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Janssens LAA, Boudadi-Maligne M, Lawler DF, O'Keefe FR, van Dongen S. Morphology-based diagnostics of "protodogs." A commentary to Galeta et al., 2021, Anatomical Record, 304, 42-62, doi: 10.1002/ar.24500. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2021; 304:2673-2684. [PMID: 33773061 PMCID: PMC9290061 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In a recent article in this journal, Galeta et al., (2020) discussed eight Pleistocene “protodogs” and seven Pleistocene wolves. Those “protodogs” had been diagnosed in earlier publications, based on skull morphology. We re‐examined the Galeta et al. paper to offer comments on their observed outcomes, and the conclusion of presumed domestication. Of seven metrics that the authors used, five differed statistically between their two groups. However, from more elaborate studies, some of those same metrics had been rejected previously as not valid species‐distinguishing traits. In this respect, we do accept cranium size and wider palate as species‐distinguishing metrics. The physical size of their specimens was much larger than other archaeological specimens that have been accepted as dogs. Additionally, their sample size was small, compared to the number of available specimens, as shown from previous publications by the same group. Thus, we considered statistical differences that were found between groups in their study, and assessed whether the outcomes could have resulted from natural morphological variation. We examined a group of 73 dire wolves ((Aenocyon [Canis] dirus; Perri et al., 2021), using the same methods as used by Galeta et al., (2020). We could segregate two distinct morphological groups in our study, one having outcomes that were identical to the “protodogs” in Galeta et al. (2020). For the specimens of extinct dire wolves to segregate in the same way as the subjects from Galeta et al. indicates that natural variation probably was the driver of their observed outcomes, domestication being an unlikely assumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc A A Janssens
- Department of Archaeology, Ghent University, UFO, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Archaeology, University of Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Dennis F Lawler
- Center for American Archaeology, Kampsville, Illinois, USA.,Illinois State Museum, Springfield, Illinois, USA.,Pacific Marine Mammal Center, Laguna Beach, California, USA
| | | | - Stefan van Dongen
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
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Belhaoues F, Breit S, Forstenpointner G, Gardeisen A. Sexual dimorphism in limb long bones of the German Shepherd Dog. Anat Histol Embryol 2020; 49:464-477. [PMID: 32157727 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The study of sexual dimorphism in dog anatomy, especially with regard to skeletal elements, has received little attention. The present work focuses on elements of the canine stylo- and zeugopodium, less documented than the skull or pelvis in the literature. In order to identify only sex-dependent effects, we analysed a single breed: the German Shepherd Dog. Data come from 25 dogs, with a balanced sex ratio (12 males and 13 females). Four skeletal elements of the forelimb and hindlimb (humerus, radius, femur, tibia) were each measured using seven linear morphometric variables. Univariate and multivariate analyses were then performed on these 28 variables. For all measurements, males are on average larger than females, with a mean sexual dimorphism ratio of 1.07. Sexual dimorphism is significant for 92.8% of the variables. Except of femoral measurements, diaphyseal values show the highest grade of sexual dimorphism. The mean level of disparity is higher in the forelimb (1.08) than in the hindlimb (1.05). A significant dimorphism is shown for the first component of principal component analyses conducted on each skeletal element, and for the second component with humerus measurements. Discriminant functions for sex identification give success rates included between 82% for the radius and 93% for the femur, the latter providing the highest reported score for sex identification in dogs from any skeletal element. These complementary statistic methods highlight a more dimorphic forelimb in size and a more dimorphic hindlimb in shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Belhaoues
- UMR 5140 Archaeology of Mediterranean Societies, French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), LabEx ARCHIMEDE, IA-ANR-11-LABX-0032-01 program, University Paul-Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
| | - Sabine Breit
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Topographic Anatomy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard Forstenpointner
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Topographic Anatomy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Armelle Gardeisen
- UMR 5140 Archaeology of Mediterranean Societies, French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), LabEx ARCHIMEDE, IA-ANR-11-LABX-0032-01 program, University Paul-Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
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Schennum WE, Willey RB. A GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF QUANTITATIVE MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION IN THE GRASSHOPPER
ARPHIA CONSPERSA. Evolution 2017; 33:64-84. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1979.tb04663.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/1977] [Revised: 03/07/1978] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wayne E. Schennum
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Illinois at Chicago Circle Chicago Illinois 60680
- The Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory Crested Butte Colorado 81224
| | - Robert B. Willey
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Illinois at Chicago Circle Chicago Illinois 60680
- The Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory Crested Butte Colorado 81224
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Jones JM. EFFECTS OF THIRTY YEARS HYBRIDIZATION ON THE TOADS
BUFO AMERICANUS
AND
BUFO WOODHOUSII FOWLERI
AT BLOOMINGTON, INDIANA. Evolution 2017; 27:435-448. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1973.tb00690.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/1972] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Michael Jones
- Department of Zoology Indiana University Bloomington Indiana 47401
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Simon C. MORPHOLOGICAL DIFFERENTIATION IN WING VENATION AMONG BROODS OF 13‐ AND 17‐YEAR PERIODICAL CICADAS. Evolution 2017; 37:104-115. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1983.tb05519.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/1981] [Revised: 04/03/1982] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Simon
- Department of Ecology and Evolution State University of New York Stony Brook New York 11794
- Department of Biology University of Chicago Chicago Illinois 60637
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Riska B. GROUP SIZE FACTORS AND GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION OF MORPHOMETRIC CORRELATION. Evolution 2017; 39:792-803. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1985.tb00421.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/1984] [Accepted: 04/29/1985] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Riska
- Department of Ecology and Evolution State University of New York Stony Brook NY 11794
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Schweizer RM, Robinson J, Harrigan R, Silva P, Galverni M, Musiani M, Green RE, Novembre J, Wayne RK. Targeted capture and resequencing of 1040 genes reveal environmentally driven functional variation in grey wolves. Mol Ecol 2015; 25:357-79. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rena M. Schweizer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California, Los Angeles 610 Charles E Young Dr East Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Jacqueline Robinson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California, Los Angeles 610 Charles E Young Dr East Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Ryan Harrigan
- Center for Tropical Research Institute of the Environment and Sustainability University of California 619 Charles E. Young Drive East Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Pedro Silva
- CIBIO/InBio – Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos Universidade do Porto Campus Agrário de Vairão 4485‐661 Vairão Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia Faculdade de Ciências Universidade do Porto Rua do Campo Alegre s/n. 4169‐007 Porto Portugal
| | - Marco Galverni
- Laboratory of Genetics ISPRA (Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e Ricerca Ambientale) Via Cà Fornacetta 9 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia BO Italy
| | - Marco Musiani
- Faculties of Environmental Design and Veterinary Medicine (Joint Appointment) EVDS University of Calgary 2500 University Dr NW Calgary Alberta Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Richard E. Green
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering University of California Santa Cruz CA 95060 USA
| | - John Novembre
- Department of Human Genetics University of Chicago 920 E. 58th Street Chicago IL 60637 USA
| | - Robert K. Wayne
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California, Los Angeles 610 Charles E Young Dr East Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
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Schweizer RM, vonHoldt BM, Harrigan R, Knowles JC, Musiani M, Coltman D, Novembre J, Wayne RK. Genetic subdivision and candidate genes under selection in North American grey wolves. Mol Ecol 2015; 25:380-402. [PMID: 26333947 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Previous genetic studies of the highly mobile grey wolf (Canis lupus) found population structure that coincides with habitat and phenotype differences. We hypothesized that these ecologically distinct populations (ecotypes) should exhibit signatures of selection in genes related to morphology, coat colour and metabolism. To test these predictions, we quantified population structure related to habitat using a genotyping array to assess variation in 42 036 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 111 North American grey wolves. Using these SNP data and individual-level measurements of 12 environmental variables, we identified six ecotypes: West Forest, Boreal Forest, Arctic, High Arctic, British Columbia and Atlantic Forest. Next, we explored signals of selection across these wolf ecotypes through the use of three complementary methods to detect selection: FST /haplotype homozygosity bivariate percentilae, bayescan, and environmentally correlated directional selection with bayenv. Across all methods, we found consistent signals of selection on genes related to morphology, coat coloration, metabolism, as predicted, as well as vision and hearing. In several high-ranking candidate genes, including LEPR, TYR and SLC14A2, we found variation in allele frequencies that follow environmental changes in temperature and precipitation, a result that is consistent with local adaptation rather than genetic drift. Our findings show that local adaptation can occur despite gene flow in a highly mobile species and can be detected through a moderately dense genomic scan. These patterns of local adaptation revealed by SNP genotyping likely reflect high fidelity to natal habitats of dispersing wolves, strong ecological divergence among habitats, and moderate levels of linkage in the wolf genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rena M Schweizer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, 610 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Bridgett M vonHoldt
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, 106A Guyot Hall, Princeton, NJ, 08544-2016, USA
| | - Ryan Harrigan
- Center for Tropical Research, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, 619 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - James C Knowles
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2E9
| | - Marco Musiani
- Faculties of Environmental Design and Veterinary Medicine (Joint Appointment), EVDS, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2N 1N4
| | - David Coltman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2E9
| | - John Novembre
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, 920 E. 58th Street, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Robert K Wayne
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, 610 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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O'Keefe FR, Meachen J, Fet EV, Brannick A. Ecological determinants of clinal morphological variation in the cranium of the North American gray wolf. J Mammal 2013. [DOI: 10.1644/13-mamm-a-069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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An Account of the Taxonomy of North American Wolves From Morphological and Genetic Analyses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.3996/nafa.77.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The available scientific literature was reviewed to assess the taxonomic standing of North American wolves, including subspecies of the gray wolf, Canis lupus. The recent scientific proposal that the eastern wolf, C. l. lycaon, is not a subspecies of gray wolf, but a full species, Canis lycaon, is well-supported by both morphological and genetic data. This species' range extends westward to Minnesota, and it hybridizes with gray wolves where the two species are in contact in eastern Canada and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. Genetic data support a close relationship between eastern wolf and red wolf Canis rufus, but do not support the proposal that they are the same species; it is more likely that they evolved independently from different lineages of a common ancestor with coyotes. The genetic distinctiveness of the Mexican wolf Canis lupus baileyi supports its recognition as a subspecies. The available genetic and morphometric data do not provide clear support for the recognition of the Arctic wolf Canis lupus arctos, but the available genetic data are almost entirely limited to one group of genetic markers (microsatellite DNA) and are not definitive on this question. Recognition of the northern timber wolf Canis lupus occidentalis and the plains wolf Canis lupus nubilus as subspecies is supported by morphological data and extensive studies of microsatellite DNA variation where both subspecies are in contact in Canada. The wolves of coastal areas in southeastern Alaska and British Columbia should be assigned to C. lupus nubilus. There is scientific support for the taxa recognized here, but delineation of exact geographic boundaries presents challenges. Rather than sharp boundaries between taxa, boundaries should generally be thought of as intergrade zones of variable width.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. W. Huson
- Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Pest Infestation Control Laboratory, Hook Rise South, Tolworth, Surbiton, Surrey
| | - R. J. C. Page
- Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Pest Infestation Control Laboratory, Tangley Place, Worplesdon, Guildford, Surrey
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Affiliation(s)
- L. W. Huson
- Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Agricultural Science Service, Tolworth Laboratory, Hook Rise South, Tolworth, Surbiton, Surrey
| | - R. J. C. Page
- Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Agricultural Science Service, Worplesdon Laboratory, Tangley Place, Worplesdon, Guildford, Surrey
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Anderson TM, vonHoldt BM, Candille SI, Musiani M, Greco C, Stahler DR, Smith DW, Padhukasahasram B, Randi E, Leonard JA, Bustamante CD, Ostrander EA, Tang H, Wayne RK, Barsh GS. Molecular and evolutionary history of melanism in North American gray wolves. Science 2009; 323:1339-43. [PMID: 19197024 DOI: 10.1126/science.1165448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Morphological diversity within closely related species is an essential aspect of evolution and adaptation. Mutations in the Melanocortin 1 receptor (Mc1r) gene contribute to pigmentary diversity in natural populations of fish, birds, and many mammals. However, melanism in the gray wolf, Canis lupus, is caused by a different melanocortin pathway component, the K locus, that encodes a beta-defensin protein that acts as an alternative ligand for Mc1r. We show that the melanistic K locus mutation in North American wolves derives from past hybridization with domestic dogs, has risen to high frequency in forested habitats, and exhibits a molecular signature of positive selection. The same mutation also causes melanism in the coyote, Canis latrans, and in Italian gray wolves, and hence our results demonstrate how traits selected in domesticated species can influence the morphological diversity of their wild relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tovi M Anderson
- Departments of Genetics and Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Fraser BA, Mandrak NE, McLaughlin RL. Lack of morphological differentiation in eastern (Rhinichthys atratulus) and western (Rhinichthys obtusus) blacknose dace in Canada. CAN J ZOOL 2005. [DOI: 10.1139/z05-148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We tested whether eastern (Rhinichthys atratulus (Herman, 1804)) and western (Rhinichthys obtusus Agassiz, 1854) blacknose dace could be differentiated in Canada. Eastern, western, and southern forms of blacknose dace had been considered subspecies until recently, when separation of eastern and western species was accepted (J.S. Nelson et al. 2004. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. No. 29). However, no study has examined morphological differences in purported diagnostic characters between the two species in Canada. Mensural, meristic, and colouration pattern characters purported to distinguish the two species were measured for blacknose dace across their Canadian range, including likely zones of sympatry. Univariate and multivariate analyses of morphological characters could not distinguish between individuals in allopatric populations from eastern and western regions. Variation among individuals within sympatric populations did not differ significantly from the variation among individuals within allopatric populations, providing no evidence of divergence of the species in sympatry. The delineation of eastern and western species using morphology is not supported by this study, given the lack of differentiation in key distinguishing characters within the Canadian range of the species.
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Clutton-Brock J, Kitchener AC, Lynch JM. Changes in the skull morphology of the Arctic wolf,Canis lupus arctos, during the twentieth century. J Zool (1987) 1994. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1994.tb05259.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Vergleichende Untersuchungen zwischen dem Wolfsschädel (Canis lupus L.) und dem Hundeschädel (Canis familiares L.). EUR J WILDLIFE RES 1975. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01932111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abstract
A population cycle of brown and varying lemmings in the central Canadian arctic was accompanied by cyclic changes in the position of skull–body regressions. The regressions of log body weight and total length on condylobasal length, zygomatic breadth, and mastoid breadth showed highly significant changes in both slope and elevation, the shifts in elevation being more prominent. These changes appear in adult animals as well as in summer-born young. Whether these changes are phenotypic or genotypic is not known. They are not caused by seasonal changes in growth nor by changes in age structure of the population over the cycle. Nutritional effects cannot be ruled out but data available in the literature do not support a nutritional explanation. These changes could be genetic and involve a cyclic polymorphism.
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