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Orias E, Singh DP, Meyer E. Genetics and Epigenetics of Mating Type Determination in Paramecium and Tetrahymena. Annu Rev Microbiol 2017; 71:133-156. [PMID: 28715961 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-090816-093342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
While sex is an ancient and highly conserved eukaryotic invention, self-incompatibility systems such as mating types or sexes appear to be derived limitations that show considerable evolutionary plasticity. Within a single class of ciliates, Paramecium and Tetrahymena species have long been known to present a wide variety of mating type numbers and modes of inheritance, but only recently have the genes involved been identified. Although similar transmembrane proteins mediate self/nonself recognition in both ciliates, the mechanisms of mating type determination differ widely, ranging from Mendelian systems to developmental nuclear differentiation, either stochastic or maternally inherited. The non-Mendelian systems rely on programmed editing of the germline genome that occurs during differentiation of the somatic nucleus, and they have co-opted different DNA recombination mechanisms-some previously unknown. Here we review the recent molecular advances and some remaining unsolved questions and discuss the possible implications of these diverse mechanisms for inbreeding/outbreeding balance regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Orias
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93105;
| | - Deepankar Pratap Singh
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), CNRS, Inserm, PSL Research University, F-75005 Paris, France; .,Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, 4058 Basel, Switzerland;
| | - Eric Meyer
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), CNRS, Inserm, PSL Research University, F-75005 Paris, France;
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Singh DP, Saudemont B, Guglielmi G, Arnaiz O, Goût JF, Prajer M, Potekhin A, Przybòs E, Aubusson-Fleury A, Bhullar S, Bouhouche K, Lhuillier-Akakpo M, Tanty V, Blugeon C, Alberti A, Labadie K, Aury JM, Sperling L, Duharcourt S, Meyer E. Genome-defence small RNAs exapted for epigenetic mating-type inheritance. Nature 2014; 509:447-52. [PMID: 24805235 DOI: 10.1038/nature13318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In the ciliate Paramecium, transposable elements and their single-copy remnants are deleted during the development of somatic macronuclei from germline micronuclei, at each sexual generation. Deletions are targeted by scnRNAs, small RNAs produced from the germ line during meiosis that first scan the maternal macronuclear genome to identify missing sequences, and then allow the zygotic macronucleus to reproduce the same deletions. Here we show that this process accounts for the maternal inheritance of mating types in Paramecium tetraurelia, a long-standing problem in epigenetics. Mating type E depends on expression of the transmembrane protein mtA, and the default type O is determined during development by scnRNA-dependent excision of the mtA promoter. In the sibling species Paramecium septaurelia, mating type O is determined by coding-sequence deletions in a different gene, mtB, which is specifically required for mtA expression. These independently evolved mechanisms suggest frequent exaptation of the scnRNA pathway to regulate cellular genes and mediate transgenerational epigenetic inheritance of essential phenotypic polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepankar Pratap Singh
- 1] Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS, IBENS; Inserm, U1024; CNRS, UMR 8197 Paris F-75005, France [2] Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ., IFD, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Baptiste Saudemont
- 1] Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS, IBENS; Inserm, U1024; CNRS, UMR 8197 Paris F-75005, France [2] Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ., IFD, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France [3] Laboratoire de Biochimie, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8231, École Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles, 75231 Paris, France (B.S.); Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA (J.-F.G.); INRA, UMR 1061 Unité de Génétique Moléculaire Animale, Université de Limoges, IFR 145, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, 87060 Limoges, France (K.B.)
| | - Gérard Guglielmi
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS, IBENS; Inserm, U1024; CNRS, UMR 8197 Paris F-75005, France
| | - Olivier Arnaiz
- CNRS UPR3404 Centre de Génétique Moléculaire, Gif-sur-Yvette F-91198, and Université Paris-Sud, Département de Biologie, Orsay F-91405, France
| | - Jean-François Goût
- 1] CNRS UMR5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Université de Lyon, 43 boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, Villeurbanne F-69622, France [2] Laboratoire de Biochimie, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8231, École Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles, 75231 Paris, France (B.S.); Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA (J.-F.G.); INRA, UMR 1061 Unité de Génétique Moléculaire Animale, Université de Limoges, IFR 145, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, 87060 Limoges, France (K.B.)
| | - Malgorzata Prajer
- Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sławkowska 17, 31-016 Krakow, Poland
| | - Alexey Potekhin
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, St Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Ewa Przybòs
- Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sławkowska 17, 31-016 Krakow, Poland
| | - Anne Aubusson-Fleury
- CNRS UPR3404 Centre de Génétique Moléculaire, Gif-sur-Yvette F-91198, and Université Paris-Sud, Département de Biologie, Orsay F-91405, France
| | - Simran Bhullar
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS, IBENS; Inserm, U1024; CNRS, UMR 8197 Paris F-75005, France
| | - Khaled Bouhouche
- 1] Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS, IBENS; Inserm, U1024; CNRS, UMR 8197 Paris F-75005, France [2] Laboratoire de Biochimie, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8231, École Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles, 75231 Paris, France (B.S.); Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA (J.-F.G.); INRA, UMR 1061 Unité de Génétique Moléculaire Animale, Université de Limoges, IFR 145, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, 87060 Limoges, France (K.B.)
| | - Maoussi Lhuillier-Akakpo
- 1] Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ., IFD, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France [2] Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris F-75205, France
| | - Véronique Tanty
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS, IBENS; Inserm, U1024; CNRS, UMR 8197 Paris F-75005, France
| | - Corinne Blugeon
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS, IBENS; Inserm, U1024; CNRS, UMR 8197 Paris F-75005, France
| | - Adriana Alberti
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Génomique (IG), Genoscope, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, BP5706, 91057 Evry, France
| | - Karine Labadie
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Génomique (IG), Genoscope, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, BP5706, 91057 Evry, France
| | - Jean-Marc Aury
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Génomique (IG), Genoscope, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, BP5706, 91057 Evry, France
| | - Linda Sperling
- CNRS UPR3404 Centre de Génétique Moléculaire, Gif-sur-Yvette F-91198, and Université Paris-Sud, Département de Biologie, Orsay F-91405, France
| | - Sandra Duharcourt
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris F-75205, France
| | - Eric Meyer
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS, IBENS; Inserm, U1024; CNRS, UMR 8197 Paris F-75005, France
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