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Greischar MA, Alexander HK, Bashey F, Bento AI, Bhattacharya A, Bushman M, Childs LM, Daversa DR, Day T, Faust CL, Gallagher ME, Gandon S, Glidden CK, Halliday FW, Hanley KA, Kamiya T, Read AF, Schwabl P, Sweeny AR, Tate AT, Thompson RN, Wale N, Wearing HJ, Yeh PJ, Mideo N. Evolutionary consequences of feedbacks between within-host competition and disease control. EVOLUTION MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 2020:30-34. [PMID: 32099654 PMCID: PMC7027713 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoaa004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Lay Summary: Competition often occurs among diverse parasites within a single host, but control efforts could change its strength. We examined how the interplay between competition and control could shape the evolution of parasite traits like drug resistance and disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Greischar
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St., Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Helen K Alexander
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Zoology Research and Administration Building, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Farrah Bashey
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, 1001 E. 3rd St., Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Ana I Bento
- Odum School of Ecology and the Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, 140 E Green St., Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Amrita Bhattacharya
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, 1001 E. 3rd St., Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Mary Bushman
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Lauren M Childs
- Department of Mathematics, McBryde Hall, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - David R Daversa
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK.,Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Troy Day
- Departments of Mathematics & Biology, Jeffery Hall, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Christina L Faust
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | | | - Sylvain Gandon
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, EPHE, 1919, Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Caroline K Glidden
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, 3029 Cordley Hall Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Fletcher W Halliday
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Zürich, 8057, Switzerland
| | - Kathryn A Hanley
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Foster Hall, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
| | - Tsukushi Kamiya
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St., Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Andrew F Read
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Huck Institutes for the Life Sciences; Departments of Biology and Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Philipp Schwabl
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Amy R Sweeny
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Zoology Research and Administration Building, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Ann T Tate
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Robin N Thompson
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Zoology Research and Administration Building, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK.,Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK.,Christ Church, University of Oxford, St Aldates, Oxford OX1 1DP, UK
| | - Nina Wale
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, 1105 North University Ave, Biological Sciences Building, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Helen J Wearing
- Departments of Biology and Mathematics & Statistics, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Pamela J Yeh
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, 621 Charles E Young Dr South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Nicole Mideo
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St., Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
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Hoang KL, Morran LT, Gerardo NM. Experimental Evolution as an Underutilized Tool for Studying Beneficial Animal-Microbe Interactions. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1444. [PMID: 27679620 PMCID: PMC5020044 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms play a significant role in the evolution and functioning of the eukaryotes with which they interact. Much of our understanding of beneficial host–microbe interactions stems from studying already established associations; we often infer the genotypic and environmental conditions that led to the existing host–microbe relationships. However, several outstanding questions remain, including understanding how host and microbial (internal) traits, and ecological and evolutionary (external) processes, influence the origin of beneficial host–microbe associations. Experimental evolution has helped address a range of evolutionary and ecological questions across different model systems; however, it has been greatly underutilized as a tool to study beneficial host–microbe associations. In this review, we suggest ways in which experimental evolution can further our understanding of the proximate and ultimate mechanisms shaping mutualistic interactions between eukaryotic hosts and microbes. By tracking beneficial interactions under defined conditions or evolving novel associations among hosts and microbes with little prior evolutionary interaction, we can link specific genotypes to phenotypes that can be directly measured. Moreover, this approach will help address existing puzzles in beneficial symbiosis research: how symbioses evolve, how symbioses are maintained, and how both host and microbe influence their partner’s evolutionary trajectories. By bridging theoretical predictions and empirical tests, experimental evolution provides us with another approach to test hypotheses regarding the evolution of beneficial host–microbe associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim L Hoang
- Department of Biology, O. Wayne Rollins Research Center, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Levi T Morran
- Department of Biology, O. Wayne Rollins Research Center, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nicole M Gerardo
- Department of Biology, O. Wayne Rollins Research Center, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA
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Bashey F, Sarin T, Lively CM. Aging alters interspecific competition between two sympatric insect-parasitic nematode species. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:3750-3759. [PMID: 27231533 PMCID: PMC4864284 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Interspecific competition can vary depending on the stage, age, or physiological state of the competitors. Competitive ability often increases with age or size; alternatively, senescence can lead to a loss of viability and reduced competitive success. Differences between species in their age‐specific competitive abilities can promote coexistence in the face of substantial niche overlap. We examined two sympatric species of nematodes (genus Steinernema) to determine whether their competitive relationship changes as a function of age. These obligately killing insect parasites are known for their broad host ranges and are transmitted from insect to insect via a juvenile stage propagule that is free‐living in the soil. Here, we tested whether the two species differed in the effects of age by examining the mortality of insect hosts infected with young or old transmission stage nematodes of each species. We also performed mixed infections, where an equal ratio of both species was simultaneously exposed to a host, to determine the effect of age on competitiveness. One species showed reduced performance with age, as older propagules were slower at inducing host mortality. In contrast, the other species increased in killing speed with age. In competition, insect mortality rate was predictive of competitive outcome, such that if one species induced considerably faster host death in a single‐species infection, it was competitively dominant in the coinfection. Accordingly, we found a shift in the competitive relationship between the two species with age. Our work demonstrates that species differences in the effects of aging can lead to dramatic shifts in reproductive success. As these effects are realized solely in a competitive environment, both spatial patchiness and temporal niche partitioning may be important for promoting coexistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farrah Bashey
- Department of Biology Indiana University Bloomington Indiana 47405
| | - Tara Sarin
- Department of Biology Indiana University Bloomington Indiana 47405
| | - Curtis M Lively
- Department of Biology Indiana University Bloomington Indiana 47405
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Morran LT, Penley MJ, Byrd VS, Meyer AJ, O'Sullivan TS, Bashey F, Goodrich-Blair H, Lively CM. Nematode-bacteria mutualism: Selection within the mutualism supersedes selection outside of the mutualism. Evolution 2016; 70:687-95. [PMID: 26867502 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The coevolution of interacting species can lead to codependent mutualists. Little is known about the effect of selection on partners within verses apart from the association. Here, we determined the effect of selection on bacteria (Xenorhabdus nematophila) both within and apart from its mutualistic partner (a nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae). In nature, the two species cooperatively infect and kill arthropods. We passaged the bacteria either together with (M+), or isolated from (M-), nematodes under two different selection regimes: random selection (S-) and selection for increased virulence against arthropod hosts (S+). We found that the isolated bacteria evolved greater virulence under selection for greater virulence (M-S+) than under random selection (M-S-). In addition, the response to selection in the isolated bacteria (M-S+) caused a breakdown of the mutualism following reintroduction to the nematode. Finally, selection for greater virulence did not alter the evolutionary trajectories of bacteria passaged within the mutualism (M+S+ = M+S-), indicating that selection for the maintenance of the mutualism was stronger than selection for increased virulence. The results show that selection on isolated mutualists can rapidly breakdown beneficial interactions between species, but that selection within a mutualism can supersede external selection, potentially generating codependence over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levi T Morran
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, 1001 E. Third St., Bloomington, Indiana, 47405. .,Department of Biology, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322.
| | - McKenna J Penley
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, 1001 E. Third St., Bloomington, Indiana, 47405.,Department of Biology, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322
| | - Victoria S Byrd
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, 1001 E. Third St., Bloomington, Indiana, 47405
| | - Andrew J Meyer
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, 1001 E. Third St., Bloomington, Indiana, 47405
| | - Timothy S O'Sullivan
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, 1001 E. Third St., Bloomington, Indiana, 47405.,Department of Biology, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322
| | - Farrah Bashey
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, 1001 E. Third St., Bloomington, Indiana, 47405
| | - Heidi Goodrich-Blair
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Linden Dr. Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706
| | - Curtis M Lively
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, 1001 E. Third St., Bloomington, Indiana, 47405
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Shapiro‐Ilan D, Raymond B. Limiting opportunities for cheating stabilizes virulence in insect parasitic nematodes. Evol Appl 2016; 9:462-70. [PMID: 26989437 PMCID: PMC4778107 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cooperative secretion of virulence factors by pathogens can lead to social conflict when cheating mutants exploit collective secretion, but do not contribute to it. If cheats outcompete cooperators within hosts, this can cause loss of virulence. Insect parasitic nematodes are important biocontrol tools that secrete a range of significant virulence factors. Critically, effective nematodes are hard to maintain without live passage, which can lead to virulence attenuation. Using experimental evolution, we tested whether social cheating might explain unstable virulence in the nematode Heterorhabditis floridensis by manipulating relatedness via multiplicity of infection (MOI), and the scale of competition. Passage at high MOI, which should reduce relatedness, led to loss of fitness: virulence and reproductive rate declined together and all eight independent lines suffered premature extinction. As theory predicts, relatedness treatments had more impact under stronger global competition. In contrast, low MOI passage led to more stable virulence and increased reproduction. Moreover, low MOI lineages showed a trade-off between virulence and reproduction, particularly for lines under stronger between-host competition. Overall, this study indicates that evolution of virulence theory is valuable for the culture of biocontrol agents: effective nematodes can be improved and maintained if passage methods mitigate possible social conflicts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ben Raymond
- Royal Holloway University of LondonEghamSurreyUK
- Imperial College LondonSilwood Park CampusAscotBerksUK
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Bashey F, Young SK, Hawlena H, Lively CM. Spiteful interactions between sympatric natural isolates of Xenorhabdus bovienii benefit kin and reduce virulence. J Evol Biol 2012; 25:431-7. [PMID: 22221661 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02441.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Spite occurs when an individual harms itself in the act of harming others. Spiteful behaviour may be more pervasive in nature than commonly thought. One of the clearest examples of spite is the costly production and release of bacteriocins, antimicrobial toxins noted for their ability to kill conspecifics. A key question is to what extent these toxins provide a fitness advantage to kin of the producer cell, especially in natural communities. Additionally, when bacteria are involved in parasitic relationships, spiteful interactions are predicted to lower bacterial densities within a host, causing a reduction in parasite-induced virulence. Using five sympatric, field-collected genotypes of the insect pathogen Xenorhabdus bovienii, we experimentally demonstrate that bacteriocin production benefits kin within the host, and that it slows the mortality rate of the host. These results confirm that spite among naturally coexisting bacterial clones can be a successful kin-selected strategy that has emergent effects on virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bashey
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405-3700, USA.
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Abstract
Artificial ecosystem selection is an experimental technique that treats microbial communities as though they were discrete units by applying selection on community-level properties. Highly diverse microbial communities associated with humans and other organisms can have significant impacts on the health of the host. It is difficult to find correlations between microbial community composition and community-associated diseases, in part because it may be impossible to define a universal and robust species concept for microbes. Microbial communities are composed of potentially thousands of unique populations that evolved in intimate contact, so it is appropriate in many situations to view the community as the unit of analysis. This perspective is supported by recent discoveries using metagenomics and pangenomics. Artificial ecosystem selection experiments can be costly, but they bring the logical rigor of biological model systems to the emerging field of microbial community analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitch D Day
- Mitch D. Day ( ) is a postdoctoral fellow, Daniel Beck is a doctoral student, and James A. Foster is a professor, all in the Department of Biological Sciences at the University of Idaho, in Moscow, Idaho. All are affiliated with the Initiative for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies (IBEST), an interdisciplinary center devoted to developing a greater understanding of the patterns and processes of evolution and their relevance to biomedicine. All are also members of the National Science Foundation Science and Technology Center, BEACON, for the study of evolution in action
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Hawlena H, Bashey F, Lively CM. The evolution of spite: population structure and bacteriocin-mediated antagonism in two natural populations of xenorhabdus bacteria. Evolution 2011; 64:3198-204. [PMID: 20584073 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01070.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Spite occurs when an individual harms itself in the act of harming other individuals. Such behaviors were once assumed to be of limited evolutionary importance, as the conditions for the evolution of spite were thought to be too restrictive. Recent theoretical work, however, suggests that spatial population structure, which allows local competition among genotypes, could favor the evolution of spite. One of the clearest examples of spite is the costly production and release by bacteria of toxins (called bacteriocins) that can kill unrelated strains of the same species. Here, we establish the existence of spatial structure in two natural populations of bacteriocin-producing bacteria. Specifically, relatedness decreased with increasing spatial distance between the field isolates. In addition, toxin-mediated inhibitions were found only between isolates that were collected more than 1 m apart and that were generally less than 80% similar in their genomic fingerprints. Taken together, the results suggest that the bacteria are spatially structured, with mixing of genotypes and spiteful interactions at the boundaries between demes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadas Hawlena
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-3700, USA.
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