1
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Ramos-Gonzalez D, Saenko SV, Davison A. Deep structure, long-distance migration and admixture in the colour polymorphic land snail Cepaea nemoralis. J Evol Biol 2022; 35:1110-1125. [PMID: 35830483 PMCID: PMC9541890 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Although snails of the genus Cepaea have historically been important in studying colour polymorphism, an ongoing issue is that there is a lack of knowledge of the underlying genetics of the polymorphism, as well as an absence of genomic data to put findings in context. We, therefore, used phylogenomic methods to begin to investigate the post‐glacial history of Cepaea nemoralis, with a long‐term aim to understand the roles that selection and drift have in determining both European‐wide and local patterns of colour polymorphism. By combining prior and new mitochondrial DNA data from over 1500 individuals with ddRAD genomic data from representative individuals across Europe, we show that patterns of differentiation are primarily due to multiple deeply diverged populations of snails. Minimally, there is a widespread Central European population and additional diverged groups in Northern Spain, the Pyrenees, as well as likely Italy and South Eastern Europe. The genomic analysis showed that the present‐day snails in Ireland and possibly some other locations are likely descendants of admixture between snails from the Pyrenees and the Central European group, an observation that is consistent with prior inferences from mitochondrial DNA alone. The interpretation is that C. nemoralis may have arrived in Ireland via long‐distance migration from the Pyrenean region, subsequently admixing with arrivals from elsewhere. This work, therefore, provides a baseline expectation for future studies on the genetics of the colour polymorphism, as well as providing a comparator for similar species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suzanne V Saenko
- Evolutionary Ecology, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Angus Davison
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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2
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O'Connor TK, Sandoval MC, Wang J, Hans JC, Takenaka R, Child M, Whiteman NK. Ecological basis and genetic architecture of crypsis polymorphism in the desert clicker grasshopper (Ligurotettix coquilletti). Evolution 2021; 75:2441-2459. [PMID: 34370317 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Color polymorphic species can offer exceptional insight into the ecology and genetics of adaptation. Although the genetic architecture of animal coloration is diverse, many color polymorphisms are associated with large structural variants and maintained by biotic interactions. Grasshoppers are notably polymorphic in both color and karyotype, which makes them excellent models for understanding the ecological drivers and genetic underpinnings of color variation. Banded and uniform morphs of the desert clicker grasshopper (Ligurotettix coquilletti) are found across the western deserts of North America. To address the hypothesis that predation maintains local color polymorphism and shapes regional crypsis variation, we surveyed morph frequencies and tested for covariation with two predation environments. Morphs coexisted at intermediate frequencies at most sites, consistent with local balancing selection. Morph frequencies covaried with the appearance of desert substrate-an environment used only by females-suggesting that ground-foraging predators are major agents of selection on crypsis. We next addressed the hypothesized link between morph variation and genome structure. To do so, we designed an approach for detecting inversions and indels using only RADseq data. The banded morph was perfectly correlated with a large putative indel. Remarkably, indel dominance differed among populations, a rare example of dominance evolution in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy K O'Connor
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, 94720.,Current Address: Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60637
| | - Marissa C Sandoval
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, 94720
| | - Jiarui Wang
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, 94720
| | - Jacob C Hans
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, 92521
| | - Risa Takenaka
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195.,Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, 98109
| | - Myron Child
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112
| | - Noah K Whiteman
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, 94720
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3
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Cox CL, Bowers J, Obialo C, Curlis JD, Streicher JW. Spatial and temporal dynamics of exuberant colour polymorphism in the southern cricket frog. J NAT HIST 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2020.1842536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian L. Cox
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
- Institute for the Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jessica Bowers
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Chinonye Obialo
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA
| | - John David Curlis
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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4
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Briolat ES, Burdfield‐Steel ER, Paul SC, Rönkä KH, Seymoure BM, Stankowich T, Stuckert AMM. Diversity in warning coloration: selective paradox or the norm? Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:388-414. [PMID: 30152037 PMCID: PMC6446817 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Aposematic theory has historically predicted that predators should select for warning signals to converge on a single form, as a result of frequency-dependent learning. However, widespread variation in warning signals is observed across closely related species, populations and, most problematically for evolutionary biologists, among individuals in the same population. Recent research has yielded an increased awareness of this diversity, challenging the paradigm of signal monomorphy in aposematic animals. Here we provide a comprehensive synthesis of these disparate lines of investigation, identifying within them three broad classes of explanation for variation in aposematic warning signals: genetic mechanisms, differences among predators and predator behaviour, and alternative selection pressures upon the signal. The mechanisms producing warning coloration are also important. Detailed studies of the genetic basis of warning signals in some species, most notably Heliconius butterflies, are beginning to shed light on the genetic architecture facilitating or limiting key processes such as the evolution and maintenance of polymorphisms, hybridisation, and speciation. Work on predator behaviour is changing our perception of the predator community as a single homogenous selective agent, emphasising the dynamic nature of predator-prey interactions. Predator variability in a range of factors (e.g. perceptual abilities, tolerance to chemical defences, and individual motivation), suggests that the role of predators is more complicated than previously appreciated. With complex selection regimes at work, polytypisms and polymorphisms may even occur in Müllerian mimicry systems. Meanwhile, phenotypes are often multifunctional, and thus subject to additional biotic and abiotic selection pressures. Some of these selective pressures, primarily sexual selection and thermoregulation, have received considerable attention, while others, such as disease risk and parental effects, offer promising avenues to explore. As well as reviewing the existing evidence from both empirical studies and theoretical modelling, we highlight hypotheses that could benefit from further investigation in aposematic species. Finally by collating known instances of variation in warning signals, we provide a valuable resource for understanding the taxonomic spread of diversity in aposematic signalling and with which to direct future research. A greater appreciation of the extent of variation in aposematic species, and of the selective pressures and constraints which contribute to this once-paradoxical phenomenon, yields a new perspective for the field of aposematic signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle S. Briolat
- Centre for Ecology & Conservation, College of Life & Environmental SciencesUniversity of ExeterPenryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FEU.K.
| | - Emily R. Burdfield‐Steel
- Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskylä, 40014Finland
| | - Sarah C. Paul
- Centre for Ecology & Conservation, College of Life & Environmental SciencesUniversity of ExeterPenryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FEU.K.
- Department of Chemical EcologyBielefeld UniversityUniversitätsstraße 25, 33615, BielefeldGermany
| | - Katja H. Rönkä
- Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskylä, 40014Finland
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinki, 00014Finland
| | - Brett M. Seymoure
- Department of BiologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCO 80525U.S.A.
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation BiologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCO 80525U.S.A.
| | - Theodore Stankowich
- Department of Biological SciencesCalifornia State UniversityLong BeachCA 90840U.S.A.
| | - Adam M. M. Stuckert
- Department of BiologyEast Carolina University1000 E Fifth St, GreenvilleNC 27858U.S.A.
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5
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Weir JC. The evolution of colour polymorphism in British winter-active Lepidoptera in response to search image use by avian predators. J Evol Biol 2018; 31:1109-1126. [PMID: 29746729 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic polymorphism in cryptic species is widespread. This may evolve in response to search image use by predators exerting negative frequency-dependent selection on intraspecific colour morphs, 'apostatic selection'. Evidence exists to indicate search image formation by predators and apostatic selection operating on wild prey populations, though not to demonstrate search image use directly resulting in apostatic selection. The present study attempted to address this deficiency, using British Lepidoptera active in winter as a model system. It has been proposed that the typically polymorphic wing colouration of these species represents an anti-search image adaptation against birds. To test (a) for search image-driven apostatic selection, dimorphic populations of artificial moth-like models were established in woodland at varying relative morph frequencies and exposed to predation by natural populations of birds. In addition, to test (b) whether abundance and degree of polymorphism are correlated across British winter-active moths, as predicted where search image use drives apostatic selection, a series of phylogenetic comparative analyses were conducted. There was a positive relationship between artificial morph frequency and probability of predation, consistent with birds utilizing search images and exerting apostatic selection. Abundance and degree of polymorphism were found to be positively correlated across British Lepidoptera active in winter, though not across all taxonomic groups analysed. This evidence is consistent with polymorphism in this group having evolved in response to search image-driven apostatic selection and supports the viability of this mechanism as a means by which phenotypic and genetic variation may be maintained in natural populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie C Weir
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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6
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Franks DW, Oxford GS. The co-evolution of anti-predator polymorphisms in sympatric populations. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blx111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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7
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Holmes IA, Grundler MR, Davis Rabosky AR. Predator Perspective Drives Geographic Variation in Frequency-Dependent Polymorphism. Am Nat 2017; 190:E78-E93. [PMID: 28937812 DOI: 10.1086/693159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Color polymorphism in natural populations can manifest as a striking patchwork of phenotypes in space, with neighboring populations characterized by dramatic differences in morph composition. These geographic mosaics can be challenging to explain in the absence of localized selection because they are unlikely to result from simple isolation-by-distance or clinal variation in selective regimes. To identify processes that can lead to the formation of geographic mosaics, we developed a simulation-based model to explore the influence of predator perspective, selection, migration, and genetic linkage of color loci on allele frequencies in polymorphic populations over space and time. Using simulated populations inspired by the biology of Heliconius longwing butterflies, Cepaea land snails, Oophaga poison frogs, and Sonora ground snakes, we found that the relative sizes of predator and prey home ranges can produce large differences in morph composition between neighboring populations under both positive and negative frequency-dependent selection. We also demonstrated the importance of the interaction of predator perspective with the type of frequency dependence and localized directional selection across migration and selection intensities. Our results show that regional-scale predation can promote the formation of phenotypic mosaics in prey species, without the need to invoke spatial variation in selective regimes. We suggest that predator behavior can play an important and underappreciated role in the formation and maintenance of geographic mosaics in polymorphic species.
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8
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Torres-Dowdall J, Golcher-Benavides J, Machado-Schiaffino G, Meyer A. The role of rare morph advantage and conspicuousness in the stable gold-dark colour polymorphism of a crater lake Midas cichlid fish. J Anim Ecol 2017; 86:1044-1053. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julián Torres-Dowdall
- Lehrstuhl für Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie; Department of Biology; University of Konstanz; Konstanz Germany
- Zukunftskolleg; University of Konstanz; Konstanz Germany
| | - Jimena Golcher-Benavides
- Lehrstuhl für Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie; Department of Biology; University of Konstanz; Konstanz Germany
| | - Gonzalo Machado-Schiaffino
- Lehrstuhl für Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie; Department of Biology; University of Konstanz; Konstanz Germany
| | - Axel Meyer
- Lehrstuhl für Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie; Department of Biology; University of Konstanz; Konstanz Germany
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9
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Cotoras DD, Brewer MS, Croucher PJP, Oxford GS, Lindberg DR, Gillespie RG. Convergent evolution in the colour polymorphism ofSelkirkiellaspiders (Theridiidae) from the South American temperate rainforest. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Darko D. Cotoras
- Department of Integrative Biology; University of California; 3060 Valley Life Sciences Building Berkeley CA 94720-3140 USA
| | - Michael S. Brewer
- Department of Biology; East Carolina University; 1000 E 5th Street Greenville NC 27858-4353 USA
| | - Peter J. P. Croucher
- Essig Museum of Entomology; University of California; 1170 Valley Life Sciences Building Berkeley CA 94720-3140 USA
- Trovagene Inc.; 11055 Flintkote Avenue San Diego CA 92121 USA
| | - Geoff S. Oxford
- Department of Biology; University of York; Wentworth Way Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
| | - David R. Lindberg
- Department of Integrative Biology; University of California; 3060 Valley Life Sciences Building Berkeley CA 94720-3140 USA
- Museum of Paleontology; University of California; 1101 Valley Life Sciences Building Berkeley CA 94720-3140 USA
| | - Rosemary G. Gillespie
- Department of Environmental Science; University of California; 137 Mulford Hall Berkeley CA 94720-3114 USA
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10
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Aubier TG, Sherratt TN. Diversity in Müllerian mimicry: The optimal predator sampling strategy explains both local and regional polymorphism in prey. Evolution 2015; 69:2831-45. [PMID: 26456598 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The convergent evolution of warning signals in unpalatable species, known as Müllerian mimicry, has been observed in a wide variety of taxonomic groups. This form of mimicry is generally thought to have arisen as a consequence of local frequency-dependent selection imposed by sampling predators. However, despite clear evidence for local selection against rare warning signals, there appears an almost embarrassing amount of polymorphism in natural warning colors, both within and among populations. Because the model of predator cognition widely invoked to explain Müllerian mimicry (Müller's "fixed n(k)" model) is highly simplified and has not been empirically supported; here, we explore the dynamical consequences of the optimal strategy for sampling unfamiliar prey. This strategy, based on a classical exploration-exploitation trade-off, not only allows for a variable number of prey sampled, but also accounts for predator neophobia under some conditions. In contrast to Müller's "fixed n(k)" sampling rule, the optimal sampling strategy is capable of generating a variety of dynamical outcomes, including mimicry but also regional and local polymorphism. Moreover, the heterogeneity of predator behavior across space and time that a more nuanced foraging strategy allows, can even further facilitate the emergence of both local and regional polymorphism in prey warning color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Aubier
- UMR 5175, Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, 1919 route de Mende, 34090, Montpellier, France. .,UMR 7205, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CP50, 45 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Thomas N Sherratt
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
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11
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McElroy MT. Teasing apart crypsis and aposematism - evidence that disruptive coloration reduces predation on a noxious toad. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T. McElroy
- Department of Biology; University of Washington; Seattle WA 98195 USA
- Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture; University of Washington; Seattle WA 98195 USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Box 2072 Balboa Ancon Panama
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12
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Kikuchi DW, Sherratt TN. Costs of Learning and the Evolution of Mimetic Signals. Am Nat 2015; 186:321-32. [DOI: 10.1086/682371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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13
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Sánchez Herrera M, Kuhn WR, Lorenzo-Carballa MO, Harding KM, Ankrom N, Sherratt TN, Hoffmann J, Van Gossum H, Ware JL, Cordero-Rivera A, Beatty CD. Mixed signals? Morphological and molecular evidence suggest a color polymorphism in some neotropical polythore damselflies. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125074. [PMID: 25923455 PMCID: PMC4414280 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of color polymorphisms (CP) has provided profound insights into the maintenance of genetic variation in natural populations. We here offer the first evidence for an elaborate wing polymorphism in the Neotropical damselfly genus Polythore, which consists of 21 described species, distributed along the eastern slopes of the Andes in South America. These damselflies display highly complex wing colors and patterning, incorporating black, white, yellow, and orange in multiple wing bands. Wing colors, along with some components of the male genitalia, have been the primary characters used in species description; few other morphological traits vary within the group, and so there are few useful diagnostic characters. Previous research has indicated the possibility of a cryptic species existing in P. procera in Colombia, despite there being no significant differences in wing color and pattern between the populations of the two putative species. Here we analyze the complexity and diversity of wing color patterns of individuals from five described Polythore species in the Central Amazon Basin of Peru using a novel suite of morphological analyses to quantify wing color and pattern: geometric morphometrics, chromaticity analysis, and Gabor wavelet transformation. We then test whether these color patterns are good predictors of species by recovering the phylogenetic relationships among the 5 species using the barcode gene (COI). Our results suggest that, while highly distinct and discrete wing patterns exist in Polythore, these “wingforms” do not represent monophyletic clades in the recovered topology. The wingforms identified as P. victoria and P. ornata are both involved in a polymorphism with P. neopicta; also, cryptic speciation may have taking place among individuals with the P. victoria wingform. Only P. aurora and P. spateri represent monophyletic species with a single wingform in our molecular phylogeny. We discuss the implications of this polymorphism, and the potential evolutionary mechanisms that could maintain it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Sánchez Herrera
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - William R. Kuhn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Maria Olalla Lorenzo-Carballa
- Grupo de Ecoloxía Evolutiva e da Conservación, Departamento de Ecoloxía e Bioloxía Animal, Universidade de Vigo, Galiza, Spain
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Kathleen M. Harding
- Grupo de Ecoloxía Evolutiva e da Conservación, Departamento de Ecoloxía e Bioloxía Animal, Universidade de Vigo, Galiza, Spain
| | - Nikole Ankrom
- Department of Biology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, California, United States of America
| | | | - Joachim Hoffmann
- ALAUDA—Arbeitsgemeinschaft für landschaftsökologische Untersuchungen und Datenanalysen, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hans Van Gossum
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jessica L. Ware
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Adolfo Cordero-Rivera
- Grupo de Ecoloxía Evolutiva e da Conservación, Departamento de Ecoloxía e Bioloxía Animal, Universidade de Vigo, Galiza, Spain
| | - Christopher D. Beatty
- Grupo de Ecoloxía Evolutiva e da Conservación, Departamento de Ecoloxía e Bioloxía Animal, Universidade de Vigo, Galiza, Spain
- Department of Biology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Rao D, Castañeda-Barbosa E, Nuñez-Beverido N, Díaz-Fleischer F. Foraging Benefits in a Colour Polymorphic Neotropical Orb Web Spider. Ethology 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Rao
- Inbioteca; Universidad Veracruzana; Xalapa Veracruz México
| | - Ernesto Castañeda-Barbosa
- Inbioteca; Universidad Veracruzana; Xalapa Veracruz México
- Dirección de Medio Ambiente y Ecología; H. Ayuntamiento Municipal; Tehuacán Mexico
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15
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Torres-Dowdall J, Machado-Schiaffino G, Kautt AF, Kusche H, Meyer A. Differential predation on the two colour morphs of Nicaraguan Crater lake Midas cichlid fish: implications for the maintenance of its gold-dark polymorphism. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julián Torres-Dowdall
- Lehrstuhl für Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie; Department of Biology; University of Konstanz; Konstanz Germany
- Zukunftskolleg; University of Konstanz; Konstanz Germany
| | - Gonzalo Machado-Schiaffino
- Lehrstuhl für Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie; Department of Biology; University of Konstanz; Konstanz Germany
| | - Andreas F. Kautt
- Lehrstuhl für Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie; Department of Biology; University of Konstanz; Konstanz Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for Organismal Biology; University of Konstanz; Konstanz Germany
| | - Henrik Kusche
- Lehrstuhl für Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie; Department of Biology; University of Konstanz; Konstanz Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for Organismal Biology; University of Konstanz; Konstanz Germany
| | - Axel Meyer
- Lehrstuhl für Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie; Department of Biology; University of Konstanz; Konstanz Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for Organismal Biology; University of Konstanz; Konstanz Germany
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16
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Cox CL, Davis Rabosky AR. Spatial and Temporal Drivers of Phenotypic Diversity in Polymorphic Snakes. Am Nat 2013; 182:E40-57. [DOI: 10.1086/670988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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17
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Ajuria Ibarra H, Reader T. Reasons to be different: do conspicuous polymorphisms in invertebrates persist because rare forms are fitter? J Zool (1987) 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - T. Reader
- School of Biology; University of Nottingham; Nottingham UK
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18
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Croucher PJP, Oxford GS, Lam A, Mody N, Gillespie RG. COLONIZATION HISTORY AND POPULATION GENETICS OF THE COLOR-POLYMORPHIC HAWAIIAN HAPPY-FACE SPIDER THERIDION GRALLATOR (ARANEAE, THERIDIIDAE). Evolution 2012; 66:2815-33. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01653.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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20
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Abstract
The mechanisms behind the evolution and maintenance of conspicuous visible polymorphisms comprising tens of morphs present a challenge to evolutionary theory. However, for cryptic forms Endler (Evol. Biol., 11, 1978, 319) conjectured that complex backgrounds facilitate polymorphism because in such habitats there are several ways to resemble the resting surface. We use computer simulation to explore the evolution of cryptic morphs on increasingly complex backgrounds under regimes that include selection for crypsis, apostatic predation and dietary wariness. We show that there is a monotonic increase in the number of morphs evolving in a population as the potential number of cryptic morphs increases. The relationship is very weak with selection for crypsis alone, but much stronger with the addition of apostatic selection. In contrast, when dietary wariness is added to the model the plot of number of morphs maintained, as a function of the potential number of cryptic forms available, is minimized at an intermediate number of cryptic forms, i.e. is V-shaped. These counter-intuitive patterns are robust to varying strengths of apostatic selection and different implementations of dietary wariness, and are more pronounced when predator and prey generation lengths are similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Franks
- Department of Biology, York Centre for Complex Systems Analysis, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK.
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CROUCHER PETERJP, OXFORD GEOFFREYS, LAM ATHENA, GILLESPIE ROSEMARYG. Stabilizing selection maintains exuberant colour polymorphism in the spider Theridion californicum (Araneae, Theridiidae). Mol Ecol 2010; 20:206-18. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2010.04941.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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