1
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Yüksel B, Şen N, Ögünç GI, Erdoğan A. Elemental profiling of toxic and modern primers using ICP-MS, SEM-EDS, and XPS: an application in firearm discharge residue investigation. AUST J FORENSIC SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00450618.2022.2043436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bayram Yüksel
- Department of Property Protection and Security, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey
| | - Nilgün Şen
- Turkish National Police Academy, Institute of Forensic Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gökhan Ibrahim Ögünç
- Gendarmerie and Coast Guard Academy, Institute of Forensic Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ayşegül Erdoğan
- Application and Research Center for Testing and Analysis, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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2
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Merli D, Di Trocchio C, Capucciati A, Fabbris S, Profumo A, Cucca L, Donghi M. Bullet contribution to inorganic residue on targets. TALANTA OPEN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talo.2021.100067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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3
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Development of tailor-made inorganic gunshot residue (IGSR) microparticle standards and characterization with a multi-technique approach. Talanta 2021; 225:121984. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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4
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Burnett BR, Nunziata F, Gentile C. Examination of firearm gunpowders by scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray analysis. J Forensic Sci 2020; 66:709-718. [PMID: 33227151 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The surfaces of thirty-one gunpowders (GPs) from Winchester, Federal, Hercules, DuPont, and Remington were examined by scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Particles and surface coatings on 22 of the GPs had compositions of sulfur/potassium/barium or sulfur/potassium detected. Primer-like particles composed of lead/antimony/barium were found on surfaces of twelve GPs. Gunpowders from fifteen different lots of Winchester 9 mm Silvertip® hollow point cartridges were found to vary in GP type (flake and flattened ball) and associated inorganic compounds of sulfur/potassium/barium or sulfur/potassium or one with only potassium. No inorganic particles or coatings were detected on two of these Winchester GPs. The elements from the inorganic compounds on GPs likely contribute to gunshot residue generated by the discharge of a firearm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Felice Nunziata
- Mathematics and Physics Department, Università degli Studi della Campania LUIGI VANVITELLI, Caserta, Italy
| | - Claudio Gentile
- Physics Department - Lecturer Master of Forensic Science, Messina University, Messina, Italy
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5
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Redouté Minzière V, Werner D, Schneider D, Manganelli M, Jung B, Weyermann C, Gassner A. Combined Collection and Analysis of Inorganic and Organic Gunshot Residues. J Forensic Sci 2020; 65:1102-1113. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Denis Werner
- Ecole des Sciences Criminelles University of Lausanne Bâtiment Batochime 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Daniela Schneider
- Forensic Science Laboratory Kantonspolizei Aargau Tellistrasse 85 5000 Aarau Switzerland
| | - Manuela Manganelli
- Forensic Science Laboratory Kantonspolizei Aargau Tellistrasse 85 5000 Aarau Switzerland
| | - Balthasar Jung
- Forensic Science Laboratory Kantonspolizei Aargau Tellistrasse 85 5000 Aarau Switzerland
| | - Céline Weyermann
- Ecole des Sciences Criminelles University of Lausanne Bâtiment Batochime 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Anne‐Laure Gassner
- Ecole des Sciences Criminelles University of Lausanne Bâtiment Batochime 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
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6
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Romanò S, De-Giorgio F, D’Onofrio C, Gravina L, Abate S, Romolo FS. Characterisation of gunshot residues from non-toxic ammunition and their persistence on the shooter’s hands. Int J Legal Med 2020; 134:1083-1094. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-020-02261-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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7
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Donghi M, Mason K, Romolo FS. Detecting Gunshot Residue from Sellier & Bellot Nontox Heavy Metal‐free Primer by
in situ
Cathodoluminescence. J Forensic Sci 2019; 64:1658-1667. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ken Mason
- Ardennes Analytique Hungary Kft Szőce Hungary
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8
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Lucas N, Seyfang KE, Plummer A, Cook M, Kirkbride KP, Kobus H. Evaluation of the sub-surface morphology and composition of gunshot residue using focussed ion beam analysis. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 297:100-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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Estimating Diphenylamine in Gunshot Residues from a New Tool for Identifying both Inorganic and Organic Residues in the Same Sample. SEPARATIONS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/separations6010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A method involving the collection and determination of organic and inorganic gunshot residues on hands using on-line in-tube solid-phase microextraction (IT-SPME) coupled to miniaturized capillary liquid chromatography with diode array detection (CapLC-DAD) and scanning electron microscopy coupled to energy dispersion X-ray (SEM-EDX), respectively, for quantifying both residues was developed. The best extraction efficiency for diphenylamine (DPA) as the main target among organic residues was achieved by using a dry cotton swab followed by vortex-assisted extraction with water, which permits preservation of inorganic residues. Factors such as the nature and length of the IT-SPME extractive phase and volume of the sample processed were investigated and optimized to achieve high sensitivity: 90 cm of TRB-35 (35% diphenyl, 65% polydimethylsiloxane) capillary column and 1.8 mL of the processed sample were selected for the IT-SPME. Satisfactory limit of detection of the method for analysis of DPA deposited on shooters’ hands (0.3 ng) and precision (intra-day relative standard deviation, 9%) were obtained. The utility of the described approach was tested by analyzing several samples of shooters’ hands. Diphenylamine was found in 81% of the samples analyzed. Inorganic gunshot residues analyzed by SEM-EDX were also studied in cotton swab and lift tape kit samplers. Optical microscopy was used to see the inorganic gunshot residues in the cotton swab samplers. The lift tape kits provided lesser sensitivity for DPA than dry cotton swabs—around fourteen times. The possibility of environmental and occupational sources could be eliminated when DPA was found together with inorganic residues. Then, the presence of inorganic and organic residues in a given sample could be used as evidence in judicial proceedings in the forensic field.
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10
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A forensic investigation on the persistence of organic gunshot residues. Forensic Sci Int 2018; 292:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Merli D, Amadasi A, Mazzarelli D, Cappella A, Castoldi E, Ripa S, Cucca L, Cattaneo C, Profumo A. Comparison of Different Swabs for Sampling Inorganic Gunshot Residue from Gunshot Wounds: Applicability and Reliability for the Determination of Firing Distance. J Forensic Sci 2018; 64:558-564. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Merli
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Pavia V.le Taramelli 12 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Alberto Amadasi
- LABANOF Laboratorio di Antropologia ed Odontologia Forense Istituto di Medicina Legale e delle Assicurazioni Università degli Studi di Milano v. Mangiagalli 37 Milano Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche sede operativa di Medicina Legale Università degli Studi di Bologna Via Irnerio 49 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Debora Mazzarelli
- LABANOF Laboratorio di Antropologia ed Odontologia Forense Istituto di Medicina Legale e delle Assicurazioni Università degli Studi di Milano v. Mangiagalli 37 Milano Italy
| | - Annalisa Cappella
- LABANOF Laboratorio di Antropologia ed Odontologia Forense Istituto di Medicina Legale e delle Assicurazioni Università degli Studi di Milano v. Mangiagalli 37 Milano Italy
| | - Elisa Castoldi
- LABANOF Laboratorio di Antropologia ed Odontologia Forense Istituto di Medicina Legale e delle Assicurazioni Università degli Studi di Milano v. Mangiagalli 37 Milano Italy
| | - Stefano Ripa
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Pavia V.le Taramelli 12 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Lucia Cucca
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Pavia V.le Taramelli 12 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Cristina Cattaneo
- LABANOF Laboratorio di Antropologia ed Odontologia Forense Istituto di Medicina Legale e delle Assicurazioni Università degli Studi di Milano v. Mangiagalli 37 Milano Italy
| | - Antonella Profumo
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Pavia V.le Taramelli 12 27100 Pavia Italy
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12
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Determining the effect of cartridge case coatings on GSR using post-fire priming cup residue. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 276:51-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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13
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Fambro LA, Vandenbos DD, Rosenberg MB, Dockery CR. Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy for the Rapid Characterization of Lead-Free Gunshot Residues. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 71:699-708. [PMID: 28374611 DOI: 10.1177/0003702816689099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the use of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) as means of characterizing gunshot residue (GSR) originating from commercially available lead-free rounds. Data from two experiments are presented in this work. One experiment focused on identifying prominent analytical markers present in lead-free GSR by LIBS while the other applied SEM-EDX to determine the degree of evidence preservation after LIBS analysis. Samples of GSR were collected via tape-lift method from the hands of volunteer shooters and instrumental analyses were conducted in triplicate. As a result, the lead-free ammunition analyzed in this work generated GSRs comprising primarily Ba, Al, Si, and/or K. Trace amounts of Ti, Fe, and S were also apparent in some compositions. Through SEM-EDX analysis, a spheroidal geometry consistent with traditional lead-containing GSR was observed. Additionally, it was determined that evidence is preserved after LIBS analysis which supports the implementation of LIBS as a rapid preliminary screening method followed by confirmatory testing via SEM-EDX on the preserved evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lashaundra A Fambro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kennesaw State University, GA, USA
| | - Deidre D Vandenbos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kennesaw State University, GA, USA
| | - Matthew B Rosenberg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kennesaw State University, GA, USA
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14
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Stability of smokeless powder compounds on collection devices. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 270:55-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Stevens B, Bell S, Adams K. Initial evaluation of inlet thermal desorption GC–MS analysis for organic gunshot residue collected from the hands of known shooters. Forensic Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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16
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Hannigan TJ, McDermott SD, Greaney CM, O'Shaughnessy J, O’Brien CM. Evaluation of gunshot residue (GSR) evidence: Surveys of prevalence of GSR on clothing and frequency of residue types. Forensic Sci Int 2015; 257:177-181. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Hogg SR, Hunter BC, Waddell Smith R. Elemental Characterization and Discrimination of Nontoxic Ammunition Using Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis and Principal Components Analysis. J Forensic Sci 2015; 61:35-42. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.12881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seth R. Hogg
- Department of Chemistry; Michigan State University; East Lansing MI 48824
- Forensic Science Program; School of Criminal Justice; Michigan State University; East Lansing MI 48824
| | - Brian C. Hunter
- Genesee County Medical Examiner's Office; 630 S Saginaw Street Flint MI 48502
| | - Ruth Waddell Smith
- Forensic Science Program; School of Criminal Justice; Michigan State University; East Lansing MI 48824
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18
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Melo LG, Martiny A, Pinto AL. Nano characterization of gunshot residues from Brazilian ammunition. Forensic Sci Int 2014; 240:69-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Taudte RV, Beavis A, Blanes L, Cole N, Doble P, Roux C. Detection of gunshot residues using mass spectrometry. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:965403. [PMID: 24977168 PMCID: PMC4055073 DOI: 10.1155/2014/965403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, forensic scientists have become increasingly interested in the detection and interpretation of organic gunshot residues (OGSR) due to the increasing use of lead- and heavy metal-free ammunition. This has also been prompted by the identification of gunshot residue- (GSR-) like particles in environmental and occupational samples. Various techniques have been investigated for their ability to detect OGSR. Mass spectrometry (MS) coupled to a chromatographic system is a powerful tool due to its high selectivity and sensitivity. Further, modern MS instruments can detect and identify a number of explosives and additives which may require different ionization techniques. Finally, MS has been applied to the analysis of both OGSR and inorganic gunshot residue (IGSR), although the "gold standard" for analysis is scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray microscopy (SEM-EDX). This review presents an overview of the technical attributes of currently available MS and ionization techniques and their reported applications to GSR analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Verena Taudte
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Alison Beavis
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Lucas Blanes
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Nerida Cole
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Philip Doble
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Claude Roux
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
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20
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Kersh KL, Childers JM, Justice D, Karim G. Detection of Gunshot Residue on Dark-Colored Clothing Prior to Chemical Analysis. J Forensic Sci 2014; 59:754-62. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.12409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyla L. Kersh
- Texas Tech University; Institute for Forensic Science; 4434 South Loop 289 Lubbock TX
| | - James M. Childers
- Texas Tech University; Institute for Forensic Science; 4434 South Loop 289 Lubbock TX
| | - Dale Justice
- Austin Police Department; Forensic Science Division; Firearms & Toolmarks; 812 Springdale Road Austin TX
| | - Greg Karim
- Austin Police Department; Forensic Science Division; Firearms & Toolmarks; 812 Springdale Road Austin TX
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21
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Grima M, Hanson R, Tidy H. An assessment of firework particle persistence on the hands and related police force practices in relation to GSR evidence. Forensic Sci Int 2014; 239:19-26. [PMID: 24727218 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In a previous study by Grima et al. Sci. Justice 52 (1) (2012) 49, it was shown that background particles can aid in the exclusion of firework particles which are indistinguishable from GSR. Issues relating to the persistence of such particle populations were presented. The scope of this project was to examine persistence on the hands in the context of possible post-display scene contamination and how this can affect GSR evidence, especially in light of possible GSR/firework mixtures. Persistence was investigated by recovering firework residues eight hours post-display following contact of the hands with bedding. In addition, particle profiling was carried out using SEM-EDX. Firework particle populations exhibited strong persistence in all displays, with not less than 667 particles persisting in each scenario. This factor challenges GSR evidence, especially if personnel stationed at display sites enter scenes of crime or come into contact with suspects after a display. A survey of UK police force practices following firework displays showed that authorities are not aware of the impact particle transfer may have on GSR evidence. Recommendations for the implementation of basic hygiene practices for particle transfer control have also been made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Grima
- School of Science and Engineering, Teesside University, Tees Valley TS1 3BA, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom.
| | - Robert Hanson
- School of Science and Engineering, Teesside University, Tees Valley TS1 3BA, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Tidy
- School of Science and Engineering, Teesside University, Tees Valley TS1 3BA, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom
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22
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Abrego Z, Grijalba N, Unceta N, Maguregui M, Sanchez A, Fernández-Isla A, Goicolea MA, Barrio RJ. A novel method for the identification of inorganic and organic gunshot residue particles of lead-free ammunitions from the hands of shooters using scanning laser ablation-ICPMS and Raman micro-spectroscopy. Analyst 2014; 139:6232-41. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an01051e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
SLA-ICPMS and Raman micro-spectroscopy has been applied to the characterization of GSR using modified tape lifts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuriñe Abrego
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of the Basque Country
- UPV/EHU
- 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Nagore Grijalba
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of the Basque Country
- UPV/EHU
- 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Nora Unceta
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of the Basque Country
- UPV/EHU
- 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Maite Maguregui
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of the Basque Country
- UPV/EHU
- 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Alicia Sanchez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of the Basque Country
- UPV/EHU
- 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Alberto Fernández-Isla
- Scientific Police Laboratory, Ertzaintza
- Department of the Interior, Basque Government
- Erandio, Spain
| | - M. Aranzazu Goicolea
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of the Basque Country
- UPV/EHU
- 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Ramón J. Barrio
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of the Basque Country
- UPV/EHU
- 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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23
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Romolo F, Christopher M, Donghi M, Ripani L, Jeynes C, Webb R, Ward N, Kirkby K, Bailey M. Integrated Ion Beam Analysis (IBA) in Gunshot Residue (GSR) characterisation. Forensic Sci Int 2013; 231:219-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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Bueno J, Sikirzhytski V, Lednev IK. Attenuated Total Reflectance-FT-IR Spectroscopy for Gunshot Residue Analysis: Potential for Ammunition Determination. Anal Chem 2013; 85:7287-94. [DOI: 10.1021/ac4011843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin Bueno
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, SUNY, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York
12222, United States
| | - Vitali Sikirzhytski
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, SUNY, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York
12222, United States
| | - Igor K. Lednev
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, SUNY, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York
12222, United States
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25
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Chang KH, Jayaprakash PT, Yew CH, Abdullah AFL. Gunshot residue analysis and its evidential values: a review. AUST J FORENSIC SCI 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00450618.2012.691546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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26
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Preliminary evaluation of the persistence of organic gunshot residue. Forensic Sci Int 2012; 222:137-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2012] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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27
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Gilchrist E, Jongekrijg F, Harvey L, Smith N, Barron L. Characterisation of gunshot residue from three ammunition types using suppressed anion exchange chromatography. Forensic Sci Int 2012; 221:50-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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28
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Firework displays as sources of particles similar to gunshot residue. Sci Justice 2012; 52:49-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2011.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Revised: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Abstract
A comprehensive review of the scientific literature on gunshot residue (GSR) is presented. Aspects of both inorganic and organic GSR are discussed, from formation and distribution, to sample collection, preparation, and analysis using a variety of techniques. The interpretation of GSR results is also considered including issues surrounding the contamination, distribution, and transfer of GSR. Potential problems with ulterior sources of GSR like particles have been reported in the literature. For example, particles from environmental and occupational sources have been highlighted as exhibiting similar chemical and morphological characteristics to GSR. These findings are put into context with regard to interpreting samples. A move toward a "case by case" approach is argued to be more preferable to a "formal" classification system where possible. The analysis of both inorganic and organic compositions of residue samples as well as morphological considerations is considered to be a more ideal approach to GSR analysis, wherever practicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Dalby
- Department of Chemistry and Forensics, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
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Mou Y, Lakadwar J, Rabalais JW. Evaluation of shooting distance by AFM and FTIR/ATR analysis of GSR. J Forensic Sci 2008; 53:1381-6. [PMID: 18761553 DOI: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2008.00854.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The techniques of atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflectance (FTIR/ATR) spectroscopy are applied to the analysis of gun-shot residue (GSR) to test their ability to determine shooting distance and discrimination of the powder manufacturers. AFM is a nondestructive technique that is capable of characterizing the shapes and size distributions of GSR particles with resolution down to less than a nanometer. This may be useful for estimation of the shooting distance. Our AFM images of GSR show that the size distribution of the particles is inversely proportional to the shooting distance. Discrimination of powder manufacturers is tested by FTIR/ATR investigation of GSR. Identifying the specific compounds in the GSR by FTIR/ATR was not possible because it is a mixture of the debris of several compounds that compose the residue. However, it is shown that the GSR from different cartridges has characteristic FTIR/ATR bands that may be useful in differentiating the powder manufacturers. It appears promising that the development of AFM and FTIR/ATR databases for various powder manufacturers may be useful in analysis and identification of GSR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyan Mou
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Lamar University, PO Box 10022, Beaumont, TX 77710, USA
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Martiny A, Campos APC, Sader MS, Pinto AL. SEM/EDS analysis and characterization of gunshot residues from Brazilian lead-free ammunition. Forensic Sci Int 2008; 177:e9-17. [PMID: 17764860 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2007.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2006] [Revised: 06/26/2007] [Accepted: 07/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The exposition to heavy metal-rich airborne due to fire practicing has forced to the development of heavy metal-free environmental ammunition primers all over the world. Here we characterize the GSR elements present in the Brazilian lead-free ammunition produced by Companhia Brasileira de Cartuchos (CBC) and commercialized by MagTech in the U.S. and Europe under the name CleanRange centerfire cartridges. Both first and second generations of CleanRange in calibers 9 mm Luger, .40 S&W, .380 AUTO and .38 SPL were analyzed and compared to regular Brazilian CBC ammunition by scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy. Differences in composition and morphology of GSR particles from the two generations of CleanRange were observed. The first generation ammunition (found in Europe) presented spherical particles, being strontium the only unique element detected. The second generation (found in the U.S.) produced irregular particles composed mostly by potassium, aluminum, silicon and calcium. We can conclude that identification of GSR derived from CBC second generation lead-free ammunition in suspects' hands may be impossible without the addition of a distinct metallic taggant in the primer composition by the manufacturer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Martiny
- Instituto Militar de Engenharia, Seção de Engenharia Mecânica e de Materiais-SE/4, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Praia Vermelha, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22270-290, Brazil
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