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Hernández-Hernández T, Miller EC, Román-Palacios C, Wiens JJ. Speciation across the Tree of Life. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:1205-1242. [PMID: 33768723 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Much of what we know about speciation comes from detailed studies of well-known model systems. Although there have been several important syntheses on speciation, few (if any) have explicitly compared speciation among major groups across the Tree of Life. Here, we synthesize and compare what is known about key aspects of speciation across taxa, including bacteria, protists, fungi, plants, and major animal groups. We focus on three main questions. Is allopatric speciation predominant across groups? How common is ecological divergence of sister species (a requirement for ecological speciation), and on what niche axes do species diverge in each group? What are the reproductive isolating barriers in each group? Our review suggests the following patterns. (i) Based on our survey and projected species numbers, the most frequent speciation process across the Tree of Life may be co-speciation between endosymbiotic bacteria and their insect hosts. (ii) Allopatric speciation appears to be present in all major groups, and may be the most common mode in both animals and plants, based on non-overlapping ranges of sister species. (iii) Full sympatry of sister species is also widespread, and may be more common in fungi than allopatry. (iv) Full sympatry of sister species is more common in some marine animals than in terrestrial and freshwater ones. (v) Ecological divergence of sister species is widespread in all groups, including ~70% of surveyed species pairs of plants and insects. (vi) Major axes of ecological divergence involve species interactions (e.g. host-switching) and habitat divergence. (vii) Prezygotic isolation appears to be generally more widespread and important than postzygotic isolation. (viii) Rates of diversification (and presumably speciation) are strikingly different across groups, with the fastest rates in plants, and successively slower rates in animals, fungi, and protists, with the slowest rates in prokaryotes. Overall, our study represents an initial step towards understanding general patterns in speciation across all organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Hernández-Hernández
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0088, U.S.A.,Catedrática CONACYT asignada a LANGEBIO-UGA Cinvestav, Libramiento Norte Carretera León Km 9.6, 36821, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth C Miller
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0088, U.S.A
| | - Cristian Román-Palacios
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0088, U.S.A
| | - John J Wiens
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0088, U.S.A
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2
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Zanini R, Müller MJ, Vieira GC, Valiati VH, Deprá M, Valente VLDS. Combining morphology and molecular data to improve Drosophila paulistorum (Diptera, Drosophilidae) taxonomic status. Fly (Austin) 2018; 12:81-94. [PMID: 29355090 PMCID: PMC6150627 DOI: 10.1080/19336934.2018.1429859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The willistoni species subgroup has been the subject of several studies since the latter half of the past century and is considered a Neotropical model for evolutionary studies, given the many levels of reproductive isolation and different evolutionary stages occurring within them. Here we present for the first time a phylogenetic reconstruction combining morphological characters and molecular data obtained from 8 gene fragments (COI, COII, Cytb, Adh, Ddc, Hb, kl-3 and per). Some relationships were incongruent when comparing morphological and molecular data. Also, morphological data presented some unresolved polytomies, which could reflect the very recent divergence of the subgroup. The total evidence phylogenetic reconstruction presented well-supported relationships and summarized the results of all analyses. The diversification of the willistoni subgroup began about 7.3 Ma with the split of D. insularis while D.paulistorum complex has a much more recent diversification history, which began about 2.1 Ma and apparently has not completed the speciation process, since the average time to sister species separation is one million years, and some entities of the D. paulistorum complex diverge between 0.3 and 1 Ma. Based on the obtained data, we propose the categorization of the former "semispecies" of D. paulistorum as a subspecies and describe the subspecies D. paulistorum amazonian, D. paulistorum andeanbrazilian, D. paulistorum centroamerican, D. paulistorum interior, D. paulistorum orinocan and D. paulistorum transitional.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Zanini
- Departamento de Zoologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal (PPGBAN), Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Laboratório de Drosophila, Departamento de Genética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular (PPGBM), Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Mário Josias Müller
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos (UNISINOS), São Leopoldo, RS, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Cavalheiro Vieira
- Laboratório de Drosophila, Departamento de Genética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular (PPGBM), Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Victor Hugo Valiati
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos (UNISINOS), São Leopoldo, RS, Brazil
| | - Maríndia Deprá
- Departamento de Zoologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal (PPGBAN), Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Laboratório de Drosophila, Departamento de Genética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular (PPGBM), Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Vera Lúcia da Silva Valente
- Departamento de Zoologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal (PPGBAN), Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Laboratório de Drosophila, Departamento de Genética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular (PPGBM), Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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3
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Cabrera VM, González AM, Gullón A. ENZYMATIC POLYMORPHISM INDROSOPHILA SUBOBSCURAPOPULATIONS FROM THE CANARY ISLANDS. Evolution 2017; 34:875-887. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1980.tb04026.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/1979] [Revised: 01/24/1980] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. M. Cabrera
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science; University of La Laguna; Tenerife Canary Islands Spain
| | - A. M. González
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science; University of La Laguna; Tenerife Canary Islands Spain
| | - A. Gullón
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science; University of La Laguna; Tenerife Canary Islands Spain
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Laing C, Carmody GR, Peck SB. POPULATION GENETICS AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY OF THE CAVE BEETLE PTOMAPHAGUS HIRTUS. Evolution 2017; 30:484-498. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1976.tb00927.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/1975] [Revised: 12/19/1975] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Laing
- Department of Biology; Carleton University; Ottawa Ontario Canada K1S 5B6
| | - G. R. Carmody
- Department of Biology; Carleton University; Ottawa Ontario Canada K1S 5B6
| | - S. B. Peck
- Department of Biology; Carleton University; Ottawa Ontario Canada K1S 5B6
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Ayala FJ, Tracey ML, Hedgecock D, Richmond RC. GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION DURING THE SPECIATION PROCESS IN
DROSOPHILA. Evolution 2017; 28:576-592. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1974.tb00791.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/1973] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin L. Tracey
- Department of Genetics University of California Davis California
| | - Dennis Hedgecock
- Department of Genetics University of California Davis California
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Sluss TP, Rockwood-Sluss ES, Werner FG. ENZYME VARIATION IN SEMI-ISOLATED POPULATIONS OF THE MOUNTAIN FLY CHAMAEMYIA HERBARUM. Evolution 2017; 31:302-312. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1977.tb01011.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/1975] [Revised: 05/24/1976] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P. Sluss
- Departments of Entomology; University of Arizona; Tucson Arizona 85721
| | | | - F. G. Werner
- Departments of Entomology; University of Arizona; Tucson Arizona 85721
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Highton R, Webster TP. GEOGRAPHIC PROTEIN VARIATION AND DIVERGENCE IN POPULATIONS OF THE SALAMANDER
PLETHODON CINEREUS. Evolution 2017; 30:33-45. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1976.tb00879.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/1975] [Revised: 07/18/1975] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Coyne JA, Orr HA. PATTERNS OF SPECIATION IN DROSOPHILA. Evolution 2017; 43:362-381. [PMID: 28568554 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1989.tb04233.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 696] [Impact Index Per Article: 99.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/1988] [Accepted: 09/23/1988] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jerry A. Coyne
- Department of Ecology and Evolution The University of Chicago 1103 East 57th Street Chicago IL 60637
| | - H. Allen Orr
- Department of Ecology and Evolution The University of Chicago 1103 East 57th Street Chicago IL 60637
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Gleason JM, Griffith EC, Powell JR. A MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY OF THE
DROSOPHILA WILLISTONI
GROUP: CONFLICTS BETWEEN SPECIES CONCEPTS? Evolution 2017; 52:1093-1103. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1998.tb01836.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/1997] [Accepted: 04/06/1998] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M. Gleason
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Yale University New Haven Connecticut 06520‐8106
| | - Elizabeth C. Griffith
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Yale University New Haven Connecticut 06520‐8106
| | - Jeffrey R. Powell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Yale University New Haven Connecticut 06520‐8106
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Mardiros XB, Park R, Clifton B, Grewal G, Khizar AK, Markow TA, Ranz JM, Civetta A. Postmating Reproductive isolation between strains of Drosophila willistoni. Fly (Austin) 2016; 10:162-71. [PMID: 27268100 PMCID: PMC5036932 DOI: 10.1080/19336934.2016.1197448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Speciation can occur through the presence of reproductive isolation barriers that impede mating, restrict cross-fertilization, or render inviable/sterile hybrid progeny. The D. willistoni subgroup is ideally suited for studies of speciation, with examples of both allopatry and sympatry, a range of isolation barriers, and the availability of one species complete genome sequence to facilitate genetic studies of divergence. D. w. willistoni has the largest geographic distribution among members of the Drosophila willistoni subgroup, spanning from Argentina to the southern United States, including the Caribbean islands. A subspecies of D. w. willistoni, D. w. quechua, is geographically separated by the Andes mountain range and has evolved unidirectional sterility, in that only male offspring of D. w. quechua females × D. w. willistoni males are sterile. Whether D. w. willistoni flies residing east of the Andes belong to one or more D. willistoni subspecies remains unresolved. Here we perform fecundity assays and show that F1 hybrid males produced from crosses between different strains found in Central America, North America, and northern Caribbean islands are reproductively isolated from South American and southern Caribbean island strains as a result of unidirectional hybrid male sterility. Our results show the existence of a reproductive isolation barrier between the northern and southern strains and suggest a subdivision of the previously identified D. willistoni willistoni species into 2 new subspecies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian B Mardiros
- a Department of Biology , University of Winnipeg , Winnipeg , Canada
| | - Ronni Park
- b Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology , University of California Irvine , Irvine , California , USA
| | - Bryan Clifton
- b Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology , University of California Irvine , Irvine , California , USA
| | - Gurman Grewal
- a Department of Biology , University of Winnipeg , Winnipeg , Canada
| | - Amina K Khizar
- a Department of Biology , University of Winnipeg , Winnipeg , Canada
| | - Therese A Markow
- c Division of Biological Sciences ; University of California , San Diego, La Jolla , California , USA
| | - José M Ranz
- b Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology , University of California Irvine , Irvine , California , USA
| | - Alberto Civetta
- a Department of Biology , University of Winnipeg , Winnipeg , Canada
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11
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Incompatibility between X chromosome factor and pericentric heterochromatic region causes lethality in hybrids between Drosophila melanogaster and its sibling species. Genetics 2012; 191:549-59. [PMID: 22446316 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.112.139683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Dobzhansky-Muller model posits that postzygotic reproductive isolation results from the evolution of incompatible epistatic interactions between species: alleles that function in the genetic background of one species can cause sterility or lethality in the genetic background of another species. Progress in identifying and characterizing factors involved in postzygotic isolation in Drosophila has remained slow, mainly because Drosophila melanogaster, with all of its genetic tools, forms dead or sterile hybrids when crossed to its sister species, D. simulans, D. sechellia, and D. mauritiana. To circumvent this problem, we used chromosome deletions and duplications from D. melanogaster to map two hybrid incompatibility loci in F(1) hybrids with its sister species. We mapped a recessive factor to the pericentromeric heterochromatin of the X chromosome in D. simulans and D. mauritiana, which we call heterochromatin hybrid lethal (hhl), which causes lethality in F(1) hybrid females with D. melanogaster. As F(1) hybrid males hemizygous for a D. mauritiana (or D. simulans) X chromosome are viable, the lethality of deficiency hybrid females implies that a dominant incompatible partner locus exists on the D. melanogaster X. Using small segments of the D. melanogaster X chromosome duplicated onto the Y chromosome, we mapped a dominant factor that causes hybrid lethality to a small 24-gene region of the D. melanogaster X. We provide evidence suggesting that it interacts with hhl(mau). The location of hhl is consistent with the emerging theme that hybrid incompatibilities in Drosophila involve heterochromatic regions and factors that interact with the heterochromatin.
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12
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Volpi EV, Antolini R, Valentino F. The genetic isolation between some populations of Proasellus coxalis. J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0469.1989.tb00346.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Reed LK, LaFlamme BA, Markow TA. Genetic architecture of hybrid male sterility in Drosophila: analysis of intraspecies variation for interspecies isolation. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3076. [PMID: 18728782 PMCID: PMC2517651 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2008] [Accepted: 08/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genetic basis of postzygotic isolation is a central puzzle in evolutionary biology. Evolutionary forces causing hybrid sterility or inviability act on the responsible genes while they still are polymorphic, thus we have to study these traits as they arise, before isolation is complete. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Isofemale strains of D. mojavensis vary significantly in their production of sterile F(1) sons when females are crossed to D. arizonae males. We took advantage of the intraspecific polymorphism, in a novel design, to perform quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping analyses directly on F(1) hybrid male sterility itself. We found that the genetic architecture of the polymorphism for hybrid male sterility (HMS) in the F(1) is complex, involving multiple QTL, epistasis, and cytoplasmic effects. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The role of extensive intraspecific polymorphism, multiple QTL, and epistatic interactions in HMS in this young species pair shows that HMS is arising as a complex trait in this system. Directional selection alone would be unlikely to maintain polymorphism at multiple loci, thus we hypothesize that directional selection is unlikely to be the only evolutionary force influencing postzygotic isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K Reed
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
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15
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Kopp A, Frank AK. Speciation in Progress? A Continuum of Reproductive Isolation in Drosophila Bipectinata. Genetica 2005; 125:55-68. [PMID: 16175455 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-005-4787-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2005] [Accepted: 03/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Incipient species in the early stages of divergence can provide crucial information about the genetic basis of reproductive isolation and the evolutionary forces that promote speciation. In this report, we describe two subspecies of Drosophila bipectinata that show a continuum of reproductive isolation. Crosses between strains of the same subspecies produce fully fertile offspring. At the same time, each subspecies harbors extensive variation for the degree of reproductive isolation from the other subspecies. The percentage of fertile hybrid males varies from 0 to 90%, depending on the origin of parental strains, indicating that the genes responsible for hybrid sterility are not fixed within either subspecies, or even within local populations. Reproductive isolation is non-transitive, so that the extent of hybrid sterility depends on the particular combination of strains. The two subspecies show little or no evidence of genetic differentiation at three nuclear loci, suggesting that they diverged very recently or continue to experience significant levels of gene flow. A hybrid zone between the two subspecies may exist in New Guinea and Northeastern Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artyom Kopp
- Section of Evolution and Ecology and Center for Genetics and Development, University of California -- Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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16
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Frankham R. Do island populations have less genetic variation than mainland populations? Heredity (Edinb) 1997; 78 ( Pt 3):311-27. [PMID: 9119706 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.1997.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 455] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Island populations are much more prone to extinction than mainland populations. The reasons for this remain controversial. If inbreeding and loss of genetic variation are involved, then genetic variation must be lower on average in island than mainland populations. Published data on levels of genetic variation for allozymes, nuclear DNA markers, mitochondrial DNA, inversions and quantitative characters in island and mainland populations were analysed. A large and highly significant majority of island populations have less allozyme genetic variation than their mainland counterparts (165 of 202 comparisons), the average reduction being 29 per cent. The magnitude of differences was related to dispersal ability. There were related differences for all the other measures. Island endemic species showed lower genetic variation than related mainland species in 34 of 38 cases. The proportionate reduction in genetic variation was significantly greater in island endemic than in nonendemic island populations in mammals and birds, but not in insects. Genetic factors cannot be discounted as a cause of higher extinction rates of island than mainland populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Frankham
- Key Centre for Biodiversity and Bioresources, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Pascual M, Constanti M, Ribo G, Prevosti A. Genetic changes in mating activity in laboratory strains of Drosophila subobscura. Genetica 1990; 80:39-43. [PMID: 2323564 DOI: 10.1007/bf00120118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Eleven populations of Drosophila subobscura that had been maintained in laboratory conditions during different periods of time were examined for evidence of genetic divergence in mating activity. The results indicate that mating activity increases with the time of maintenance under laboratory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pascual
- Departament de Genética, Facultat de Biologia, Barcelona, Spain
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19
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Smith DG, Lorey FW, Suzuki J, Abe M. Effect of outbreeding on weight and growth rate of captive infant rhesus macaques. Zoo Biol 1987. [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.1430060302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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20
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Genetic similarity between natural populations of Drosophila ananassae from Kerala and Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Genetica 1986. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00115134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Genetic distance in inversion polymorphism among natural populations of Drosophila ananassae. Genetica 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00115346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Zakijan SM, Kulbakina NA, Serov OL, Meyer MN, Zharkikh AA. An estimation of the degree of the genetic divergence of sibling species Microtus arvalis and Microtus subarvalis (Rodentia) based on electrophoretic analysis. Biochem Genet 1984; 22:1081-91. [PMID: 6397194 DOI: 10.1007/bf00499633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The electrophoretic mobilities of 52 enzymes and proteins were used as measures of the genetic similarity between the sibling species Microtus arvalis and M. subarvalis. The two vole species differed in the electrophoretic mobilities of seven (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, adenylate kinase, diaphorase, lactate dehydrogenase-A, alpha-galactosidase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, and hemoglobin) of these markers. This allowed us to accept the seven markers assayed as species-specific markers. Based on the frequency distribution of the genes at the polymorphic loci of M. arvalis and M. subarvalis, the degree of their genetic similarity was estimated as 0.312 and the genetic distance as 1.164 by Nei's formula. The estimates for genetic similarity were close to those obtained for species recognized as distinct.
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23
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Ramesh SR, Rajasekarasetty MR. Studies on isozyme variations in a few members ofDrosophila nasuta subgroup. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03179161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Zimmerman EG, Kilpatrick CW, Hart BJ. THE GENETICS OF SPECIATION IN THE RODENT GENUS PEROMYSCUS. Evolution 1978; 32:565-579. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1978.tb04599.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/1977] [Revised: 10/31/1977] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Myers JH. Isozymes and allozymes: alternate forms of protein adaptation? CANADIAN JOURNAL OF GENETICS AND CYTOLOGY. JOURNAL CANADIEN DE GENETIQUE ET DE CYTOLOGIE 1978; 20:187-92. [PMID: 698879 DOI: 10.1139/g78-020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The hypothesis is put forward that constant or predictable environments will select for multiple locus enzymes (isozymic variation) while variable or nonpredictable environments will select for multiple alleles at single loci (allozymic variation). If this hypothesis is valid, isozymes and allozymes should represent alternative forms of enzyme adaptation and the levels of the two types of variation should be negatively correlated. This prediction was tested from data reported in the literature for five groups of organisms: mammals, other vertebrates, insects, other invertebrates and plants. Single substrate enzymes showed the predicted negative relationship between allozymic and isozymic variation. Multiple substrate enzymes did not show a significant relationship. Isozymic variation was greater for insects, other invertebrates and plants, in multiple substrate enzymes compared to single substrate enzymes. For mammals and vertebrates, allozymic variation for multiple substrate enzymes was approximately double that of single substrate enzymes, while isozymic variation remained constant.
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Abstract
The need for proteins to maintain particular quarternary structures constrains variability in amino acid sequence. Monomeric enzymes are then expected to be more variable than dimeric forms, which in turn are expected to be more variable than tetrameric forms. These predictions are confirmed by analysis of available data on enzyme variation. Theories relating enzyme heterozygosity to metabolic function are discussed in the light of these findings.
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Haldorson L, King JL. Unimodality, symmetry and the step-state hypothesis of electrophoretic variation in natural populations. J Mol Evol 1976; 8:351-6. [PMID: 1011265 DOI: 10.1007/bf01739260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The population frequency distributions of electromorphs of polymorphic loci, when ordered by electrophoretic mobility, tend strongly and significantly to be both unimodal and symmetrical. Such distributions are predicted by all step-change models and their generality in published data can be construed as supportive of the step-change hypothesis. On the other hand, unimodality and symmetry might also be due to artifactual "unit perception" biases that affect the interpretation and reporting of electrophoretic data. In any case, it appears that perceived electromorphs are highly heterogeneous.
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David J, Bocquet C, Lemeunier F, Tsacas L. Persistence of male sterility in strains issued from hybrids between two sibling species:Drosophila simulans andD. mauritiana. J Genet 1976. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02984216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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