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Becvar T, Vojtkova B, Pacakova L, Vomackova Kykalova B, Ticha L, Volf P, Sadlova J. Steppe lemmings and Chinese hamsters as new potential animal models for the study of the Leishmania subgenus Mundinia (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae). PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011897. [PMID: 38739677 PMCID: PMC11090356 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Leishmania, the dixenous trypanosomatid parasites, are the causative agents of leishmaniasis currently divided into four subgenera: Leishmania, Viannia, Sauroleishmania, and the recently described Mundinia, consisting of six species distributed sporadically all over the world infecting humans and/or animals. These parasites infect various mammalian species and also cause serious human diseases, but their reservoirs are unknown. Thus, adequate laboratory models are needed to enable proper research of Mundinia parasites. In this complex study, we compared experimental infections of five Mundinia species (L. enriettii, L. macropodum, L. chancei, L. orientalis, and four strains of L. martiniquensis) in three rodent species: BALB/c mouse, Chinese hamster (Cricetulus griseus) and steppe lemming (Lagurus lagurus). Culture-derived parasites were inoculated intradermally into the ear pinnae and progress of infection was monitored for 20 weeks, when the tissues and organs of animals were screened for the presence and quantity of Leishmania. Xenodiagnoses with Phlebotomus duboscqi were performed at weeks 5, 10, 15 and 20 post-infection to test the infectiousness of the animals throughout the experiment. BALB/c mice showed no signs of infection and were not infectious to sand flies, while Chinese hamsters and steppe lemmings proved susceptible to all five species of Mundinia tested, showing a wide spectrum of disease signs ranging from asymptomatic to visceral. Mundinia induced significantly higher infection rates in steppe lemmings compared to Chinese hamsters, and consequently steppe lemmings were more infectious to sand flies: In all groups tested, they were infectious from the 5th to the 20th week post infection. In conclusion, we identified two rodent species, Chinese hamster (Cricetulus griseus) and steppe lemming (Lagurus lagurus), as candidates for laboratory models for Mundinia allowing detailed studies of these enigmatic parasites. Furthermore, the long-term survival of all Mundinia species in steppe lemmings and their infectiousness to vectors support the hypothesis that some rodents have the potential to serve as reservoir hosts for Mundinia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Becvar
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Vojtkova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Pacakova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Lucie Ticha
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Volf
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jovana Sadlova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Sukhumavasi W, Kaewamatawong T, Somboonpoonpol N, Jiratanh M, Wattanamethanont J, Kaewthamasorn M, Leelayoova S, Tiwananthagorn S. Liver- and Spleen-Specific Immune Responses in Experimental Leishmania martiniquensis Infection in BALB/c Mice. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:794024. [PMID: 34977224 PMCID: PMC8718515 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.794024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania martiniquensis is a neglected cause of an emerging leishmaniasis in many countries, including France, Germany, Switzerland, the United States of America, Myanmar, and Thailand, with different clinical manifestations ranging from asymptomatic, cutaneous (CL), visceral (VL), and atypically disseminated CL and VL. The persistence of parasites and the recurrence of the disease after treatment are challenges in controlling the disease. To explore efficient prophylaxis and therapy, this study aimed to investigate infection outcome and organ-specific immune responses after inoculation with L. martiniquensis (MHOM/TH/2011/PG; 5 x 106 promastigotes) in BALB/c mice via intravenous and intraperitoneal routes. A quantitative PCR technique, targeting L. martiniquensis ITS1, was primarily established to estimate the parasite burden. We found that the infection in the liver resolved; however, persistent infection was observed in the spleen. Histopathology with Leishmania-specific immunostaining revealed efficient hepatic granuloma formation, while splenic disorganization with parasitized macrophages at different locations was demonstrated. The mRNA expression of Th1 cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-12p40) and iNOS in the liver and spleen was upregulated. In addition, high expression of IL-10 was observed in the spleen in the chronic phase, revealing a significant moderate correlation with the parasite persistence [r(12) = 0.72, P = 0.009]. Further clarification of the mechanisms of persistent infection and experimental infection in immunosuppressed murine models are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woraporn Sukhumavasi
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Feline Infectious Disease and Health for Excellence Research Unit, Microbial Food Safety and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, Animal Vector-Borne Disease Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Theerayuth Kaewamatawong
- Veterinary Pathology Unit, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nawaphat Somboonpoonpol
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Montakan Jiratanh
- Parasitology Section, National Institute of Animal Health, Department of Livestock Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Juntra Wattanamethanont
- Parasitology Section, National Institute of Animal Health, Department of Livestock Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Morakot Kaewthamasorn
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Veterinary Parasitology Research Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Saovanee Leelayoova
- Department of Parasitology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Saruda Tiwananthagorn
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Research Center of Producing and Development of Products and Innovations for Animal Health and Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Becvar T, Vojtkova B, Siriyasatien P, Votypka J, Modry D, Jahn P, Bates P, Carpenter S, Volf P, Sadlova J. Experimental transmission of Leishmania (Mundinia) parasites by biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009654. [PMID: 34115806 PMCID: PMC8221790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania parasites, causative agents of leishmaniasis, are currently divided into four subgenera: Leishmania, Viannia, Sauroleishmania and Mundinia. The recently established subgenus Mundinia has a wide geographical distribution and contains five species, three of which have the potential to infect and cause disease in humans. While the other Leishmania subgenera are transmitted exclusively by phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae), natural vectors of Mundinia remain uncertain. This study investigates the potential of sand flies and biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) to transmit Leishmania parasites of the subgenus Mundinia. Sand flies (Phlebotomus argentipes, P. duboscqi and Lutzomyia migonei) and Culicoides biting midges (Culicoides sonorensis) were exposed to five Mundinia species through a chicken skin membrane and dissected at specific time intervals post bloodmeal. Potentially infected insects were also allowed to feed on ear pinnae of anaesthetized BALB/c mice and the presence of Leishmania DNA was subsequently confirmed in the mice using polymerase chain reaction analyses. In C. sonorensis, all Mundinia species tested were able to establish infection at a high rate, successfully colonize the stomodeal valve and produce a higher proportion of metacyclic forms than in sand flies. Subsequently, three parasite species, L. martiniquensis, L. orientalis and L. sp. from Ghana, were transmitted to the host mouse ear by C. sonorensis bite. In contrast, transmission experiments entirely failed with P. argentipes, although colonisation of the stomodeal valve was observed for L. orientalis and L. martiniquensis and metacyclic forms of L. orientalis were recorded. This laboratory-based transmission of Mundinia species highlights that Culicoides are potential vectors of members of this ancestral subgenus of Leishmania and we suggest further studies in endemic areas to confirm their role in the lifecycles of neglected pathogens. Leishmania parasites are causative agents of leishmaniasis, a disease affecting millions of humans worldwide. It is widely accepted that these flagellates are transmitted exclusively by phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Phlebotominae). Reservoir hosts and insect vectors for the newly established Leishmania subgenus Mundinia, however, remain poorly understood. Preliminary evidence from field-based studies discovered biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) that were naturally infected by L. (Mundinia) macropodum in Australia. This surprising finding led us to carry out a detailed laboratory study aimed at comparison of the development of all currently known species of the subgenus Mundinia in both putative vector families. We found that all five Mundinia species developed successfully in C. sonorensis and the successful transmission of three Mundinia species from infected insects to mice was demonstrated for the first time. This is the first detailed in vivo evidence that biting midges can act as competent vectors of Leishmania parasites of the subgenus Mundinia and has considerable epidemiological implications for control of these neglected pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Becvar
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Vojtkova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Padet Siriyasatien
- Vector Biology and Vector Borne Disease Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jan Votypka
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David Modry
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Veterinary Sciences/CINeZ, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Jahn
- Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Paul Bates
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Carpenter
- Entomology Group, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Petr Volf
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jovana Sadlova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
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Dario MA, Lisboa CV, Silva MV, Herrera HM, Rocha FL, Furtado MC, Moratelli R, Rodrigues Roque AL, Jansen AM. Crithidia mellificae infection in different mammalian species in Brazil. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2021; 15:58-69. [PMID: 33981571 PMCID: PMC8085711 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Crithidia mellificae, a monoxenous trypanosomatid considered restricted to insects, was recently reported to infect a bat. Herein, C. mellificae has been demonstrated to have a wider range of vertebrate hosts and distribution in Brazilian biomes than once thought. Parasites isolated from haemocultures were characterized using V7V8 SSU rDNA and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase genes. Coatis (Nasua nasua) in the Cerrado; marmosets (Callithrix sp.) and bats (Carollia perspicillata, Myotis lavali, M. izecksohni, Artibeus lituratus) in the Atlantic Forest; crab-eating foxes (Cerdocyon thous) and ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) in the Pantanal biomes were infected by trypanosomatids that displayed choanomastigote forms in haemoculture in Giemsa-stained slide smears. Molecular characterization and phylogenetic inference confirmed the infection of C. mellificae in these animals. Moreover, slight differences in C. mellificae sequences were observed. Crithidia mellificae growth curves were counted at 27°C, 36°C and 37°C, and the morphotypes were able to grow and survive for up to 16 days. Serological titers for C. mellificae were observed in nonhuman primates, demonstrating that this parasite is able to induce a humoral immune response in an infected mammal. These results showed that host specificity in trypanosomatids is complex and far from understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Augusta Dario
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Varella Lisboa
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marlon Vicente Silva
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Heitor Miraglia Herrera
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais e Sustentabilidade Agropecuária, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Lopes Rocha
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Monitoramento Ambiental, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Rio Tinto, Paraíba, Brazil
- IUCN SSC Species Survival Center. Parque das Aves, Foz do Iguaçú, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Moratelli
- Fiocruz Mata Atlântica, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - André Luiz Rodrigues Roque
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Jansen
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Corresponding author.
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Experimental infection of Leishmania (Mundinia) martiniquensis in BALB/c mice and Syrian golden hamsters. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:3041-3051. [PMID: 32779021 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06842-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Our objective was to investigate clinical progression, presence of parasites and DNAs, parasite loads, and histological alterations in BALB/c mice and Syrian golden hamsters after intraperitoneal inoculation with Leishmania (Mundinia) martiniquensis promastigotes with a goal to choosing an appropriate animal model for visceral leishmaniasis. Infections were monitored for 16 weeks. Infected BALB/c mice were asymptomatic during the infection course. Parasite DNAs were detected in the liver at week 8 of infection, followed by clearance in most animals at week 16; whereas in the spleen, parasite DNAs were detected until week 16. These results are correlated to those obtained measuring parasite loads in both organs. No parasite DNA and no alteration in the bone marrow were observed indicating that no dissemination occurred. These results suggest the control of visceralization of L. martiniquensis by BALB/c mice. In hamsters, weight loss, cachexia, and fatigue were observed after week 11. Leishmania martiniquensis parasites were observed in tissue smears of the liver, spleen, and bone marrow by week 16. Parasite loads correlated with those from the presence of parasites and DNAs in the examined tissues. Alterations in the liver with nuclear destruction and cytoplasmic degeneration of infected hepatocytes, presence of inflammatory infiltrates, necrosis of hepatocytes, and changes in splenic architecture and reduction and deformation of white pulp in the spleen were noted. These results indicate a chronic form of visceral leishmaniasis indicating that the hamster is a suitable animal model for the study of pathological features of chronic visceral leishmaniasis caused by L. martiniquensis.
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Grybchuk D, Macedo DH, Kleschenko Y, Kraeva N, Lukashev AN, Bates PA, Kulich P, Leštinová T, Volf P, Kostygov AY, Yurchenko V. The First Non-LRV RNA Virus in Leishmania. Viruses 2020; 12:v12020168. [PMID: 32024293 PMCID: PMC7077295 DOI: 10.3390/v12020168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we describe the first Leishmania-infecting leishbunyavirus-the first virus other than Leishmania RNA virus (LRV) found in trypanosomatid parasites. Its host is Leishmania martiniquensis, a human pathogen causing infections with a wide range of manifestations from asymptomatic to severe visceral disease. This virus (LmarLBV1) possesses many characteristic features of leishbunyaviruses, such as tripartite organization of its RNA genome, with ORFs encoding RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, surface glycoprotein, and nucleoprotein on L, M, and S segments, respectively. Our phylogenetic analyses suggest that LmarLBV1 originated from leishbunyaviruses of monoxenous trypanosomatids and, probably, is a result of genomic re-assortment. The LmarLBV1 facilitates parasites' infectivity in vitro in primary murine macrophages model. The discovery of a virus in L. martiniquensis poses the question of whether it influences pathogenicity of this parasite in vivo, similarly to the LRV in other Leishmania species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyil Grybchuk
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 71000 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (D.G.); (D.H.M.); (N.K.)
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 60177 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Diego H. Macedo
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 71000 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (D.G.); (D.H.M.); (N.K.)
| | - Yulia Kleschenko
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Sechenov University, Moscow 119435, Russia, (A.N.L.)
| | - Natalya Kraeva
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 71000 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (D.G.); (D.H.M.); (N.K.)
| | - Alexander N. Lukashev
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Sechenov University, Moscow 119435, Russia, (A.N.L.)
| | - Paul A. Bates
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YE, UK;
| | - Pavel Kulich
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Veterinary Research Institute, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Tereza Leštinová
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12844 Prague, Czech Republic; (T.L.); (P.V.)
| | - Petr Volf
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12844 Prague, Czech Republic; (T.L.); (P.V.)
| | - Alexei Y. Kostygov
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 71000 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (D.G.); (D.H.M.); (N.K.)
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Protistology, Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
- Correspondence: (A.Y.K.); (V.Y.)
| | - Vyacheslav Yurchenko
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 71000 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (D.G.); (D.H.M.); (N.K.)
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Sechenov University, Moscow 119435, Russia, (A.N.L.)
- Correspondence: (A.Y.K.); (V.Y.)
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Leelayoova S, Siripattanapipong S, Manomat J, Piyaraj P, Tan-Ariya P, Bualert L, Mungthin M. Leishmaniasis in Thailand: A Review of Causative Agents and Situations. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 96:534-542. [PMID: 28093539 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Before 1999, leishmaniasis was considered an imported disease in Thailand. Since then, autochthonous leishmaniasis was reported in both immmunocompetent and immmunocompromised patients especially in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). A new species was identified and named as Leishmania siamensis consisting of two lineages, that is, lineages TR and PG. Analysis of isoenzymes has clarified the more commonly detected L. siamensis lineage PG as Leishmania martiniquensis (MON-229), a species originally reported from the Martinique Island, whereas the L. siamensis lineage TR has been identified as the true novel species, L. siamensis (MON-324). Both cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) and visceral leishmaniasis (VL) have been found among Thai patients. Disseminated CL and VL could be presented in some reported patients who had HIV/AIDS coinfection. So far, only sporadic cases have been reported; thus, the true prevalence of leishmaniasis should be determined in Thailand among the high-risk populations such as people with HIV/AIDS. A recent survey among animals identified L. martiniquensis DNA in black rats (Rattus rattus) suggesting a potential animal reservoir. In addition, L. martiniquensis DNA was identified in Sergentomyia gemmea and Sergentomyia barraudi, the predominant sandfly species in the affected areas. However, further studies are needed to prove that these sandflies could serve as the vector of leishmaniasis in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saovanee Leelayoova
- Department of Parasitology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Jipada Manomat
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Phunlerd Piyaraj
- Department of Parasitology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Peerapan Tan-Ariya
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Lertwut Bualert
- Department of Medicine, Trang Hospital, Trang Province, Thailand
| | - Mathirut Mungthin
- Department of Parasitology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand
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Cotton JA. The Expanding World of Human Leishmaniasis. Trends Parasitol 2017; 33:341-344. [PMID: 28319012 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
New Leishmania isolates form a novel group of human parasites related to Leishmania enrietti, with cases in Ghana, Thailand, and Martinique; other relatives infect Australian and South American wildlife. These parasites apparently cause both cutaneous and visceral disease, and may have evolved a novel transmission mechanism exploiting blood-feeding midges.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Cotton
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambs, CB10 1SA, UK.
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Liautaud B, Vignier N, Miossec C, Plumelle Y, Kone M, Delta D, Ravel C, Cabié A, Desbois N. First case of visceral leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania martiniquensis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014; 92:317-9. [PMID: 25404076 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.14-0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the first case of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused by Leishmania martiniquensis in the Caribbean, which until now, was known only to cause cutaneous leishmaniasis. The disease presented with fatigue, anemia, and hepatosplenomegaly in a 61-year-old man with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection who was receiving antiretroviral therapy. Diagnosis was made by bone marrow biopsy. VL is life-threatening, and its emergence in the Caribbean is of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Liautaud
- Department of Tropical and Infectious Disease, University Hospital of Fort-de-France, Fort-de-France, Martinique, French West Indies; Department of Tropical and Infectious Disease, University Hospital of Avicenne, Bobigny, France; Parasitology and Mycology Laboratory, University Hospital of Fort-de-France, Fort-de-France, Martinique, French West Indies; Hematology Laboratory, University Hospital of Fort-de-France, Fort-de-France, Martinique, French West Indies; Hematology Unit, University Hospital of Fort-de-France, Fort-de-France, Martinique, French West Indies; University Hospital of Montpellier, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5290, French National Reference Center for Leishmaniasis, Montpellier, France; Faculté des Antilles et de la Guyane, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale CIC1424 and EA4537, Martinique, French West Indies
| | - Nicolas Vignier
- Department of Tropical and Infectious Disease, University Hospital of Fort-de-France, Fort-de-France, Martinique, French West Indies; Department of Tropical and Infectious Disease, University Hospital of Avicenne, Bobigny, France; Parasitology and Mycology Laboratory, University Hospital of Fort-de-France, Fort-de-France, Martinique, French West Indies; Hematology Laboratory, University Hospital of Fort-de-France, Fort-de-France, Martinique, French West Indies; Hematology Unit, University Hospital of Fort-de-France, Fort-de-France, Martinique, French West Indies; University Hospital of Montpellier, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5290, French National Reference Center for Leishmaniasis, Montpellier, France; Faculté des Antilles et de la Guyane, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale CIC1424 and EA4537, Martinique, French West Indies
| | - Charline Miossec
- Department of Tropical and Infectious Disease, University Hospital of Fort-de-France, Fort-de-France, Martinique, French West Indies; Department of Tropical and Infectious Disease, University Hospital of Avicenne, Bobigny, France; Parasitology and Mycology Laboratory, University Hospital of Fort-de-France, Fort-de-France, Martinique, French West Indies; Hematology Laboratory, University Hospital of Fort-de-France, Fort-de-France, Martinique, French West Indies; Hematology Unit, University Hospital of Fort-de-France, Fort-de-France, Martinique, French West Indies; University Hospital of Montpellier, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5290, French National Reference Center for Leishmaniasis, Montpellier, France; Faculté des Antilles et de la Guyane, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale CIC1424 and EA4537, Martinique, French West Indies
| | - Yves Plumelle
- Department of Tropical and Infectious Disease, University Hospital of Fort-de-France, Fort-de-France, Martinique, French West Indies; Department of Tropical and Infectious Disease, University Hospital of Avicenne, Bobigny, France; Parasitology and Mycology Laboratory, University Hospital of Fort-de-France, Fort-de-France, Martinique, French West Indies; Hematology Laboratory, University Hospital of Fort-de-France, Fort-de-France, Martinique, French West Indies; Hematology Unit, University Hospital of Fort-de-France, Fort-de-France, Martinique, French West Indies; University Hospital of Montpellier, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5290, French National Reference Center for Leishmaniasis, Montpellier, France; Faculté des Antilles et de la Guyane, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale CIC1424 and EA4537, Martinique, French West Indies
| | - Moumini Kone
- Department of Tropical and Infectious Disease, University Hospital of Fort-de-France, Fort-de-France, Martinique, French West Indies; Department of Tropical and Infectious Disease, University Hospital of Avicenne, Bobigny, France; Parasitology and Mycology Laboratory, University Hospital of Fort-de-France, Fort-de-France, Martinique, French West Indies; Hematology Laboratory, University Hospital of Fort-de-France, Fort-de-France, Martinique, French West Indies; Hematology Unit, University Hospital of Fort-de-France, Fort-de-France, Martinique, French West Indies; University Hospital of Montpellier, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5290, French National Reference Center for Leishmaniasis, Montpellier, France; Faculté des Antilles et de la Guyane, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale CIC1424 and EA4537, Martinique, French West Indies
| | - Delphine Delta
- Department of Tropical and Infectious Disease, University Hospital of Fort-de-France, Fort-de-France, Martinique, French West Indies; Department of Tropical and Infectious Disease, University Hospital of Avicenne, Bobigny, France; Parasitology and Mycology Laboratory, University Hospital of Fort-de-France, Fort-de-France, Martinique, French West Indies; Hematology Laboratory, University Hospital of Fort-de-France, Fort-de-France, Martinique, French West Indies; Hematology Unit, University Hospital of Fort-de-France, Fort-de-France, Martinique, French West Indies; University Hospital of Montpellier, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5290, French National Reference Center for Leishmaniasis, Montpellier, France; Faculté des Antilles et de la Guyane, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale CIC1424 and EA4537, Martinique, French West Indies
| | - Christophe Ravel
- Department of Tropical and Infectious Disease, University Hospital of Fort-de-France, Fort-de-France, Martinique, French West Indies; Department of Tropical and Infectious Disease, University Hospital of Avicenne, Bobigny, France; Parasitology and Mycology Laboratory, University Hospital of Fort-de-France, Fort-de-France, Martinique, French West Indies; Hematology Laboratory, University Hospital of Fort-de-France, Fort-de-France, Martinique, French West Indies; Hematology Unit, University Hospital of Fort-de-France, Fort-de-France, Martinique, French West Indies; University Hospital of Montpellier, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5290, French National Reference Center for Leishmaniasis, Montpellier, France; Faculté des Antilles et de la Guyane, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale CIC1424 and EA4537, Martinique, French West Indies
| | - André Cabié
- Department of Tropical and Infectious Disease, University Hospital of Fort-de-France, Fort-de-France, Martinique, French West Indies; Department of Tropical and Infectious Disease, University Hospital of Avicenne, Bobigny, France; Parasitology and Mycology Laboratory, University Hospital of Fort-de-France, Fort-de-France, Martinique, French West Indies; Hematology Laboratory, University Hospital of Fort-de-France, Fort-de-France, Martinique, French West Indies; Hematology Unit, University Hospital of Fort-de-France, Fort-de-France, Martinique, French West Indies; University Hospital of Montpellier, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5290, French National Reference Center for Leishmaniasis, Montpellier, France; Faculté des Antilles et de la Guyane, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale CIC1424 and EA4537, Martinique, French West Indies
| | - Nicole Desbois
- Department of Tropical and Infectious Disease, University Hospital of Fort-de-France, Fort-de-France, Martinique, French West Indies; Department of Tropical and Infectious Disease, University Hospital of Avicenne, Bobigny, France; Parasitology and Mycology Laboratory, University Hospital of Fort-de-France, Fort-de-France, Martinique, French West Indies; Hematology Laboratory, University Hospital of Fort-de-France, Fort-de-France, Martinique, French West Indies; Hematology Unit, University Hospital of Fort-de-France, Fort-de-France, Martinique, French West Indies; University Hospital of Montpellier, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5290, French National Reference Center for Leishmaniasis, Montpellier, France; Faculté des Antilles et de la Guyane, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale CIC1424 and EA4537, Martinique, French West Indies
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Desbois N, Pratlong F, Quist D, Dedet JP. Leishmania (Leishmania) martiniquensis n. sp. (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae), description of the parasite responsible for cutaneous leishmaniasis in Martinique Island (French West Indies). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 21:12. [PMID: 24626346 PMCID: PMC3952653 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2014011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The parasite responsible for autochthonous cutaneous leishmaniasis in Martinique island (French West Indies) was first isolated in 1995; its taxonomical position was established only in 2002, but it remained unnamed. In the present paper, the authors name this parasite Leishmania (Leishmania) martiniquensis Desbois, Pratlong & Dedet n. sp. and describe the type strain of this taxon, including its biological characteristics, biochemical and molecular identification, and pathogenicity. This parasite, clearly distinct from all other Euleishmania, and placed at the base of the Leishmania phylogenetic tree, is included in the subgenus Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Desbois
- CHU de la Martinique, Hôpital Pierre-Zobda-Quitman, Pôle de Biologie de territoire-Pathologie, Unité de Parasitologie-Mycologie, BP 632, 97261 Fort-de-France Cedex, Martinique, France
| | - Francine Pratlong
- Université Montpellier 1 et CHRU de Montpellier, Centre National de référence des leishmanioses, UMR « MIVEGEC » (CNRS 5290, IRD 224, UM1, UM2), Département de Parasitologie-Mycologie (Professeur Patrick Bastien), 39 avenue Charles Flahault, 34295 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Danièle Quist
- CHU de la Martinique, Hôpital Pierre-Zobda-Quitman, Service de dermatologie, Pôle de Médecine-Spécialités médicales, BP 632, 97261 Fort-de-France Cedex, Martinique, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Dedet
- Université Montpellier 1 et CHRU de Montpellier, Centre National de référence des leishmanioses, UMR « MIVEGEC » (CNRS 5290, IRD 224, UM1, UM2), Département de Parasitologie-Mycologie (Professeur Patrick Bastien), 39 avenue Charles Flahault, 34295 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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11
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Linardi PM, Santos JLC. Ctenocephalides felis felis vs. Ctenocephalides canis (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae): some issues in correctly identify these species. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 21:345-54. [PMID: 23295817 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612012000400002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ctenocephalides felis felis is one of the most important ectoparasites of dogs and cats throughout the world, because of its geographical distribution, dual parasitological action as an infesting agent and a vector of diseases, the economic losses and the acquired resistance against common insecticides. In Brazil, it surpasses Ctenocephalides canis in distribution, number of host species infested, prevalence and epidemiological importance. However, in some studies the species have been misidentified on the basis of their morphological characters included in taxonomic keys. The morphological variations of chaetotaxy, especially those on the dorsal margin of the hind tibia and lateral metanotal area (LMA), found in certain specimens, have sometimes been erroneously treated as hybrids, in spite of the nonexistence of the two species of Ctenocephalides in the same municipality or region. This review focuses on the characteristics used for interspecific diagnosis and intraspecific variations found between the species. Data on distribution, hosts, prevalence and parasitological action are also presented as an auxiliary means for recognizing the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Marcos Linardi
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.
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12
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Singh N, Chikara S, Sundar S. SOLiD™ sequencing of genomes of clinical isolates of Leishmania donovani from India confirm leptomonas co-infection and raise some key questions. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55738. [PMID: 23418454 PMCID: PMC3572117 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Known as 'neglected disease' because relatively little effort has been applied to finding cures, leishmaniasis kills more than 150,000 people every year and debilitates millions more. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), also called Kala Azar (KA) or black fever in India, claims around 20,000 lives every year. Whole genome analysis presents an excellent means to identify new targets for drugs, vaccine and diagnostics development, and also provide an avenue into the biological basis of parasite virulence in the L. donovani complex prevalent in India. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In our presently described study, the next generation SOLiD™ platform was successfully utilized for the first time to carry out whole genome sequencing of L. donovani clinical isolates from India. We report the exceptional occurrence of insect trypanosomatids in clinical cases of visceral leishmaniasis (Kala Azar) patients in India. We confirm with whole genome sequencing analysis data that isolates which were sequenced from Kala Azar (visceral leishmaniasis) cases were genetically related to Leptomonas. The co-infection in splenic aspirate of these patients with a species of Leptomonas and how likely is it that the infection might be pathogenic, are key questions which need to be investigated. We discuss our results in the context of some important probable hypothesis in this article. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our intriguing results of unusual cases of Kala Azar found to be most similar to Leptomonas species put forth important clinical implications for the treatment of Kala Azar in India. Leptomonas have been shown to be highly susceptible to several standard leishmaniacides in vitro. There is very little divergence among these two species viz. Leishmania sp. and L. seymouri, in terms of genomic sequence and organization. A more extensive perception of the phenomenon of co-infection needs to be addressed from molecular pathogenesis and eco-epidemiological standpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeloo Singh
- CSIR- Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.
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13
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de Avelar DM, Melo MN, Linardi PM. Morphology and growth characteristics of cultured Leptomonas ctenocephali from Ctenocephalides felis felis (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) of dogs in Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2011; 180:394-8. [PMID: 21511398 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To confirm the taxonomic identification of a trypanosomatid found in the hindgut, rectum and Malpighian tubules of dog fleas captured in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, between April and November of 2005, 910 specimens of Ctenocephalides felis felis were removed from street dogs and dissected, and isolates from their digestive tracts were cultivated in NNN-alpha-MEM medium. Four different morphological forms were observed in culture: long, slender, twisted promastigotes with a long flagellum; short, stubby, non-twisted promastigotes; rounded amastigotes; and cyst-like bodies. Twisted and non-twisted promastigotes were frequently seen forming rosettes, and these two forms presented significant differences (P<0.01) in terms of their morphological characteristics. Unlike the promastigote forms observed throughout the culture period, rounded amastigotes were seen only in the lag phase, and the cyst-like bodies were only seen in the decline phase. The trypanosomatid DNA obtained from the culture was analyzed by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method and found to be negative for Leishmania infantum chagasi. Based on the growth pattern, morphological parameters and molecular analysis, the flagellates were confirmed to be Leptomonas ctenocephali. The significance of this infection for animals is also commented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Moreira de Avelar
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Caixa Postal 486, 31.270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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14
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Petersen CA, Greenlee MHW. Neurologic Manifestations ofLeishmania spp.Infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4303/jnp/n110401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Coutinho MTZ, Linardi PM. Can fleas from dogs infected with canine visceral leishmaniasis transfer the infection to other mammals? Vet Parasitol 2007; 147:320-5. [PMID: 17521814 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2007] [Revised: 04/12/2007] [Accepted: 04/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In order to investigate the possible role of dog fleas in the transmission of trypanosomatids, ectoparasites were removed from 59 dogs testing positive for canine zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis according to the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT). Of the fleas collected, 4/207 (1.9%) showed the presence of promastigotes in smears stained by Giemsa, whilst 43/144 (29.9%) exhibited positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification assays for Leishmania DNA. Fleas (409) from 9 Leishmania chagasi-infected dogs, each hosting more than 20 fleas per animal, were macerated and administered by peritoneal injection or orally to 36 hamsters. After 6 months, the 30 surviving hamsters were sacrificed and liver and spleen fragments were removed for PCA assay and to produce imprint smears, whilst blood samples were subjected to IFAT assay. Sixteen hamsters tested positive for Leishmania infection, 14 on the basis of PCR amplification and four by IFAT assay (two animals testing positive in both assays). Of the infected hamsters, 11/16 (68.7%) had been infected peritoneally and 5/16 (31.2%) orally. The imprint smears for all animals were, however, negative. Since both PCR and IFAT could present cross-reactivity for Leishmania and Leptomonas, the possibility of oral transmission of L. chagasi by fleas cannot be proven unambiguously even though the hamsters developed infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Zanatta Coutinho
- Centro de Controle de Zoonoses, Prefeitura Municipal de Contagem, Av. Coronel David Sarnoff, 3113 Contagem, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Yurchenko VY, Lukes J, Jirku M, Zeledón R, Maslov DA. Leptomonas costaricensis sp. n. (Kinetoplastea: Trypanosomatidae), a member of the novel phylogenetic group of insect trypanosomatids closely related to the genus Leishmania. Parasitology 2006; 133:537-46. [PMID: 16834819 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182006000746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2006] [Revised: 03/21/2006] [Accepted: 05/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A flagellate isolated from the intestinal tract of a reduviid bug Ricolla simillima (Heteroptera) in Costa Rica was found to represent a new trypanosomatid species by the phylogenetic analysis of small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA), glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and large subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPOIILS) genes. The phylogenetic position of this trypanosomatid, together with its typical promastigote morphology and the host identity, allowed its classification as a species that belongs to the polyphyletic genus Leptomonas. Interestingly, the new species was revealed as a member of the novel phylogenetic clade representing the closest known relative of Leishmania. With the new species used as an outgroup to root the Leishmania RPOIILS phylogenetic tree, the lineage of the Neotropical species L. enriettii was found to branch off early, and was followed by a deep split between the Old World and the remaining New World species. This tree topology supports the hypothesis that the initial transition to dixenous parasitism in this group pre-dated the continental split and that afterwards the Neotropical and the Old World groups evolved largely independently.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Y Yurchenko
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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Santos DO, Bourguignon SC, Castro HC, Silva JS, Franco LS, Hespanhol R, Soares MJ, Corte-Real S. Infection of mouse dermal fibroblasts by the monoxenous trypanosomatid protozoa Crithidia deanei and Herpetomonas roitmani. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2005; 51:570-4. [PMID: 15537092 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00293.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally, monoxenous trypanosomatid protozoa are not believed to infect vertebrate cells. Using light and electron microscopy, we show that the monoxenous trypanosomatids Crithidia deanei and Herpetomonas roitmani are able to infect dermal mouse fibroblasts in vitro. We present experimental evidence of phagocytosis of these trypanosomatids, and demonstrate their survival in vertebrate cells. This paper raises the question about the role of C. deanei and H. roitmani, and perhaps other monoxenous trypanosomatid species, in opportunistic infections of immunocompromised individuals and cutaneos lesions in vertebrate hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilvani O Santos
- Depto. de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de João Baptista s/n, Valonguinho, 24.020-150 Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
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Fampa P, Corrêa-da-Silva MS, Lima DC, Oliveira SMP, Motta MCM, Saraiva EMB. Interaction of insect trypanosomatids with mosquitoes, sand fly and the respective insect cell lines. Int J Parasitol 2003; 33:1019-26. [PMID: 13129523 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(03)00124-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Interaction experiments between hematophagous insects and monoxenous trypanosomatids have become relevant, once cases of human infection involving these protozoa have been reported. Moreover, investigations related to the interaction of insects with trypanosomatids that harbour an endosymbiotic bacterium and thereby lack the paraflagellar rod structure are important to elucidate the role of this structure in the adhesion process. In this work, we compared the interaction of endosymbiont-bearing trypanosomatids and their aposymbiotic counterpart strains (without endosymbionts) with cell lines of Anopheles gambiae, Aedes albopictus and Lutzomyia longipalpis and with explanted guts of the respective insects. Endosymbiont-bearing strains interacted better with insect cells and guts when compared with aposymbiotic strains. In vitro binding assays revealed that the trypanosomatids interacted with the gut epithelial cells via flagellum and cell body. Flagella attached to the insect gut were enlarged, containing electrondense filaments between the axoneme and flagellar membrane at the point of adhesion. Interactions involving the flagellum lacking paraflagellar rod structure were mainly observed close to tight junctions, between epithelial cells. Endosymbiont-bearing trypanosomatids were able to colonise Aedes aegypti guts after protozoa feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Fampa
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Prof Paulo de Góes Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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