Labeobarbus batesii sampled from the Makombè River in Cameroon. Fish were infected with Myxobolus makombensis n. sp. in the gill filament and M. dibombensis in the fins. Mature myxospores of M. makombensis n. sp. are pyriform in frontal view and biconvex in lateral view, with a truncated and slightly narrow anterior end. Spore dimensions (mean ± SD, with range in parentheses) are 17.5 ± 0.22 (16.2-18.9) μm length, 13.4 ± 0.25 (12-14.9) μm width, and 7 ± 0.21 (6.7-7.5) μm thickness, and spores exhibit a conspicuous anterior intercapsular appendix of 4.4 ± 0.18 (3.9-5.5) µm length. Myxospores have 2 pyriform polar capsules of unequal size; the larger one is 9.8 ± 0. 22 (8.2-10.9) μm long × 4.7 ± 0.15 (3.5-5.2) µm wide, and the smaller one is 8.8 ± 0.22 (7-10) µm long × 4.3 ± 0.12 (3.5-5.2) µm wide. Polar filaments possess 10 to 11 coils in the large polar capsule and 8 to 10 coils in the small polar capsule. Phylogenetic analysis of SSU rDNA sequences showed clustering of M. makombensis n. sp. close to M. dibombensis recently reported from the fins of the same host within a clade composed exclusively of parasites infecting cyprinid fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bienvenu Feudjio-Dongmo
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Ecology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, PO Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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McAllister CT, Cloutman DG, Leis EM, Camus AC, Trauth SE, Woodyard ET, Robison HW. A NEW SPECIES OF MYXOBOLUS (CNIDARIA: MYXOSPOREA: MYXOBOLIDAE) FROM THE GILLS OF CREEK CHUB, SEMOTILUS ATROMACULATUS (CYPRINIFORMES: LEUCISCIDAE: PLAGIOPTERINAE), FROM THE OUACHITA DRAINAGE OF ARKANSAS. J Parasitol 2022; 108:476-486. [PMID: 36269893 DOI: 10.1645/22-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
During October and November 2021, 33 creek chubs, Semotilus atromaculatus, were collected from 3 sites in Polk County, Arkansas (Ouachita River drainage), and their gills, gallbladder, fins, integument, musculature, and other major organs were examined for myxozoans. The gills of 9 (27%) were infected with a new myxozoan, Myxobolus fountainae n. sp. Qualitative and quantitative morphological data were from fresh and formalin-fixed preserved spores, while molecular data consisted of a 1918 base pair sequence of the partial small subunit ribosomal RNA gene. Phylogenetic analysis grouped M. fountainae n. sp. with the other leuciscid-infecting myxobolids from North America and within a larger clade of European myxozoans. In addition, histological information is provided on the infection. A previous record of Myxobolus muelleriBütschli, 1882, from the gills and ureters of S. atromaculatus is considered invalid and represents an unknown species. Myxobolus fountainae n. sp. is the only named myxozoan known to infect the gill filaments of S. atromaculatus, whereas Myxobolus pendula (Guilford, 1967) infects the gill arches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris T McAllister
- Science and Mathematics Division, Eastern Oklahoma State College, Idabel, Oklahoma 74745
| | | | - Eric M Leis
- La Crosse Fish Health Center-Midwest Fisheries Center, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Onalaska, Wisconsin 54650
| | - Alvin C Camus
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30677
| | - Stanley E Trauth
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University (Emeritus), State University, Arkansas 72467
| | - Ethan T Woodyard
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762
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Chinh NN, Tham NT, Yurakhno VM, Doanh PN, Whipps CM, Shirakashi S. Description of Myxobolus hoabinhensis n. sp. (Myxosporea: Myxobolidae), infecting the trunk muscles of goldfish Carassius auratus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) in northern Vietnam. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:2495-2502. [PMID: 35794283 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07586-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
During a survey of myxosporean parasites of freshwater fishes in northern Vietnam, myxospores resembling those of the genus Myxobolus (Myxosporea: Myxobolidae) were found in the trunk muscle of 6 out of 35 specimens (17.14%) of wild goldfish Carassius auratus (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae). The mature spores were 12.0 ± 0.4 (11.4 - 12.6) µm long, 8.5 ± 0.2 (7.9 - 9.0) µm wide and 6.1 ± 0.2 (5.8 - 6.3) µm thick, containing two pyriform-shaped polar capsules unequal in size. The larger polar capsule was 7.6 ± 0.3 (7.1 - 8.4) µm long and 3.5 ± 0.1 (3.3 - 3.8) µm wide, and the smaller polar capsule was 6.2 ± 0.3 (5.5 - 6.7) µm long and 2.9 ± 0.2 (2.6 - 3.4) µm wide. Each polar capsule contained a polar filament with 3-5 coils. A phylogenetic analysis based on the small subunit rDNA (SSU rDNA) sequence revealed that this Myxobolus species forms a distinct branch in the phylogenetic tree sister to Myxobolus artus and Myxobolus cyprini, with DNA sequence similarity at 97.6% to M. artus and 97.5% to M. cyprini. A combination of the morphological characteristics and molecular data suggest that this is an undescribed species, and we propose the name Myxobolus hoabinhensis n. sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Ngoc Chinh
- Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet St. Cau Giay Dist., Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | - Nguyen Thi Tham
- Faculty of Environment, Halong University, 258 Bach Dang St., Uong Bi City, Quang Ninh, Vietnam
| | - Violetta M Yurakhno
- A. O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas of Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Nakhimov Ave, 299011, Sevastopol, Russian Federation
| | - Pham Ngoc Doanh
- Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet St. Cau Giay Dist., Hanoi, Vietnam.,Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet St. Cau Giay Dist., Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Christopher M Whipps
- SUNY-ESF, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Department of Environmental Biology, 1 Forestry Drive, NY, 13210, Syracuse, USA
| | - Sho Shirakashi
- Aquaculture Research Institute, Kindai University, 3153 Shirahama, Nishimuro, Wakayama, 649-2211, Japan
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Surendran S, Vijayagopal P, Sanil NK. Sphaeromyxa cornuti n. sp., a New Species of Myxosporean Infecting the Gallbladder of the Moorish Idol, Zanclus cornutus (Linnaeus, 1758) from Lakshadweep Waters. Acta Parasitol 2022; 67:1299-1306. [DOI: 10.1007/s11686-022-00583-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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30
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Vieira DHMD, Agostinho BN, Negrelli DC, da Silva RJ, de Azevedo RK, Abdallah VD. Taxonomy and Systematics of Two New Species of Myxobolus (Cnidaria: Myxobolidae) Parasitizing the Gills of Mugil curema (Mugilidae) from the Brazilian Coast. Acta Parasitol 2022; 67:1206-1216. [PMID: 35593955 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-022-00569-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We describe two new species of Myxobolus (Myxobolidae) found parasitizing Mugil curema from two locations in Brazil: Myxobolus curemae n. sp. from gill arch and rays and Myxobolus maceioensis n. sp. from gill lamellae. METHODS We based the descriptions on myxospore morphology, histology, and small-subunit ribosomal DNA sequences. RESULTS Myxospores of the two new species had similar morphology and morphometry but differed in spore body width and length, and ssrDNA sequences differed by 10.5%. These data supported the diagnosis of the parasites as distinct and novel species. The phylogenetic analysis showed a subclade formed by species that parasitize Mugiliformes, with M. maceioensis n. sp. as a sister species of Myxobolus episquamalis and Myxobolus bizerti, while there is a group of six species that are sister related to M. curemae n. sp. Our analysis was consistent with previous studies suggesting that orders of the hosts are strongly correlated with phylogenetic signals in the Myxobolidae. CONCLUSIONS Myxobolus curemae n. sp. and M. maceioensis n. sp. are new species identified parasitizing M. curema.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Beatriz Narciso Agostinho
- Division of Parasitology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, SP, 18618-689, Brazil
| | - Débora Caroline Negrelli
- Division of Parasitology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, SP, 18618-689, Brazil
| | - Reinaldo José da Silva
- Division of Parasitology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, SP, 18618-689, Brazil
| | | | - Vanessa Doro Abdallah
- Análise de Sistemas Ambientais, Centro Universitário CESMAC, Maceió, AL, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas E da Saúde, Setor de Parasitologia e Patologia, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, AL, 57072-970, Brasil
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Xiao B, Guo Q, Zhai Y, Gu Z. Transcriptomic Insights into the Diversity and Evolution of Myxozoa (Cnidaria, Endocnidozoa) Toxin-like Proteins. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:291. [PMID: 35621942 PMCID: PMC9144971 DOI: 10.3390/md20050291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Myxozoa is a speciose group of endoparasitic cnidarians that can cause severe ecological and economic effects. Their cnidarian affinity is affirmed by genetic relatedness and the presence of nematocysts, historically called "polar capsules". Previous studies have revealed the presence of toxin-like proteins in myxozoans; however, the diversity and evolution of venom in Myxozoa are not fully understood. Here, we performed a comparative analysis using the newly sequenced transcriptomes of five Myxobolidae species as well as some public datasets. Toxin mining revealed that myxozoans have lost most of their toxin families, while most species retained Kunitz, M12B, and CRISP, which may play a role in endoparasitism. The venom composition of Endocnidozoa (Myxozoa + Polypodium) differs from that of free-living cnidarians and may be influenced by ecological and environmental factors. Phylogenetic analyses showed that toxin families of myxozoans and free-living cnidarians were clustered into different clades. Selection analyses showed that purifying selection was the dominant evolutionary pressure in toxins, while they were still influenced by episodic adaptive selection. This suggests that the potency or specificity of a particular toxin or species might increase. Overall, our findings provide a more comprehensive framework for understanding the diversity and evolution of Myxozoa venoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xiao
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (B.X.); (Q.G.); (Y.Z.)
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430070, China
- Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qingxiang Guo
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (B.X.); (Q.G.); (Y.Z.)
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430070, China
- Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yanhua Zhai
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (B.X.); (Q.G.); (Y.Z.)
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430070, China
- Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zemao Gu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (B.X.); (Q.G.); (Y.Z.)
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430070, China
- Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China
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Stilwell JM, Griffin MJ, Waldbieser GC, Stanton JB, Leary JH, Khoo LH, Steadman JM, Ware C, Wise DJ, Camus AC. Myxozoan Community Composition and Diversity in Clinical Cases of Proliferative Gill Disease in Mississippi Catfish Aquaculture. J Parasitol 2022; 108:132-140. [DOI: 10.1645/21-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Justin M. Stilwell
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Matt J. Griffin
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, 127 Experiment Station Road, Stoneville, Mississippi 38776
| | - Geoffrey C. Waldbieser
- USDA-ARS, Warmwater Aquaculture Research Unit, 141 Experiment Station Road, Stoneville, Mississippi 38776
| | - James B. Stanton
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - John H. Leary
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Lester H. Khoo
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, 127 Experiment Station Road, Stoneville, Mississippi 38776
| | - James M. Steadman
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, 127 Experiment Station Road, Stoneville, Mississippi 38776
| | - Cynthia Ware
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, 127 Experiment Station Road, Stoneville, Mississippi 38776
| | - David J. Wise
- Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Delta Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State University, 127 Experiment Station Road, Stoneville, Mississippi 38776
| | - Alvin C. Camus
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia 30602
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Dinh-Hung N, Dong HT, Soontara C, Rodkhum C, Nimitkul S, Srisapoome P, Kayansamruaj P, Chatchaiphan S. Co-infection of Candidatus Piscichlamydia Trichopodus (Order Chlamydiales) and Henneguya sp. (Myxosporea, Myxobolidae) in Snakeskin Gourami Trichopodus pectoralis (Regan 1910). Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:847977. [PMID: 35359670 PMCID: PMC8961658 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.847977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study describes a simultaneous infection of a novel Chlamydia-like organism (CLO) with a Myxozoa parasite, Henneguya sp. in snakeskin gourami Trichopodus pectoralis in Thailand. A new CLO is proposed “Candidatus Piscichlamydia trichopodus” (CPT) based on 16S rRNA phylogenetic analysis. Systemic intracellular CPT infection was confirmed by histological examination, in situ hybridization, PCR assay, and sequencing of 16S rRNA. This novel pathogen belongs to the order Chlamydiales but differs in certain aspects from other species. The histopathological changes associated with CPT infection were different from the typical pathological lesions of epitheliocystis caused by previously known CLO. Unlike other CLO, CPT localized in the connective tissue rather than in the epithelial cells and formed smaller clumps of intracellular bacteria that stained dark blue with hematoxylin. On the other hand, typical myxospores of the genus Henneguya with tails were observed in the gill sections. Infection with Henneguya sp. resulted in extensive destruction of the gill filaments, most likely leading to respiratory distress. Due to the frequency of co-infections and the unavailability of culture methods for CLO and Henneguya sp., it was difficult to determine which pathogens were directly responsible for the associated mortality. However, co-infections may increase the negative impact on the host and the severity of the disease. Given the commercial importance of the snakeskin gourami and its significant aquaculture potential, the findings of this study are important for further studies on disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Dinh-Hung
- The International Graduate Program of Veterinary Science and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Fish Infectious Diseases, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ha Thanh Dong
- Department of Food, Agriculture and Bioresources, Aquaculture and Aquatic Resources Management Program, Asian Institute of Technology, School of Environment, Klong Luang, Thailand
| | - Chayanit Soontara
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Channarong Rodkhum
- The International Graduate Program of Veterinary Science and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Fish Infectious Diseases, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sukkrit Nimitkul
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Prapansak Srisapoome
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Aquatic Animal Health Management, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pattanapon Kayansamruaj
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Aquatic Animal Health Management, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- *Correspondence: Pattanapon Kayansamruaj
| | - Satid Chatchaiphan
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Satid Chatchaiphan
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Two novel species of Myxobolus parasitizing the gills of Semaprochilodus insignis in the Brazilian Amazon. Microb Pathog 2022; 165:105464. [PMID: 35247498 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study describes two new Myxobolus species infecting the gills of Semaprochilodus insignis, the most consumed freshwater fish species in the Brazilian Amazon. The fish specimens were caught in the Tapajós River, in the state of Pará, and the morphological, ultrastructural, small subunit ribosomal DNA (ssrDNA), and phylogenetic data of the myxosporean species were obtained. Two species of Myxobolus were found in the gills of S. insignis. Myxobolus maiai n. sp. developed in the gill filaments, and mature myxospores were round-shaped from the frontal view, measuring 12.5-14.8 (13.9 ± 0.5) μm in length, 11.4-13.8 (12.3 ± 0.5) μm in width, and have a thickness of 6.4-7.7 (6.9 ± 0.6) μm in the lateral view, with symmetric values. Its polar capsules were 4.4-6.6 (5.5 ± 0.5) μm in length and 2.3-3.7 (3.0 ± 0.3) μm in width, and the polar tubules had 4 - 5 coils. Myxobolus iarakiensis n. sp. was found infecting the gill arch. Mature myxospores were oval-shaped from the frontal view, and measured 6.7-8.6 (8.0 ± 0.4) μm in length, 4.5-6.3 (5.6 ± 0.4) μm in width, and had a thickness of 2.7-4.7 (3.8 ± 0.5) μm in the lateral view, with symmetric values. Its polar capsules were 2.1-3.7 (2.9 ± 0.3) μm in length and 1.1-2.0 (1.5 ± 0.2) μm in width, and its polar tubules had 4 - 5 coils. The ssrDNA based phylogeny showed these two novel species as grouping in a clade composed of parasite species of Prochilodontidae hosts.
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Mansour L, Thabet A, Al-Tamimi J, Nahdi S, Alomar S, Abdel-Baki AAS. Morphological Redescription and Phylogenetical Position of Ceratomyxa truncata Thelohan (1895) and Coccomyxa morovi Léger and Hesse, 1907 (Myxozoa: Myxosporea) Infecting the Gall Bladder of Sardina pilchardus (Walbaum) from Tunisian Coast. Acta Parasitol 2022; 67:288-297. [PMID: 34390457 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-021-00462-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Two myxosporean species have been, so far, independently reported from the gallbladder of the European pilchard, Sardina pilchardus (Walbaum) (synonym Clupea pilchardus) in the Northern shore of the Mediterranean Sea; Ceratomyxa truncata Thélohan, and Coccomyxa morovi Léger and Hesse, 1907. The two species were described with incomplete morphological data and based only on line drawings of their mature myxospores. METHODS During a parasitological survey in the Southern shores of the Mediterranean coast in the gulf of Gabès off Tunisia, two coelozoic myxosporean species were found in the European pilchard and described using morphological and molecular phylogenetic tools. Morphological characterization was based on the mature myxospore study and some vegetative stages. The SSU rDNA sequences were performed for molecular and phylogenetic study. RESULTS The most frequently encountered species belongs to the genus Ceratomyxa Thelohan, 1892. The second species belongs to the genus Coccomyxa. Morphological examinations, allowed us to match these two recorded species with Ceratomyxa truncata and Coccomyxa morovi, respectively, as previously described in the same host species referring to the original manuscripts instead of some morphological differences. Molecular analyses based on the partial SSU rDNA sequences did not much with any of the previously reported myxozoan sequences. Phylogenetic analysis positioned C. truncate in a well-supported clade including Ceratomyxa ssp. from Mediterranean Sea, while C. morovi was positioned on the basis of the subclade grouping all Coccomyxidae species. CONCLUSION We provided herein a first morphological redescription of Ceratomyxa truncata and Coccomyxa morovi parasite of Sardina pilchardus from the Southern shores of the Mediterranean Sea and we successfully obtained the SSU rDNA sequences of these two species and positioned them in the phylogenetic tree.
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Description of two new species of Ceratomyxa Thélohan, 1892 (Cnidaria: Myxosporea) infecting the gallbladder of Epinephelinae fishes from Tunisian waters using morphological and molecular data. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:1317-1328. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07473-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Emeish WFA, Fawaz MM, Al-Amgad Z, Hussein NM. Henneguya species infecting the gastrointestinal tract of Clarias gariepinus from the Nile River. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2022; 148:43-56. [PMID: 35200158 DOI: 10.3354/dao03649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As part of a study on parasitic infection in the African sharptooth catfish Clarias gariepinus, we found cysts of varying sizes in the stomach and intestine that contained myxospores with morphological features resembling those of the genus Henneguya. The present investigation was carried out with data on spore morphology and histopathology. Additionally, the myxozoan was identified using a molecular-based approach with 18S small subunit rDNA sequences. Based on the morphological characterization and tissue specificity of Myxozoa, 2 species of Henneguya were identified in the catfish stomach and intestine. Several histopathological changes were observed in the intestine which may affect fish performance and survival. The phylogenetic position of nucleotide sequences of the Henneguya species identified here were clustered with other fish-infecting Henneguya species. These sequences were deposited in GenBank. It appears that they potentially represent 2 species, denominated Henneguya sp. 1 and Henneguya sp. 2 according to the samples originating from the stomach and intestine, respectively. Although future investigations are needed for detailed morphological and molecular descriptions, this study documents the likely occurrence of infection with Henneguya noted for the first time, to our knowledge, in the digestive system of C. gariepinus in Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaa F A Emeish
- Fish Diseases and Management, Department of Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
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Zhang X, Jacobs D. OUP accepted manuscript. Genome Biol Evol 2022; 14:6519162. [PMID: 35104341 PMCID: PMC8857923 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evab284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation, an important component of eukaryotic epigenetics, varies in pattern and function across Metazoa. Notably, bilaterian vertebrates and invertebrates differ dramatically in gene body methylation (GbM). Using the frequency of cytosine-phospho-guanines (CpGs), which are lost through mutation when methylated, we report the first broad survey of DNA methylation in Cnidaria, the ancient sister group to Bilateria. We find that: 1) GbM differentially relates to expression categories as it does in most bilaterian invertebrates, but distributions of GbM are less discretely bimodal. 2) Cnidarians generally have lower CpG frequencies on gene bodies than bilaterian invertebrates potentially suggesting a compensatory mechanism to replace CpG lost to mutation in Bilateria that is lacking in Cnidaria. 3) GbM patterns show some consistency within taxonomic groups such as the Scleractinian corals; however, GbM patterns variation across a range of taxonomic ranks in Cnidaria suggests active evolutionary change in GbM within Cnidaria. 4) Some but not all GbM variation is associated with life history change and genome expansion, whereas GbM loss is evident in endoparasitic cnidarians. 5) Cnidarian repetitive elements are less methylated than gene bodies, and methylation of both correlate with genome repeat content. 6) These observations reinforce claims that GbM evolved in stem Metazoa. Thus, this work supports overlap between DNA methylation processes in Cnidaria and Bilateria, provides a framework to compare methylation within and between Cnidaria and Bilateria, and demonstrates the previously unknown rapid evolution of cnidarian methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhui Zhang
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - David Jacobs
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
- Corresponding author: E-mail:
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Hoai TD, Nhinh DT, Giang NTH, Senapin S, Dong HT. Detection and characterization of Kudoa thunni from uncooked yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) in Southeast Asia. Parasitol Int 2021; 87:102536. [PMID: 34979236 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2021.102536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Myxosporean parasites Kudoa spp. have been reported in several marine fish species worldwide. However, little is known about the contamination of these parasites in raw fish in Southeast Asia, where the consumption demand of uncooked fish is increasing. In 2019, the occurrence of several cases of raw yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) obtained from retail shops with the presence of unknown white, nodular cysts within the musculature have raised public health concerns for the consumption of raw marine fish in Vietnam. Microscopic examination revealed numerous myxospores with the quadratic shape of the Kudoidae. Morphologically, stained spores detected in this study are suspected to Kudoa thunni. To confirm the suspected Kudoa species, further examination of the 18S small-subunit (SSU) was conducted and the results of nucleotide sequence analysis obtained from nodular cysts revealed 99.18-100% identity to that of Kudoa thunni sequences available in GenBank. Detection of K. thunni infection in tuna in Southeast Asia highlights the need for appropriate surveillance and control measures to ensure high quality standards and safety on raw fish production and consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Truong Dinh Hoai
- Faculty of Fisheries, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
| | - Doan Thi Nhinh
- Faculty of Fisheries, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Thi Huong Giang
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Saengchan Senapin
- Fish Health Platform, Centex of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Ha Thanh Dong
- Department of Food, Agriculture and Bioresources, School of Environment, Resources & Development (SERD), Asian Institute of Technology (AIT), Klong Luang, Pathumthani, Thailand.
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Holzer AS, Piazzon MC, Barrett D, Bartholomew JL, Sitjà-Bobadilla A. To React or Not to React: The Dilemma of Fish Immune Systems Facing Myxozoan Infections. Front Immunol 2021; 12:734238. [PMID: 34603313 PMCID: PMC8481699 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.734238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Myxozoans are microscopic, metazoan, obligate parasites, belonging to the phylum Cnidaria. In contrast to the free-living lifestyle of most members of this taxon, myxozoans have complex life cycles alternating between vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. Vertebrate hosts are primarily fish, although they are also reported from amphibians, reptiles, trematodes, mollusks, birds and mammals. Invertebrate hosts include annelids and bryozoans. Most myxozoans are not overtly pathogenic to fish hosts, but some are responsible for severe economic losses in fisheries and aquaculture. In both scenarios, the interaction between the parasite and the host immune system is key to explain such different outcomes of this relationship. Innate immune responses contribute to the resistance of certain fish strains and species, and the absence or low levels of some innate and regulatory factors explain the high pathogenicity of some infections. In many cases, immune evasion explains the absence of a host response and allows the parasite to proliferate covertly during the first stages of the infection. In some infections, the lack of an appropriate regulatory response results in an excessive inflammatory response, causing immunopathological consequences that are worse than inflicted by the parasite itself. This review will update the available information about the immune responses against Myxozoa, with special focus on T and B lymphocyte and immunoglobulin responses, how these immune effectors are modulated by different biotic and abiotic factors, and on the mechanisms of immune evasion targeting specific immune effectors. The current and future design of control strategies for myxozoan diseases is based on understanding this myxozoan-fish interaction, and immune-based strategies such as improvement of innate and specific factors through diets and additives, host genetic selection, passive immunization and vaccination, are starting to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid S Holzer
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - M Carla Piazzon
- Fish Pathology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC), Castellón, Spain
| | - Damien Barrett
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Jerri L Bartholomew
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Ariadna Sitjà-Bobadilla
- Fish Pathology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC), Castellón, Spain
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Myxozoan parasites vary in river herring according to life history stage and habitat. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:3709-3723. [PMID: 34599358 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07329-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Anadromous river herring have declined in many parts of their range, leading to fisheries management efforts to help repopulate this species by improving connectivity of rivers and restoring populations by fish transfers. With data lacking on parasites in these species, this study sought to better understand myxozoans across various life stages and habitats in river herring populations in New Jersey, USA. We compared fish from riverine habitats during early-life growth and adults returning to spawn, marine-phase fish, and landlocked Alewife populations. Three myxozoan species were identified in young-of-the-year (YOY) anadromous river herring, including Kudoa clupeidae in the skeletal musculature, Myxobolus mauriensis in the rib cartilage, and an uncharacterized coelozoic myxozoan within the lumen of mesonephric tubules. In YOY river herring, Blueback Herring were 2 times more likely to be infected by K. clupeidae than Alewife (p = 0.019) and in the Maurice River, fish were 4 times more likely to be infected with M. mauriensis than fish from Great Egg Harbor River (p = 0.000) and 11 times more likely than the Delaware River (p = 0.001). Spawning adult river herring were infected with a previously undescribed myxozoan parasite infecting the kidney. Sequencing the 18S rDNA indicated this species is closely related to Ortholinea species. Myxobolus mauriensis and the Ortholinea-like species were absent from marine-phase river herring indicating that infections were linked to river environments occurring during early-life growth and spawning, respectively. No myxozoans were present in landlocked Alewife, showing that similar infections occurring in rivers were absent in lake environments in the region.
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Barrett DE, Estensoro I, Sitjà-Bobadilla A, Bartholomew JL. Intestinal Transcriptomic and Histologic Profiling Reveals Tissue Repair Mechanisms Underlying Resistance to the Parasite Ceratonova shasta. Pathogens 2021; 10:1179. [PMID: 34578212 PMCID: PMC8467531 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myxozoan parasites infect fish worldwide causing significant disease or death in many economically important fish species, including rainbow trout and steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The myxozoan Ceratonova shasta is a parasite of salmon and trout that causes ceratomyxosis, a disease characterized by severe inflammation in the intestine resulting in hemorrhaging and necrosis. Populations of O. mykiss that are genetically fixed for resistance or susceptibility to ceratomyxosis exist naturally, offering a tractable system for studying the immune response to myxozoans. The aim of this study was to understand how steelhead trout that are resistant to the disease respond to C. shasta once it has become established in the intestine and identify potential mechanisms of resistance. RESULTS Sequencing of intestinal mRNA from resistant steelhead trout with severe C. shasta infections identified 417 genes differentially expressed during the initial stage of the infection compared to uninfected control fish. A strong induction of interferon-gamma and interferon-stimulated genes was evident, along with genes involved in cell adhesion and migration. A total of 11,984 genes were differentially expressed during the late stage of the infection, most notably interferon-gamma, interleukin-6, and immunoglobulin transcripts. A distinct hardening of the intestinal tissue and a strong inflammatory reaction in the intestinal submucosa including severe hyperplasia and inflammatory cell infiltrates were observed in response to the infection. The massive upregulation of caspase-14 early in the infection, a protein involved in keratinocyte differentiation might reflect the rapid onset of epithelial repair mechanisms, and the collagenous stratum compactum seemed to limit the spread of C. shasta within the intestinal layers. These observations could explain the ability of resistant fish to eventually recover from the infection. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that resistance to ceratomyxosis involves both a rapid induction of key immune factors and a tissue response that limits the spread of the parasite and the subsequent tissue damage. These results improve our understanding of the myxozoan-host dialogue and provide a framework for future studies investigating the infection dynamics of C. shasta and other myxozoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien E. Barrett
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-3804, USA;
| | - Itziar Estensoro
- Fish Pathology Group, Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 12595 Castellón, Spain; (I.E.); (A.S.-B.)
| | - Ariadna Sitjà-Bobadilla
- Fish Pathology Group, Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 12595 Castellón, Spain; (I.E.); (A.S.-B.)
| | - Jerri L. Bartholomew
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-3804, USA;
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Pereira CMB, de Matos Guerreiro SL, da Silva DT, de Azevedo RK, Matos ER, Hamoy IG. Morphology and molecular phylogeny of Hoferellus jutubensis n. sp. (Cnidaria: Myxozoa) found parasitising Ageneiosus inermis (Siluriformes: Auchenipteridae), in the Brazilian Amazon region. Parasitol Int 2021; 86:102445. [PMID: 34481082 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2021.102445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study describes Hoferellus jutubensis n. sp., a myxozoan parasite found in the urinary bladder of the driftwood catfish Ageneiosus inermis, captured on Jutuba Island in the state of Pará, northern Brazil. A total of 30 A. inermis specimens were examined, of which 26 (86.7%) had myxospores and polysporic plasmodia of varying shapes and sizes dispersed in the lumen of the urinary bladder, either floating freely or attached to the epithelium. In the apical view, the myxospores of Hoferellus jutubensis n. sp. are rounded, 6.1 ± 0.2 (5.7-6.3) μm long and 5.5 ± 0.3 (5.2-6.0) μm wide, with two sub-spherical polar capsules, equal in size and shape, 2.5 ± 0.2 (2.3-2.7) μm long and 1.7 ± 0.2 (1.4-2.2) μm wide. The phylogenetic analysis of a partial sequence of the SSU rDNA gene, indicated that the new species is the sister taxon of Hoferellus azevedoi, with these two species forming a Brazilian lineage of Hoferellus. The comparison of the morphological and molecular data with those of the existing members of the genus confirmed the species status of Hoferellus jutubensis n. sp., which adds one further Hoferellus taxon to the known myxosporean diversity of the Amazon basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Maria Barbosa Pereira
- Carlos Azevedo Research Laboratory, Institute of Animal Health and Production, Federal Rural University of Amazonia, Belém, Pará 66.077-901, Brazil
| | - Sávio Lucas de Matos Guerreiro
- Laboratory of Applied Genetics, Socio-Environmental and Water Resources Institute, Federal Rural University of Amazonia, Belém, Pará 66.077-901, Brazil
| | - Diehgo Tuloza da Silva
- Carlos Azevedo Research Laboratory, Institute of Animal Health and Production, Federal Rural University of Amazonia, Belém, Pará 66.077-901, Brazil
| | | | - Edilson R Matos
- Carlos Azevedo Research Laboratory, Institute of Animal Health and Production, Federal Rural University of Amazonia, Belém, Pará 66.077-901, Brazil.
| | - Igor G Hamoy
- Laboratory of Applied Genetics, Socio-Environmental and Water Resources Institute, Federal Rural University of Amazonia, Belém, Pará 66.077-901, Brazil
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Aguilar L, Lara-Flores M, Rendón-von Osten J, Kurczyn JA, Vilela B, da Cruz AL. Effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on biomarker responses in Gambusia yucatana, an endemic fish from Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:47262-47274. [PMID: 33891236 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13952-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are petroleum components that, when dissolved in the aquatic environment, can disrupt normal animal physiological functions and negatively affect species populations. Gambusia yucatana is an endemic fish of the Yucatán Peninsula that seems to be particularly sensitive to the presence of PAHs dissolved in the water. Here, we examined PAH effects on gene expressions linked to endocrine disruption and biotransformation in this species. Specifically, we examined the expression of vitellogenin I (vtg1), vitellogenin II (vtg2), oestrogen receptor α (esr1), oestrogen receptor β (esr2), aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and the cytochrome P4503A (CYP3A) genes. We exposed G. yucatana to different concentrations of PAHs (3.89, 9.27, 19.51 μg/L) over a period of 72 h and found changes associated with reproduction, such as increases in hepatic expression of vtg, esr, AhR and CYP3A, mainly at concentrations of 9.27 and 19.51 μg/L. Our results also indicate that benzo[a]pyrene was probably the main PAH responsible for the observed effects. The genes examined here can be used as molecular markers of endocrine-disrupting compounds, as the PAHs, present in the environment, as gene expression increases could be observed as early as after 24 h. These biomarkers can help researchers and conservationists rapidly identify the impacts of oil spills and improve mitigation before the detrimental effects of environmental stressors become irreversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Aguilar
- Institute of Biology, Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Federal University of Bahia, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo 147, Salvador, Bahia, CEP 40.170-115, Brazil
| | - Maurílio Lara-Flores
- Institute of Ecology, Fisheries and Oceanography of the Gulf of Mexico, Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Autonomous University of Campeche, Av. Héroe de Nacozari 480, C.P. 24029, San Francisco de Campeche, Campeche, Mexico
| | - Jaime Rendón-von Osten
- Institute of Ecology, Fisheries and Oceanography of the Gulf of Mexico, Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Autonomous University of Campeche, Av. Héroe de Nacozari 480, C.P. 24029, San Francisco de Campeche, Campeche, Mexico
| | - Jorge A Kurczyn
- Institute of Engineering, Coastal Engineering and Processes Laboratory, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Puerto de Abrigo s/n, 97356, Sisal, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Bruno Vilela
- Institute of Biology, Spatial Ecology Laboratory, Federal University of Bahia, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo 147, Salvador, Bahia, CEP 40.170-115, Brazil
| | - André Luis da Cruz
- Institute of Biology, Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Federal University of Bahia, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo 147, Salvador, Bahia, CEP 40.170-115, Brazil.
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45
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McAllister CT, Woodyard ET, Stilwell JM, Rosser TG, Fayton TJ, Camus AJ, Griffin MJ, Robison HW. A NEW SPECIES OF MYXOBOLUS (CNIDARIA: MYXOSPOREA: MYXOBOLIDAE) FROM THE BLUE SUCKER, CYCLEPTUS ELONGATUS (LESUEUR) (CYPRINIFORMES: CATOSTOMIDAE: CYCLEPTINAE), FROM ARKANSAS. J Parasitol 2021; 107:582-592. [PMID: 34314485 DOI: 10.1645/20-125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
During 9-10 February 2018 and 21-22 February 2020, 7 adult Blue Suckers, Cycleptus elongatus, were collected by hoop nets from the Red River, Little River County (n = 3), and the Black River, Lawrence County (n = 4), Arkansas, and their gills, gallbladders, fins, integument, other major organs, and musculature were examined for myxozoans. All 7 (100%) were infected with an unknown species of gill-infecting Myxobolus sp. Twenty formalin-fixed plasmodia (cysts) of Myxobolus cloutmani n. sp. were elliptoidal, 407 μm long × 270 μm wide. Formalin-fixed myxospores were orbicular to broadly elliptoidal, 8.7 μm long × 7.8 μm wide. Two polar capsules were pyriform and subequal in size, extending over halfway in the myxospore. The larger polar capsule was 5.5 μm long × 3.1 μm wide, while the shorter was 5.1 × 2.9 μm. A coiled polar filament possessed 5 or 6 coils. The myxospore was 3.7 μm thick in sutural view, with a distinct sutural ridge. Qualitative and quantitative morphological data were from formalin-fixed as well as ethanol-preserved spores, while molecular data consisted of a 2,010 base pair sequence of the partial 18S ribosomal RNA gene and a 2,502 base pair sequence of the partial 28S ribosomal RNA gene. Phylogenetic analysis grouped M. cloutmani n. sp. with the other catostomid-infecting myxobolids. This is the first myxozoan reported from C. elongatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris T McAllister
- Science and Mathematics Division, Eastern Oklahoma State College, Idabel, Oklahoma 74745
| | - Ethan T Woodyard
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762
| | - Justin M Stilwell
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Thomas G Rosser
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762
| | - Thomas J Fayton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Alvin J Camus
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Matt J Griffin
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762
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46
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Mansour L, Abdel-Haleem HM, Atwa M, Darwish AB, Al-Quraishy S, Abdel-Baki AAS. A new myxozoan parasite, Myxobolus allami sp. n. (Myxozoa: Myxobolidae) from the intestinal wall of Sparidentex hasta (Valenciennes) in Arabian Gulf. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2021; 68. [PMID: 34232126 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2021.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Myxobolus allami sp. n. is described from the intestinal wall of the silvery black porgy, Sparidentex hasta (Valenciennes), off Saudi Arabian coast of Arabian Gulf. Two of 20 examined fish were found to be infected with irregular-shaped plasmodia 3-8 mm long × 2-3 mm wide. Mature myxospores are subspherical to elliptical in the valvular view and oval in the sutural view, and are 11-13 (12) µm long, 7-8 (7.5) µm wide and 10-12 (10.8) µm thick. Spores have relatively thin valves and mostly (~ 72%) end with short caudal appendages of ~3 µm long. The spores also have two polar capsules, which are oval to elliptical and measure 5-7 (5.7) µm in length and 2-3 (2.7) µm in width. Polar filaments are coiled, with three turns. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that caudal appendages originated from the sutural edge at the posterior pole of the myxospore with density similar to that of its valves. The SSU rRNAgene sequence of the present species does not match any available sequences in GenBank. Phylogenetically, this species is sister to Myxobolus khaliji Zhang, Al-Qurausihy et Abdel-Baki, 2014 within a well-supported clade of Myxobolus-Henneguya with species infecting marine fishes. The combination of molecular data and morphological differences between this and other species of Myxobolus Bütschli, 1882 lead us to propose that the present form be established as a new species, M. allami. The present study also provides more evidence for the idea that caudal appendages cannot be reliably used to distinguish the species of the genera Myxobolus and Henneguya Thélohan, 1892.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamjed Mansour
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Laboratory of Biodiversity, Parasitology and Ecology of Aquatic Systems, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Heba M Abdel-Haleem
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Marwa Atwa
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Fayoum University, Egypt
| | - Ahmed B Darwish
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez University, Egypt
| | - Saleh Al-Quraishy
- Laboratory of Biodiversity, Parasitology and Ecology of Aquatic Systems, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
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47
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Kyger R, Luzuriaga-Neira A, Layman T, Milkewitz Sandberg TO, Singh D, Huchon D, Peri S, Atkinson SD, Bartholomew JL, Yi SV, Alvarez-Ponce D. Myxosporea (Myxozoa, Cnidaria) Lack DNA Cytosine Methylation. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:393-404. [PMID: 32898240 PMCID: PMC7826176 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msaa214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA cytosine methylation is central to many biological processes, including regulation of gene expression, cellular differentiation, and development. This DNA modification is conserved across animals, having been found in representatives of sponges, ctenophores, cnidarians, and bilaterians, and with very few known instances of secondary loss in animals. Myxozoans are a group of microscopic, obligate endoparasitic cnidarians that have lost many genes over the course of their evolution from free-living ancestors. Here, we investigated the evolution of the key enzymes involved in DNA cytosine methylation in 29 cnidarians and found that these enzymes were lost in an ancestor of Myxosporea (the most speciose class of Myxozoa). Additionally, using whole-genome bisulfite sequencing, we confirmed that the genomes of two distant species of myxosporeans, Ceratonova shasta and Henneguya salminicola, completely lack DNA cytosine methylation. Our results add a notable and novel taxonomic group, the Myxosporea, to the very short list of animal taxa lacking DNA cytosine methylation, further illuminating the complex evolutionary history of this epigenetic regulatory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Kyger
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV
| | | | - Thomas Layman
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
| | | | - Devika Singh
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
| | - Dorothée Huchon
- Department of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,The Steinhardt Museum of Natural History and National Research Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sateesh Peri
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV
| | | | | | - Soojin V Yi
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
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Bolin JA, Cummins SF, Mitu SA, Schoeman DS, Evans KJ, Scales KL. First report of Kudoa thunni and Kudoa musculoliquefaciens affecting the quality of commercially harvested yellowfin tuna and broadbill swordfish in Eastern Australia. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:2493-2503. [PMID: 34115215 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07206-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent anecdotal reports from seafood processors in eastern Australia have described an increased occurrence of post-mortem myoliquefaction ('jellymeat') in broadbill swordfish Xiphias gladius, and macroscopic cysts throughout the musculature of yellowfin tuna Thunnus albacares. A genus of parasitic cnidarians, Kudoa (Myxosporea, Multivalvulida), species of which are known to occur in economically important wild-caught fish species globally, can cause similar quality-deterioration issues. However, Kudoa sp. epizootiology within commercially harvested, high-value fish caught within Australia is poorly understood, despite the parasite's economic importance. To determine the causative agent responsible for the observed quality deterioration in swordfish and yellowfin tuna, muscle-tissue samples from seafood processors in Mooloolaba, Australia, collected from October 2019-February 2020, were examined for parasitic infection. Kudoid myxospores were identified from both hosts and were subquadrate in shape, with four equal-sized polar capsules. The SSU rDNA sequences from both fish shared > 99% identity to Kudoa species. Kudoa musculoliquefaciens was isolated from 87.1% of swordfish sampled, suggesting that it is a widespread parasite in swordfish from the southwest Pacific Ocean. This study provides the first molecular and morphological characterisation of Kudoa thunni in yellowfin tuna and K. musculoliquefaciens in swordfish harvested from the waters of eastern Australia, expanding the geographical distribution of K. thunni and K. musculoliquefaciens to include the Coral and Tasman Seas. We demonstrate that not all infected swordfish progress to jellymeat, show the usefulness of molecular tools for reliably identifying infection by Kudoa spp., and add to the overall knowledge of kudoid epizootiology in wild-caught fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Bolin
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia. .,CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Hobart, TAS, Australia.
| | - Scott F Cummins
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia.,Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
| | - Shahida A Mitu
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia.,Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
| | - David S Schoeman
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia.,Centre for African Conservation Ecology, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
| | | | - Kylie L Scales
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
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49
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Surendran S, Chandran A, Vijayagopal P, Sanil NK. Morphological and molecular characterization of Ceratomyxa xanthopteri n. sp. (Myxosporea: Ceratomyxidae) from the marine ornamental fish Acanthurus xanthopterus Valenciennes 1835 (Acanthuridae) off Vizhinjam coast, Kerala. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:2445-2453. [PMID: 33913003 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07168-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new species of Ceratomyxa infecting the gallbladder of the marine ornamental fish Acanthurus xanthopterus collected from the Vizhinjam coast of Kerala is described. The parasite exhibited a prevalence of 100%. Mature spores recovered from the gallbladder were slightly crescentic with rounded lateral extremities and possessed convex anterior and slightly concave to straight posterior margins. Spore valves two, equal, joined by a straight and prominent suture. Myxospores measured 5.5 ± 0.6 μm in length and 15.9 ± 2.3 μm in thickness. Polar capsules two, equal, spherical, positioned anteriorly on either sides of the suture, 2.3 ± 0.2 μm long and 2.2 ± 0.2 μm wide. Polar filament with four to five coils, 21.2 ± 0.6 μm when extruded. Posterior angle 173.6 ± 5.2°. Early sporogonic stages and monosporic, disporic, and multisporic plasmodial stages were spherical to irregular in shape, with or without filopodia. Histopathologic analysis revealed that spores and developing stages were attached to the gallbladder wall as well as found free in the lumen. Morphologic and morphometric comparison of the present parasite with known species of Ceratomyxa indicated significant differences. In molecular and phylogenetic analyses, the present myxosporean revealed high divergence with related forms and occupied an independent position within the Ceratomyxa clade with high nodal support. Considering the morphological, morphometric, molecular, and phylogenetic dissimilarities with the previously described species of Ceratomyxa and the differences in host and geographic locations, the present species of myxosporean is treated as new and is named Ceratomyxa xanthopteri n. sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Surendran
- Fish Health Section, Marine Biotechnology Division, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, PB No. 1603, North P.O., Ernakulam, Kerala, 682018, India.
| | - Archana Chandran
- Fish Health Section, Marine Biotechnology Division, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, PB No. 1603, North P.O., Ernakulam, Kerala, 682018, India
| | - P Vijayagopal
- Fish Health Section, Marine Biotechnology Division, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, PB No. 1603, North P.O., Ernakulam, Kerala, 682018, India
| | - N K Sanil
- Fish Health Section, Marine Biotechnology Division, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, PB No. 1603, North P.O., Ernakulam, Kerala, 682018, India
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50
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Nekliudova UA, Schwaha TF, Kotenko ON, Gruber D, Cyran N, Ostrovsky AN. Three in one: evolution of viviparity, coenocytic placenta and polyembryony in cyclostome bryozoans. BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:54. [PMID: 33845757 PMCID: PMC8042935 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-021-01775-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Placentation has evolved multiple times among both chordates and invertebrates. Although they are structurally less complex, invertebrate placentae are much more diverse in their origin, development and position. Aquatic colonial suspension-feeders from the phylum Bryozoa acquired placental analogues multiple times, representing an outstanding example of their structural diversity and evolution. Among them, the clade Cyclostomata is the only one in which placentation is associated with viviparity and polyembryony-a unique combination not present in any other invertebrate group. RESULTS The histological and ultrastructural study of the sexual polymorphic zooids (gonozooids) in two cyclostome species, Crisia eburnea and Crisiella producta, revealed embryos embedded in a placental analogue (nutritive tissue) with a unique structure-comprising coenocytes and solitary cells-previously unknown in animals. Coenocytes originate via nuclear multiplication and cytoplasmic growth among the cells surrounding the early embryo. This process also affects cells of the membranous sac, which initially serves as a hydrostatic system but later becomes main part of the placenta. The nutritive tissue is both highly dynamic, permanently rearranging its structure, and highly integrated with its coenocytic 'elements' being interconnected via cytoplasmic bridges and various cell contacts. This tissue shows evidence of both nutrient synthesis and transport (bidirectional transcytosis), supporting the enclosed multiple progeny. Growing primary embryo produces secondary embryos (via fission) that develop into larvae; both the secondary embyos and larvae show signs of endocytosis. Interzooidal communication pores are occupied by 1‒2 specialized pore-cells probably involved in the transport of nutrients between zooids. CONCLUSIONS Cyclostome nutritive tissue is currently the only known example of a coenocytic placental analogue, although syncytial 'elements' could potentially be formed in them too. Structurally and functionally (but not developmentally) the nutritive tissue can be compared with the syncytial placental analogues of certain invertebrates and chordates. Evolution of the cyclostome placenta, involving transformation of the hydrostatic apparatus (membranous sac) and change of its function to embryonic nourishment, is an example of exaptation that is rather widespread among matrotrophic bryozoans. We speculate that the acquisition of a highly advanced placenta providing massive nourishment might support the evolution of polyembryony in cyclostomes. In turn, massive and continuous embryonic production led to the evolution of enlarged incubating polymorphic gonozooids hosting multiple progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- U A Nekliudova
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Integrative Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaja nab. 7/9, 199034, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - T F Schwaha
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Integrative Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - O N Kotenko
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaja nab. 7/9, 199034, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - D Gruber
- Core Facility Cell Imaging and Ultrastructure Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - N Cyran
- Core Facility Cell Imaging and Ultrastructure Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - A N Ostrovsky
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaja nab. 7/9, 199034, Saint Petersburg, Russia.
- Department of Palaeontology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Geography and Astronomy, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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