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Curate F, Alves I, Rodrigues T, Garcia SJ. Assigned sex estimation with the clavicle and scapula: A study in a Portuguese reference sample. MEDICINE, SCIENCE, AND THE LAW 2024; 64:15-22. [PMID: 37170562 DOI: 10.1177/00258024231174822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The estimation of biological sex is a critical step in the assessment of the biological profile of an anonymous skeletonized individual. In certain recovery circumstances, the most dimorphic skeletal areas, such as the pelvis, are absent or fragmented; in that case, other bones of the skeleton, including the clavicle and scapula, can be used to predict sex. The purpose of this research is to generate new models for the estimation of sex with clavicular and scapular measurements using a study-sample of 129 individuals with clavicle (65 males and 64 females) and 112 individuals with scapula (50 males and 62 females) from the Lisbon Identified Skeletal Collection (Portugal). A decision tree classifier (C4.5) and logistic regression (LR) were employed to create univariable and multivariable sex prediction models. Accuracy under cross-validation of the classification models is high (up to 93.8%), with minimal bias (<5%), particularly in the multivariable models. The proposed LR models facilitate the probabilistic estimation of biological sex, accounting for the significant overlap in the expression of sexual dimorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Curate
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Research Centre for Anthropology and Health, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- School of Technology, Polytechnic Institute of Tomar, Tomar, Portugal
| | - Inês Alves
- Centre for Public Administration and Public Policies, Institute of Social and Political Sciences, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Tomás Rodrigues
- Centre for Public Administration and Public Policies, Institute of Social and Political Sciences, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Susana J Garcia
- Centre for Public Administration and Public Policies, Institute of Social and Political Sciences, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- National Museum of Natural History and Science, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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2
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Bidmos MA, Olateju OI, Latiff S, Rahman T, Chowdhury MEH. Machine learning and discriminant function analysis in the formulation of generic models for sex prediction using patella measurements. Int J Legal Med 2023; 137:471-485. [PMID: 36205796 PMCID: PMC9902304 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-022-02899-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sex prediction from bone measurements that display sexual dimorphism is one of the most important aspects of forensic anthropology. Some bones like the skull and pelvis display distinct morphological traits that are based on shape. These morphological traits which are sexually dimorphic across different population groups have been shown to provide an acceptably high degree of accuracy in the prediction of sex. A sample of 100 patella of Mixed Ancestry South Africans (MASA) was collected from the Dart collection. Six parameters: maximum height (maxh), maximum breadth (maxw), maximum thickness (maxt), the height of articular facet (haf), lateral articular facet breadth (lafb), and medial articular facet breath (mafb) were used in this study. Stepwise and direct discriminant function analyses were performed for measurements that exhibited significant differences between male and female mean measurements, and the "leave-one-out" approach was used for validation. Moreover, we have used eight classical machine learning techniques along with feature ranking techniques to identify the best feature combinations for sex prediction. A stacking machine learning technique was trained and validated to classify the sex of the subject. Here, we have used the top performing three ML classifiers as base learners and the predictions of these models were used as inputs to different machine learning classifiers as meta learners to make the final decision. The measurements of the patella of South Africans are sexually dimorphic and this observation is consistent with previous studies on the patella of different countries. The range of average accuracies obtained for pooled multivariate discriminant function equations is 81.9-84.2%, while the stacking ML technique provides 90.8% accuracy which compares well with those presented for previous studies in other parts of the world. In conclusion, the models proposed in this study from measurements of the patella of different population groups in South Africa are useful resent with reasonably high average accuracies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mubarak A. Bidmos
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Oladiran I. Olateju
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sabiha Latiff
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Tawsifur Rahman
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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3
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Jerković I, Ljubić T, Bardić L, Kolić A, Anđelinović Š. Application of palmar digital intertriradial distances for sex classification from palmprints: a preliminary study. AUST J FORENSIC SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00450618.2021.1882573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Jerković
- University Department of Forensic Sciences, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Toni Ljubić
- University Department of Forensic Sciences, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Lucija Bardić
- University Department of Forensic Sciences, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Andrea Kolić
- University Department of Forensic Sciences, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Šimun Anđelinović
- School of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
- Clinical Department for Pathology, Legal Medicine and Cytology, University Hospital Center Split, Split, Croatia
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4
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Keyes CA, Myburgh J, Brits D. Scavenger activity in a peri-urban agricultural setting in the Highveld of South Africa. Int J Legal Med 2020; 135:979-991. [PMID: 32875396 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-020-02413-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Scavenging animals often scatter skeletal remains of forensic interest and cause scavenging damage. This study aimed to identify scavenging animals in the peri-urban agricultural Highveld of South Africa, describe their scattering patterns, and the damage they cause to bone. Ten pig carcasses (Sus scrofa domesticus) (40-80 kg) were placed at the University of Pretoria's Mierjie Le Roux Experimental Farm (Highveld) in summer and winter. Motion-activated cameras recorded the scavenging. Scavenger species were identified and their behaviors, scattering pattern, and the damage they cause to bone were described. Scavenging was primarily by black-backed jackals; however, mongooses (slender, yellow, and water mongoose), Cape porcupine, and honey badger were also active. Remains were commonly scattered in two directions by jackals. The distance of scattering was heavily influenced by fencing. The remains were scattered within a maximum radius of 73.7 m. The remains were scavenged and skeletonized faster in summer. Jackals caused minimal damage to bone, isolated to superficial, nonspecific scores, furrows, and punctures. A few mongoose bone alterations were present as jagged gnaw marks on the angle of the mandible and gnawing of the vertebral spinous process. Cape porcupine bone damage included gnaw marks on the condyle of a femur and head of humerus, and destruction of the proximal and distal ends of a tibia. The described scattering pattern and bone modification patterns will assist in the recovery and analysis of scavenged remains found in peri-urban agricultural areas in South Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig A Keyes
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, WITS, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa.
| | - J Myburgh
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - D Brits
- Human Variation and Identification Research Unit, School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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5
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Sex estimation of the humerus: A geometric morphometric analysis in an adult sample. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2020; 47:101773. [PMID: 32810795 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2020.101773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sex estimation is the keystone for positive identification when an unidentified human body is recovered in forensic contexts. However, in complex death scenes such as mass disasters, the remains are often fleshed, mutilated, burned, and/or commingled. In situations such as these where it is not possible to analyze pelvis and/or cranium data, traditional metric and qualitative morphological methods on postcranial bones can yield unsatisfactory results. In such cases, geometric morphometric techniques offer an alternative to the analysis of both shape and size components of morphological variation that can be of great utility for sex estimation in forensic investigations. The study population consisted of 72 well-preserved adult humeri (40 males and 32 females; mean age of 62 years) that were photographed in standardized positions with landmarks located in four two-dimensional views of the humerus (anterior surface of the proximal epiphysis, and anterior, posterior and inferior surface of distal epiphysis). Principal components analysis, canonical variates analysis and discriminant analysis were applied. The data indicated that males and females were classified with low levels of accuracy (54.95-77.92% for males; 56.87-71.78% for females) based on shape variables. However, when the shape variable was combined with the centroid size, the levels of accuracy increased (81.86-94.92% for males; 84.08-94.88% for females). To obtain larger differences between males and females, it is necessary the combination of centroid size with shape variables; the shape of the humerus is insufficient to discriminate sex with accuracy.
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6
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Tallman SD, Blanton AI. Distal Humerus Morphological Variation and Sex Estimation in Modern Thai Individuals. J Forensic Sci 2019; 65:361-371. [PMID: 31643085 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Due to differential preservation, it is necessary to develop sex estimation methods on varied anatomical regions, including the distal humerus. Sexually dimorphic differences of the medial epicondyle angle, olecranon fossa shape, trochlear extension, and trochlear constriction have been documented in several non-Asian groups. This study examines distal humerus morphological variation in 616 modern Thai individuals (f = 198; m = 418) 18-96 years old and tests the methods on a hold-out sample of 152 individuals (f = 91; m = 61). The results indicate that population-specific binary probit regression performs the best (74.1-100%), followed by composite scoring (77.0-90.1%), binary logistic regression (63.3-92.2%), and univariate sectioning points (37.7-90.1%). Age minimally effects the expression of the medial epicondyle angle in males, and trait scoring is susceptible to high intra- and interobserver error. While demonstrating relatively high sex biases, distal humerus morphology can be used to estimate the sex of Thai individuals when more sexually dimorphic regions are absent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean D Tallman
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Program in Forensic Anthropology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street (L 1004), Boston, MA, 02118.,Department of Anthropology, Boston University, 232 Bay State Road #105, Boston, MA, 02215
| | - Amelia I Blanton
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Program in Forensic Anthropology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street (L 1004), Boston, MA, 02118
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7
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Chatterjee PM, Krishan K, Singh RK, Kanchan T. Sex determination by discriminant function analysis using the human tibia in a Central Indian population. MEDICINE, SCIENCE, AND THE LAW 2019; 59:171-179. [PMID: 31112456 DOI: 10.1177/0025802419845821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In human beings, sexual dimorphism can be well distinguished in almost every bone of the skeleton. Establishing a reliable biological profile is the foremost step in identifying human skeletal remains. Sex determination along with the estimation of age, stature and ancestry comprise the important parameters in establishing a biological profile. The pelvis and skull are considered the most reliable bones in sexing human remains. In the absence of the pelvis and skull, forensic scientists must rely upon other parts of the skeleton for sex assessment. Determination of sex from long bones based on morphological traits can be a challenging task, as there are a few morphological differences between the sexes for long bones. However, metric variations can prove to be helpful, as they are reproducible and more reliable. Metric analysis also has the added benefit of being less biased than nonmetric analysis. This study aimed to establish sex determination standards from tibiae using discriminant function analysis. A total of 17 measurements were taken on 162 dry tibiae (116 males and 46 females) of known sex and in the age range 20–60 years. Discriminant function analysis was performed to derive models for sexing of the tibiae. The breadth of the medial articular surface was observed to be the best parameter for sex prediction from metric measurements of the tibia. In stepwise analysis, only seven parameters – namely, the breadth of the medial articular surface, the condylo-malleolar length, the circumference at the nutrient foramen, the breadth of the lateral articular surface, the maximum length, the transverse diameter in the middle of the bone and the transverse diameter at the level of the nutrient foramen – were entered into the discriminant functions. Overall, the accuracy of sexing was observed to be 93.8% and 95% with the direct method and the stepwise method, respectively. This study provides a database and standards for sex estimation from tibiae based on discriminant function models. This investigation further concludes that tibiae can be used for sex determination in forensic examinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preetika M Chatterjee
- 1 Department of Forensic Science, Guru Ghasidas Central University, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh State, India
| | - Kewal Krishan
- 2 Department of Anthropology (UGC Centre of Advanced Study), Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - R K Singh
- 3 Department of Forensic Medicine, Pt. J.N.M. Medical College, Raipur, Government of Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Tanuj Kanchan
- 4 Department of Forensic Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
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Ammer S, d'Oliveira Coelho J, Cunha EM. Outline Shape Analysis on the Trochlear Constriction and Olecranon Fossa of the Humerus: Insights for Sex Estimation and a New Computational Tool. J Forensic Sci 2019; 64:1788-1795. [PMID: 31150127 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Sex estimation through visual analysis of the distal humerus can contribute to establishing the biological profile of an unidentified skeletal individual. Using statistical shape modeling, the trochlear constriction open curves and olecranon fossa closed outlines of 151 humeri were digitized and analyzed. The shape configurations exhibited strikingly different degrees of sexual dimorphism when evaluated using linear discriminant analysis with leave-one-out cross-validation. The trochlear constriction performed poorly, correctly classifying 63.6% of the individuals. However, the olecranon fossa showed high sexual dimorphism, presenting a 94.0% accuracy. A simpler model using only two principal components was also generated. While the accuracy is slightly inferior (88.1%), it has the advantage of being constrained to bidimensional components that were translated into morphoscopic variables within a simulator interface. This allowed us to implement the method through a web application that does not require users to be trained in landmark digitization or have knowledge of geometric morphometrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Ammer
- Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology, Department of Life Sciences Calçada Martim de Freitas, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3000-456, Portugal
| | - João d'Oliveira Coelho
- Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology, Department of Life Sciences Calçada Martim de Freitas, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3000-456, Portugal.,Institute of Cognitive and Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Oxford, Banbury 64, Oxford, OX2 6PN, UK
| | - Eugénia Maria Cunha
- Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology, Department of Life Sciences Calçada Martim de Freitas, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3000-456, Portugal
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9
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Bonczarowska JH, Bonicelli A, Papadomanolakis A, Kranioti EF. The posterior portion of the ilium as a sex indicator: A validation study. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 294:216.e1-216.e6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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10
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Horbaly HE, Kenyhercz MW, Hubbe M, Steadman DW. The Influence of Body Size on the Expression of Sexually Dimorphic Morphological Traits. J Forensic Sci 2018; 64:52-57. [PMID: 29975982 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal sexual dimorphism manifests as size or shape differences between males and females in a population. Certain dimorphic traits are used in sex estimation methods, and populational variation in the expression of these traits can result in inaccurate sex estimation. However, the underlying causes of variation in trait expression remain unclear. This study explores body size, which also exhibits sexual dimorphism, as a potential factor influencing trait expression. To test this, skeletons of 209 individuals of varying body size were analyzed, and morphological traits were scored according to the Walker (2008), Klales et al. (2012), and Rogers (1999) sex estimation methods. Statistical analyses found significant correlations between body size parameters and expression of traits, with stature explaining more relative variance in trait expression than body mass. However, the relationships are weak and few in number, suggesting that body size has a minimal impact on the expression of these morphological traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley E Horbaly
- Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee Knoxville, 1621 Cumberland Avenue, 502 Strong Hall, Knoxville, TN, 37996
| | - Michael W Kenyhercz
- Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee Knoxville, 1621 Cumberland Avenue, 502 Strong Hall, Knoxville, TN, 37996.,Department of Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency, Central Identification Laboratory, 590 Moffet Street, Bldg 4077, JBPHH, HI, 96853
| | - Mark Hubbe
- Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, 174 W. 18th Avenue, 4034 Smith Laboratory, Columbus, OH, 43210.,Instituto de Arqueología y Antropología, Universidad Católica del Norte, RP Gustavo Le Paige Street No. 380, San Pedro de Atacama Region of Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Dawnie W Steadman
- Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee Knoxville, 1621 Cumberland Avenue, 502 Strong Hall, Knoxville, TN, 37996
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Morphometric analysis of the humerus in an adult South African cadaveric sample. Forensic Sci Int 2018; 289:451.e1-451.e9. [PMID: 29895429 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies using geometric morphometrics have shown that estimations of demographic parameters can be made using skeletal elements previously not thought useful for such purposes. This study used geometric morphometrics to assess humeral morphological variation in an adult South African sample, and evaluated the accuracy of sex and ancestry estimations based on this variation. Humeri of 1046 adult South African individuals (464 females, 582 males) were digitized. Data sets were rotated and scaled to a common centroid using Generalized Procrustes Analysis. Mean centroid sizes between groups were compared using parametric tests, while morphological variation was evaluated using multivariate analyses. Discriminant Function Analysis coupled with leave-one-out cross-validation tests were used to assess the reliability of sex and ancestry classifications based on this variation. Male humeri were relatively larger and presented with morphological features indicative of larger muscle mass and smaller carrying angles than females. White individuals had relatively larger but morphologically less robust humeri than Black or Coloured individuals, likely a reflection of both genetic and socio-economic differences between the groups as enforced under Apartheid law. When sex and ancestry were assessed together, similar variations were detected than when either parameter was individually assessed. Classification accuracy was relatively low when sex was independently assessed (73.3%), but increased when considered in conjunction with ancestry, indicating greater variation between-groups (ancestry) than within-groups. Ancestry estimation accuracies exceeded 80%, even for the highly diverse Coloured group. Classification accuracies of sex-ancestry groups all exceeded 76%. These results show that humerus morphological variation is present and may be used to estimate parameters, such as sex and ancestry, even in complex groups such as the Coloured sample of this study.
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12
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Bašić Ž, Kružić I, Jerković I, Anđelinović D, Anđelinović Š. Sex estimation standards for medieval and contemporary Croats. Croat Med J 2017; 58:222-230. [PMID: 28613039 PMCID: PMC5470124 DOI: 10.3325/cmj.2017.58.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To develop discriminant functions for sex estimation on medieval Croatian population and test their application on contemporary Croatian population. Methods From a total of 519 skeletons, we chose 84 adult excellently preserved skeletons free of antemortem and postmortem changes and took all standard measurements. Sex was estimated/determined using standard anthropological procedures and ancient DNA (amelogenin analysis) where pelvis was insufficiently preserved or where sex morphological indicators were not consistent. We explored which measurements showed sexual dimorphism and used them for developing univariate and multivariate discriminant functions for sex estimation. We included only those functions that reached accuracy rate ≥80%. We tested the applicability of developed functions on modern Croatian sample (n = 37). Results From 69 standard skeletal measurements used in this study, 56 of them showed statistically significant sexual dimorphism (74.7%). We developed five univariate discriminant functions with classification rate 80.6%-85.2% and seven multivariate discriminant functions with an accuracy rate of 81.8%-93.0%. When tested on the modern population functions showed classification rates 74.1%-100%, and ten of them reached aimed accuracy rate. Females showed higher classification rates in the medieval populations, whereas males were better classified in the modern populations. Conclusion Developed discriminant functions are sufficiently accurate for reliable sex estimation in both medieval Croatian population and modern Croatian samples and may be used in forensic settings. The methodological issues that emerged regarding the importance of considering external factors in development and application of discriminant functions for sex estimation should be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Željana Bašić
- Željana Bašić, University Department of Forensic Sciences, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 33, 21000 Split, Croatia,
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13
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Ubelaker DH, DeGaglia CM. Population variation in skeletal sexual dimorphism. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 278:407.e1-407.e7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Krüger GC, L’Abbé EN, Stull KE. Sex estimation from the long bones of modern South Africans. Int J Legal Med 2016; 131:275-285. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-016-1488-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Austin D, King RE. The Biological Profile of Unidentified Human Remains in a Forensic Context. Acad Forensic Pathol 2016; 6:370-390. [PMID: 31239913 DOI: 10.23907/2016.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Estimation of the biological profile of unidentified human remains is a critical component of an anthropologic evaluation of unidentified human remains. The profile is used to search for missing persons that may match the decedent. The individual components of sex, ancestry, stature, and age at death require reliable methods to ensure accurate recording of these biological markers. This article showcases an unidentified skeleton that was misclassified as a female when the original evaluation was done in 1963. The revaluation in 2004 quickly led to resolution of the identity. Methods used today to evaluate the components of the biological profile are reviewed along with a limited review of the historic literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Austin
- Tarrant County Medical Examiner - Anthropology
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16
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Jerković I, Bašić Ž, Kružić I, Anđelinović Š. Sex determination from femora in late antique sample from Eastern Adriatic coast (Salona necropolis). ANTHROPOLOGICAL REVIEW 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/anre-2016-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The determination of sex is one of the first steps in anthropological analysis. When skeletal remains are fragmented, the most useful approach is application of osteometric methods. The methods are population specific, and therefore require development of discriminant functions for each population group.
The aim of this study was to test sexual dimorphism of femoral measurements and to calculate discriminant functions applicable for sex determination on fragmented skeletal remains on the late antique sample from the Eastern Adriatic coast (2nd-6th century AD).
214 randomly chosen skeletons from the excavation site Solin-Smiljanovac were analyzed. Sex and age were assessed using standard anthropological methods, and skeletons were examined for pathologic and traumatic changes. In the next step, we selected 27 female and 48 male skeletons free of peri- or post-mortem changes that could affect measurements Eight standard femoral measurements were taken. Sexual dimorphism was initially compared using independent sample t test, after which discriminant functions were computed.
All femoral measurements showed statistically significant sexual dimorphism (p<0.001). Ten discriminant functions for every part of femur were calculated and obtained classification accuracy of 73.1-91.8%. This study reached relatively high classification, which will improve further analysis of the skeletal remains from the Salona necropolis. Due to similar population structure in the Roman period across the Adriatic coast, the discriminant functions could be applicable for all populations from the same period and area. This study also raised a few methodological questions showing that when creating discriminant functions we should consider not only the accuracy, but also the applicability based on the experience from the anthropology laboratory that considers the state of preservation and frequent pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Jerković
- University Department for Forensic Sciences, University of Split, Croatia
| | - Željana Bašić
- University Department for Forensic Sciences, University of Split, Croatia
| | - Ivana Kružić
- University Department for Forensic Sciences, University of Split, Croatia
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17
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Lee JH, Kim YS, Lee UY, Park DK, Jeong YG, Lee NS, Han SY, Kim KY, Han SH. Sex determination using upper limb bones in Korean populations. Anat Cell Biol 2014; 47:196-201. [PMID: 25276479 PMCID: PMC4178195 DOI: 10.5115/acb.2014.47.3.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this research is to establish metric standards for the determination of sex from the upper limb bones of Korean. We took a set of eleven measurements on each of 175 right sides of adult skeletons chosen at Korean sample. Classification accuracy dropped only one or two individuals when only vertical head diameter of humerus is used. Variables in relation with maximal length were less accurate than head diameter of humerus. Two variables were selected by the stepwise procedure: maximal length of humerus, vertical head diameter of humerus. The combined accuracy was 87%. This study of modern Korean skeletons underscores the need for population-specific techniques, not only for medicolegal investigations, but also for the study of population affinities and factors affecting bone configurations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Je-Hun Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Konyang University of Korea College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Yi-Suk Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Ewha Women University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - U-Young Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Catholic Institute for Applied Anatomy, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae-Kyoon Park
- Department of Anatomy, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Young-Gil Jeong
- Department of Anatomy, Konyang University of Korea College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Nam Seob Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Konyang University of Korea College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Seung Yun Han
- Department of Anatomy, Konyang University of Korea College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Kyung-Yong Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Ho Han
- Department of Anatomy, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Vance VL, Steyn M. Geometric morphometric assessment of sexually dimorphic characteristics of the distal humerus. HOMO-JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE HUMAN BIOLOGY 2013; 64:329-40. [PMID: 23735370 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchb.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A number of recent studies investigated the use of morphological characteristics of the distal humerus to estimate the sex of unknown individuals. Using visual assessment, accuracies ranging from 74% to more than 90% were reported. The aim of this study was to assess these traits with geometric morphometrics, in order to determine if they corroborate the findings described with pure visual assessment. A total sample of 155 female and 175 male humeri of South Africans were used. All humeri were photographed in standardized positions from a posterior and inferior view, and homologous landmarks assigned. Olecranon fossa shape, angle of the medial epicondyle and trochlear symmetry were assessed. Males and females could be separated with accuracies ranging from 78% to 91%. The results of this study confirm the existence of these traits and their usability in assessment of sex from skeletal remains, and the observed anatomical characteristics largely agree with what have been described by visual assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Vance
- Forensic Anthropology Research Centre, Department of Anatomy, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0007, South Africa; Oregon State Police Portland Metro Forensic Laboratory, 13309 SE 84th Avenue Suite 200, Clackamas, OR 97015, USA
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