1
|
Khalikova M, Jireš J, Horáček O, Douša M, Kučera R, Nováková L. What is the role of current mass spectrometry in pharmaceutical analysis? MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024; 43:560-609. [PMID: 37503656 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The role of mass spectrometry (MS) has become more important in most application domains in recent years. Pharmaceutical analysis is specific due to its stringent regulation procedures, the need for good laboratory/manufacturing practices, and a large number of routine quality control analyses to be carried out. The role of MS is, therefore, very different throughout the whole drug development cycle. While it dominates within the drug discovery and development phase, in routine quality control, the role of MS is minor and indispensable only for selected applications. Moreover, its role is very different in the case of analysis of small molecule pharmaceuticals and biopharmaceuticals. Our review explains the role of current MS in the analysis of both small-molecule chemical drugs and biopharmaceuticals. Important features of MS-based technologies being implemented, method requirements, and related challenges are discussed. The differences in analytical procedures for small molecule pharmaceuticals and biopharmaceuticals are pointed out. While a single method or a small set of methods is usually sufficient for quality control in the case of small molecule pharmaceuticals and MS is often not indispensable, a large panel of methods including extensive use of MS must be used for quality control of biopharmaceuticals. Finally, expected development and future trends are outlined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Khalikova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Jireš
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, UCT Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Development, Zentiva, k. s., Praha, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Horáček
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Douša
- Department of Development, Zentiva, k. s., Praha, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Kučera
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Nováková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gupta S, Samal N. Application of direct analysis in real-time mass spectrometry (DART-MS) in forensic science: a comprehensive review. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s41935-022-00276-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
As the rate of crime is constantly increasing, the workload on the forensic analyst also piles up. The availability of a limited number of seized samples makes it crucial to directly analyze the sample, thereby preventing wastage in the prior steps of sample preparation. Due to such needs, the forensic community is consistently working on broadening the usage of direct analysis in real-time mass spectrometry (DART-MS). DART-MS is a relatively new technique for rapid mass spectral analysis. Its use for chemical analysis credits its ability to analyze the sample at atmospheric pressure.
Main body
This article gives insight into the ionization mechanisms, data analysis tools, and the use of hyphenated techniques like thermal-desorption-DART-MS, infrared-thermal-desorption-DART-MS, Joule-heating thermal-desorption-DART-MS, etc. This review summarizes the applications of DART-MS in the field of Forensic Science reported from 2005 to 2021. The applications include analysis of drugs, warfare agents, gun-shot residues, ink differentiation, and other forensically relevant samples. The paper also presents the relation between the type of DART-MS technique and the ionization mode used for a particular class of compounds.
Conclusion
The review follows that the high-resolution mass-spectrometers or low-resolution mass-spectrometers systems in the positive or negative mode were highly dependent on the type of analyte under investigation. Drugs, inks, dyes, and paints were mainly analyzed using the positive ionization mode in the HRMS technique. The examinations of fire accelerants predominantly used the positive ionization mode in the LRMS technique. Moreover, the limit of detection values obtained from the qualitative screening of street drugs were of ppb level, indicating high sensitivity of DART-MS. Considering the work done in the past years, there are potential future research needs of this technology, especially in forensic science.
Graphical Abstract
Collapse
|
3
|
Forensic Analysis of Polymeric Carpet Fibers Using Direct Analysis in Real Time Coupled to an AccuTOF™ Mass Spectrometer. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13162687. [PMID: 34451227 PMCID: PMC8398551 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymeric fibers are encountered in numerous forensic circumstances. This study focused on polymeric carpet fibers most encountered at a crime scene, which are nylons, polyesters and olefins. Analysis of the multiple polymer types was done using Direct Analysis in Real Time (DART™) coupled to an Accurate time-of-flight (AccuTOF™) mass spectrometer (MS). A DART gas temperature of 275 °C was determined as optimal. Twelve olefin, polyester, and nylon polymer standards were used for parameter optimization for the carpet fiber analysis. A successful identification and differentiation of all twelve polymer standards was completed using the DART-AccuTOF™. Thirty-two carpet samples of both known and unknown fiber composition were collected and subsequently analyzed. All samples with known fiber compositions were correctly identified by class. All of the remaining carpet samples with no known composition information were correctly identified by confirmation using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The method was also capable of identifying sub-classes of nylon carpet fibers. The results exhibit the capability of DART-AccuTOF™ being applied as an addition to the sequence of tests conducted to analyze carpet fibers in a forensic laboratory.
Collapse
|
4
|
Brown HM, McDaniel TJ, Fedick PW, Mulligan CC. The current role of mass spectrometry in forensics and future prospects. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:3974-3997. [PMID: 32720670 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay01113d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) techniques are highly prevalent in crime laboratories, particularly those coupled to chromatographic separations like gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC). These methods are considered "gold standard" analytical techniques for forensic analysis and have been extensively validated for producing prosecutorial evidentiary data. However, factors such as growing evidence backlogs and problematic evidence types (e.g., novel psychoactive substance (NPS) classes) have exposed limitations of these stalwart techniques. This critical review serves to delineate the current role of MS methods across the broad sub-disciplines of forensic science, providing insight on how governmental steering committees guide their implementation. Novel, developing techniques that seek to broaden applicability and enhance performance will also be highlighted, from unique modifications to traditional hyphenated MS methods to the newer "ambient" MS techniques that show promise for forensic analysis, but need further validation before incorporation into routine forensic workflows. This review also expounds on how recent improvements to MS instrumental design, scan modes, and data processing could cause a paradigm shift in how the future forensic practitioner collects and processes target evidence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hilary M Brown
- Chemistry Division, Research Department, Naval Air Warfare Center, Weapons Division (NAWCWD), United States Navy Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR), China Lake, California 93555, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abe Y, Ackerman LK, Mutsuga M, Sato K, Begley TH. Rapid identification of polyamides using direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34 Suppl 2:e8707. [PMID: 31883162 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Polyamide (PA) is the generic name of polymers synthesized by linking monomers via amide bonds, and various types of PAs with different monomer compositions are known. Distinguishing PA polymers is useful in directing monomer residual testing, product testing, and reverse engineering, but is analytically challenging and cumbersome. To simplify this, we explored the applicability of direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (DART-MS) for screening PA polymers. METHODS A DART ion source coupled to a quadrupole Orbitrap (high-resolution (HR) mass spectrometer) was employed for this study. Ten types of PA polymers and four retail samples were evaluated. The DART-HRMS data for these samples, as well as the DART-MS/MS (MS2 ) data for PA6 and PA66, were obtained, and their repeatability was assessed across days/calibrations, operators, and equipments. RESULTS Ions corresponding to the cyclic or linear monomers and oligomers of each PA polymer were detected in each DART-HR mass spectrum. Although similar DART-HR mass spectra were obtained for PA6, PA66, and PA6/PA66 (polymer blends of PA6 and PA66), their DART tandem mass spectra were completely different. The analysis was repeatable, and nearly identical DART tandem mass spectra were obtained on different days, by different operators, and with different equipment. This technique was successfully applied to commercially available samples. CONCLUSIONS Ten types of PA polymers were distinguished using DART-HRMS and DART-MS2 , and their identification using these techniques was straightforward as the characteristic ions for each PA polymer were identified and detected. Furthermore, the spectra were obtained rapidly. Therefore, DART-HRMS can be considered an efficient screening technique for the rapid identification and differentiation of PA polymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Abe
- National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Luke K Ackerman
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Motoh Mutsuga
- National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kyoko Sato
- National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Timothy H Begley
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Eichner F, Spangenberg B. Optimized determination of caffeine, equol, and artemisinin by high-performance thin-layer chromatography–direct analysis in real time–time of flight–mass spectrometry. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2019. [DOI: 10.1556/1006.2019.32.3.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Eichner
- University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven, Department I, An der Karlstadt 8, D-27568 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Bernd Spangenberg
- University of Applied Sciences Offenburg, Department of Process Engineering, Badstrasse 24, D-77652 Offenburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Ambient mass spectrometry has evolved rapidly over the past decade, yielding a plethora of platforms and demonstrating scientific advancements across a range of fields from biological imaging to rapid quality control. These techniques have enabled real-time detection of target analytes in an open environment with no sample preparation and can be coupled to any mass analyzer with an atmospheric pressure interface; capabilities of clear interest to the defense, customs and border control, transportation security, and forensic science communities. This review aims to showcase and critically discuss advances in ambient mass spectrometry for the trace detection of explosives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Forbes
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Materials Measurement Science Division, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ovcharov MV, Barsegyan SS, Kovaleva SA, Kulikova LN, Borisov RS. New Approaches to the Application of DART Mass Spectrometry Coupled with Planar Chromatography for the Analysis of Mixtures of Organic Compounds. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s106193481714009x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
9
|
Pavlovich MJ, Musselman B, Hall AB. Direct analysis in real time-Mass spectrometry (DART-MS) in forensic and security applications. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2018; 37:171-187. [PMID: 27271453 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, direct analysis in real time (DART) has emerged as a viable method for fast, easy, and reliable "ambient ionization" for forensic analysis. The ability of DART to generate ions from chemicals that might be present at the scene of a criminal activity, whether they are in the gas, liquid, or solid phase, with limited sample preparation has made the technology a useful analytical tool in numerous forensic applications. This review paper summarizes many of those applications, ranging from the analysis of trace evidence to security applications, with a focus on providing the forensic scientist with a resource for developing their own applications. The most common uses for DART in forensics are in studying seized drugs, drugs of abuse and their metabolites, bulk and detonated explosives, toxic chemicals, chemical warfare agents, inks and dyes, and commercial plant and animal products that have been adulterated for economic gain. This review is meant to complement recent reviews that have described the fundamentals of the ionization mechanism and the general use of DART. We describe a wide range of forensic applications beyond the field of analyzing drugs of abuse, which dominates the literature, including common experimental and data analysis methods. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 37:171-187, 2018.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Pavlovich
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Barnett Institute for Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston 02115, Massachusetts
| | | | - Adam B Hall
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Barnett Institute for Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston 02115, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Screening is an integral component of an analytical scheme to identify the presence of controlled substances in submissions to the crime laboratory. Many techniques are utilized, including color tests, thin-layer chromatography, and ultraviolet spectroscopy. While these are useful techniques to guide the examiner, all will, at best, categorize the material into a broad group of compounds. Direct Analysis in Real Time (DART), coupled with a time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometer, is an emerging technique that yields highly definitive screening data leading to the identity of controlled substances present in a case sample. Sample preparation is quick and simple and run times are typically only a few minutes. Collected data will allow the examiner to determine appropriate standards for confirmation, making the overall analysis much more efficient. Presented here is a guide to using this technique for the screening of case submissions for controlled substances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert R Steiner
- Virginia Department of Forensic Science, Central Laboratory, Richmond, VA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lian R, Wu Z, Lv X, Rao Y, Li H, Li J, Wang R, Ni C, Zhang Y. Rapid screening of abused drugs by direct analysis in real time (DART) coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS) combined with ion mobility spectrometry (IMS). Forensic Sci Int 2017; 279:268-280. [PMID: 28888687 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Increasing in cases involving drugs of abuse leads to heavy burden for law enforcement agencies, exacerbating demand for rapid screening technique. In this study, atmospheric pressure ionization technologies including direct analysis in real time (DART) ion source coupled to a time-of-flight mass spectrometer (DART-TOF-MS)as well asdopant-assisted positive photoionization ion mobility spectrometry (DAPP-IMS) without radioactivity were utilized together as the powerful analytical tool for the rapid screening and identification of 53 abused drugs.The limits of detection (LOD) were 0.05-2μg/mL when using DART-TOF-MS and 0.02-2μg when using DAPP-IMS which could satisfy the actual requirement in forensic science laboratory. The advantages of this method included fast response, high-throughput potential, high specificity, and minimal sample preparation. A screening library of reduced mobility (K0), accurate mass of informative precursor ion ([M+H]+) and fragment ions was established respectively by employing a bench-top DAPP-IMS and TOF-MS in-source collision induced dissociation (CID) mode. Then the standardized screening procedure was developed with criteria for the confirmation of positive result. A total of 50 seized drug samples provided by local forensic laboratory we reanalyzed to testify the utility of the method. This study suggests that a method combing DART-TOF-MS and DAPP-IMS is promising for the rapid screening and identification of abused drugs with minimal sample preparation and absence of chromatography.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ru Lian
- Shanghai Institute of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Shanghai, PR China; China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, State Key Laboratory of New Drug and Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zhongping Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xiaobao Lv
- Shanghai Institute of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yulan Rao
- Department of Forensic Medicine (Center of Forensic Science), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Haiyang Li
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, PR China
| | - Jinghua Li
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, PR China
| | - Rong Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Chunfang Ni
- Shanghai Institute of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yurong Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Shanghai, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Maric M, Bridge C. Characterizing and classifying water-based lubricants using direct analysis in real time®time of flight mass spectrometry. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 266:73-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
13
|
Yang Y, Deng J. Analysis of pharmaceutical products and herbal medicines using ambient mass spectrometry. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
14
|
Brown H, Oktem B, Windom A, Doroshenko V, Evans-Nguyen K. Direct Analysis in Real Time (DART) and a portable mass spectrometer for rapid identification of common and designer drugs on-site. Forensic Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|
15
|
Correa DN, Santos JM, Eberlin LS, Eberlin MN, Teunissen SF. Forensic Chemistry and Ambient Mass Spectrometry: A Perfect Couple Destined for a Happy Marriage? Anal Chem 2016; 88:2515-26. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deleon N. Correa
- ThoMSon
Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Campinas—UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
- Technical-Scientific Police Superintendence—IC-SPTC-SP, São Paulo, São Paulo 05507-06, Brazil
| | - Jandyson M. Santos
- ThoMSon
Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Campinas—UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Livia S. Eberlin
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712 United States
| | - Marcos N. Eberlin
- ThoMSon
Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Campinas—UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Sebastiaan F. Teunissen
- ThoMSon
Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Campinas—UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Cannabinoïdes de synthèse : méthodes analytiques. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2015.03.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
17
|
Häbe TT, Morlock GE. Quantitative surface scanning by Direct Analysis in Real Time mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:474-484. [PMID: 26160413 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Only a few ambient ionization sources have been demonstrated to work quantitatively for surface scanning. A modification of the Direct Analysis in Real Time mass spectrometry (DART-MS) interface is needed to improve the precision during the scanning of a high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) plate or any other surface or planar substrate, especially for quantitation without an internal standard correction. METHODS The substrate movement relative to the ion source outlet and the mass spectrometer inlet was optimized to improve the desorption, ionization, and capture of analytes. The substrate carrier was mounted at an angled position, thus reducing collisions between the deflected gas stream and the inner transfer tube wall. A special transfer tube, whose edge was angled towards the substrate and allowed a narrow set-up of the ambient air gap, captured the deflected DART gas stream. RESULTS For the repeated DART-MS scanning along five identical deposited bands of butyl-4-hydroxybenzoate a mean precision of 2.7% was obtained. A signal decay of 62% was observed after five scans. After HPTLC of methyl-4-hydroxybenzoate and butyl-4-hydroxybenzoate, mean determination coefficients of 0.9937 and 0.9906 were obtained for five calibrations on five plates, respectively. The mean recovery of two control standards was 94% with a mean repeatability of 9% (%RSD, n = 5) obtained on five different plates. CONCLUSIONS The DART SVPA-3DS system remained compact and the access to the substrate was kept wide open despite the optimized scan lane (spatial resolution at full width at half maximum 0.8 mm, height 3 mm). The performance data showed that the quantitative surface scanning was improved as well as the desorption efficacy and detectability using this modified DART-MS interface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim T Häbe
- Interdisciplinary Research Center (IFZ) and Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Gertrud E Morlock
- Interdisciplinary Research Center (IFZ) and Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Mirabelli MF, Coviello G, Volmer DA. Determining fatty acids by desorption/ionization mass spectrometry using thin-layer chromatography substrates. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:4513-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8630-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
19
|
Gwak S, Almirall JR. Rapid screening of 35 new psychoactive substances by ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) and direct analysis in real time (DART) coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (QTOF-MS). Drug Test Anal 2015; 7:884-93. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seongshin Gwak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and International Forensic Research Institute; Florida International University; Miami FL 33199 USA
| | - Jose R. Almirall
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and International Forensic Research Institute; Florida International University; Miami FL 33199 USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Mass spectrometry methods play a major role in many forensic applications. While gas chromatography-mass spectrometry methods are commonly used in crime laboratories and enforcement agencies, a variety of advanced techniques are now available that can improve upon standard methods and address emerging issues in forensic science. New mass spectrometry technologies include more versatile ionization sources, allowing the next generation of instrumentation to be more multipurpose and adaptable to the needs of the discipline. Direct analysis in real-time mass spectrometry is an ambient ionization method that allows direct testing of gas, liquid and solid samples without the need for any preparation or extraction, based on thermal desorption and ionization directly from the sample surface. This Review will provide an in-depth description of direct analysis in real-time time-of-flight mass spectrometry as applied to samples relevant to forensic science, with a focus on analysis and characterization related to forensic drug chemistry.
Collapse
|
21
|
Albert A, Shelley JT, Engelhard C. Plasma-based ambient desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: state-of-the-art in qualitative and quantitative analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:6111-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7989-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
22
|
Venter AR, Douglass KA, Shelley JT, Hasman G, Honarvar E. Mechanisms of real-time, proximal sample processing during ambient ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2013; 86:233-49. [PMID: 24308499 DOI: 10.1021/ac4038569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andre R Venter
- Department of Chemistry, Western Michigan University , Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008-5413, United States
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lesiak AD, Musah RA, Domin MA, Shepard JRE. DART-MS as a Preliminary Screening Method for “Herbal Incense”: Chemical Analysis of Synthetic Cannabinoids. J Forensic Sci 2013; 59:337-43. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.12354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashton D. Lesiak
- Department of Chemistry; University at Albany; SUNY; 1400 Washington Ave. Albany NY 12222
| | - Rabi A. Musah
- Department of Chemistry; University at Albany; SUNY; 1400 Washington Ave. Albany NY 12222
| | - Marek A. Domin
- Mass Spectrometry Center; Merkert Chemistry Center; Boston College; 2609 Beacon Street Chestnut Hill MA 02467-3808
| | - Jason R. E. Shepard
- Department of Chemistry; University at Albany; SUNY; 1400 Washington Ave. Albany NY 12222
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Screening for trace explosives by AccuTOF™-DART®: An in-depth validation study. Forensic Sci Int 2013; 232:160-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
25
|
Clemons K, Dake J, Sisco E, Verbeck GF. Trace analysis of energetic materials via direct analyte-probed nanoextraction coupled to direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry. Forensic Sci Int 2013; 231:98-101. [PMID: 23890622 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (DART-MS) has proven to be a useful forensic tool for the trace analysis of energetic materials. While other techniques for detecting trace amounts of explosives involve extraction, derivatization, solvent exchange, or sample clean-up, DART-MS requires none of these. Typical DART-MS analyses directly from a solid sample or from a swab have been quite successful; however, these methods may not always be an optimal sampling technique in a forensic setting. For example, if the sample were only located in an area which included a latent fingerprint of interest, direct DART-MS analysis or the use of a swab would almost certainly destroy the print. To avoid ruining such potentially invaluable evidence, another method has been developed which will leave the fingerprint virtually untouched. Direct analyte-probed nanoextraction coupled to nanospray ionization-mass spectrometry (DAPNe-NSI-MS) has demonstrated excellent sensitivity and repeatability in forensic analyses of trace amounts of illicit drugs from various types of surfaces. This technique employs a nanomanipulator in conjunction with bright-field microscopy to extract single particles from a surface of interest and has provided a limit of detection of 300 attograms for caffeine. Combining DAPNe with DART-MS provides another level of flexibility in forensic analysis, and has proven to be a sufficient detection method for trinitrotoluene (TNT), RDX, and 1-methylaminoanthraquinone (MAAQ).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Clemons
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Monge ME, Harris GA, Dwivedi P, Fernández FM. Mass Spectrometry: Recent Advances in Direct Open Air Surface Sampling/Ionization. Chem Rev 2013; 113:2269-308. [DOI: 10.1021/cr300309q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 404] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- María Eugenia Monge
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332,
United States
| | - Glenn A. Harris
- Department
of Biochemistry and
the Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Prabha Dwivedi
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332,
United States
| | - Facundo M. Fernández
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332,
United States
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Li LP, Feng BS, Yang JW, Chang CL, Bai Y, Liu HW. Applications of ambient mass spectrometry in high-throughput screening. Analyst 2013; 138:3097-103. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an00119a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
28
|
Musah RA, Domin MA, Cody RB, Lesiak AD, Dane AJ, Shepard JRE. Direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry with collision-induced dissociation for structural analysis of synthetic cannabinoids. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2012; 26:2335-42. [PMID: 22956326 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The emergence of numerous cannabinoid designer drugs has been tied to large spikes in emergency room visits and overdoses. Identifying these substances is difficult for the following reasons: (1) the compounds are novel, closely structurally related, and do not usually test positive in drug screens; (2) novel analogs rapidly appear on the market; (3) no standard protocols exist for their identification; and (4) customized and extensive sample preparation/extraction and analysis procedures are required to demonstrate their presence. METHODS Direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (DART-MS) employing collision-induced dissociation (CID) provided confirmatory structural information that was useful in characterizing the various cannabinoid analogs, including those contained in mixtures. CID analysis illustrated that, although closely related compounds fragment in a similar fashion, their structural differences still resulted in multiple diagnostic peaks that provided additional confidence towards structural identification. RESULTS DART-MS spectra were acquired under CID conditions to rapidly differentiate among five synthetic cannabinoids contained within 'herbal' products purchased locally in New York State (USA). The spectra exhibited [M+H](+) ions and product ions unique to each cannabinoid that corresponded to major structural features. Five different cannabinoid analogs, alone and as mixtures of at least two cannabinoids, were identified in six herbal products and differentiated by their CID product ion patterns. CONCLUSIONS Illicit synthetic cannabinoid products continue to be readily available despite national and international restrictions. These products contain a wide range of active components, and, in many cases, multiple active ingredients. DART-MS allows rapid analyses of these synthetic cannabinoids based on the exact masses of their [M+H](+) ions and product ion peaks generated using CID.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rabi A Musah
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York (SUNY), 1400 Washington Ave., Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Oros G, Szőgyi M, Cserháti T. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CALCULATED PHYSICOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS AND REVERSED-PHASE THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHIC RETENTION BEHAVIOR OF ALKOXY-PHENYLBENZAMIDE DERIVATIVES. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2012.676948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Oros
- a Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Budapest , Hungary
| | - M. Szőgyi
- b Chemical Research Center , Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Budapest , Hungary
| | - T. Cserháti
- b Chemical Research Center , Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Budapest , Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
AbstractDirect Analysis in Real Time mass spectrometry (DART-MS) is an emerging and rapidly developing area of ambient desorption ionization mass spectrometric techniques. Its coupling with planar chromatography is especially promising, as compared to other ambient desorption ionization techniques, because it does not require the use of liquids that may distort the shape of a spot by diffusion effects. In the first publications on TLC/HPTLC-DART-MS, due to the fixed, horizontally aligned supply of the gas flow from the DART ionization source to the MS inlet, the introduction of HPTLC/TLC plates as cut strips was inconvenient for quantitation, and the repeatability was very low due to the manual positioning. Recently a new version of the DART ion source was suggested, which allows adjusting the angle of the DART gas stream and the use of a motorized rail, thereby, improving highly the capabilities of TLC/HPTLC-DART-MS. This comprehensive review describes the development and analytical capabilities of TLC/HPTLC-DART-MS, and the general DART-MS perspectives for surface analysis or imaging MS.
Collapse
|