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Iglesias‐Carrasco M, Tobias JA, Duchêne DA. Bird lineages colonizing urban habitats have diversified at high rates across deep time. GLOBAL ECOLOGY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY : A JOURNAL OF MACROECOLOGY 2022; 31:1784-1793. [PMID: 36246452 PMCID: PMC9540638 DOI: 10.1111/geb.13558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Aim Urbanization exposes species to novel ecological conditions. Some species thrive in urban areas, whereas many others are excluded from these human-made environments. Previous analyses suggest that the ability to cope with rapid environmental change is associated with long-term patterns of diversification, but whether the suite of traits associated with the ability to colonize urban environments is linked to this process remains poorly understood. Location World. Time period Current. Major taxa studied Passerine birds. Methods We applied macroevolutionary models to a large dataset of passerine birds to compare the evolutionary history of urban-tolerant species with that of urban-avoidant species. Specifically, we examined models of state-dependent speciation and extinction to assess the macroevolution of urban tolerance as a binary trait, in addition to models of quantitative trait-dependent diversification based on relative urban abundance. We also ran simulation-based model assessments to explore potential sources of bias. Results We provide evidence that historically, species with traits promoting urban colonization have undergone faster diversification than urban-avoidant species, indicating that urbanization favours clades with a historical tendency towards rapid speciation or reduced extinction. In addition, we find that past transitions towards states that currently impede urban colonization by passerines have been more frequent than in the opposite direction. Furthermore, we find a portion of urban-avoidant passerines to be recent and to undergo fast diversification. All highly supported models give this result consistently. Main conclusions Urbanization is mainly associated with the loss of lineages that are inherently more vulnerable to extinction over deep time, whereas cities tend to be colonized by less vulnerable lineages, for which urbanization might be neutral or positive in terms of longer-term diversification. Urban avoidance is associated with high rates of recent diversification for some clades occurring in regions with relatively intact natural ecosystems and low current levels of urbanization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David A. Duchêne
- Centre for Evolutionary HologenomicsUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
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Sheth SN, Morueta-Holme N, Angert AL. Determinants of geographic range size in plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:650-665. [PMID: 31901139 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Geographic range size has long fascinated ecologists and evolutionary biologists, yet our understanding of the factors that cause variation in range size among species and across space remains limited. Not only does geographic range size inform decisions about the conservation and management of rare and nonindigenous species due to its relationship with extinction risk, rarity, and invasiveness, but it also provides insights into fundamental processes such as dispersal and adaptation. There are several features unique to plants (e.g. polyploidy, mating system, sessile habit) that may lead to distinct mechanisms explaining variation in range size. Here, we highlight key studies testing intrinsic and extrinsic hypotheses about geographic range size under contrasting scenarios where species' ranges are static or change over time. We then present results from a meta-analysis of the relative importance of commonly hypothesized determinants of range size in plants. We show that our ability to infer the relative importance of these determinants is limited, particularly for dispersal ability, mating system, ploidy, and environmental heterogeneity. We highlight avenues for future research that merge approaches from macroecology and evolutionary ecology to better understand how adaptation and dispersal interact to facilitate niche evolution and range expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Nayan Sheth
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Naia Morueta-Holme
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Amy L Angert
- Departments of Botany and Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 3520-6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Cantalapiedra JL, Fitzjohn RG, Kuhn TS, Fernández MH, DeMiguel D, Azanza B, Morales J, Mooers AØ. Dietary innovations spurred the diversification of ruminants during the Caenozoic. Proc Biol Sci 2013; 281:20132746. [PMID: 24352949 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.2746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Global climate shifts and ecological flexibility are two major factors that may affect rates of speciation and extinction across clades. Here, we connect past climate to changes in diet and diversification dynamics of ruminant mammals. Using novel versions of Multi-State Speciation and Extinction models, we explore the most likely scenarios for evolutionary transitions among diets in this clade and ask whether ruminant lineages with different feeding styles (browsing, grazing and mixed feeding) underwent differential rates of diversification concomitant with global temperature change. The best model of trait change had transitions from browsers to grazers via mixed feeding, with appreciable rates of transition to and from grazing and mixed feeding. Diversification rates in mixed-feeder and grazer lineages tracked the palaeotemperature curve, exhibiting higher rates during the Miocene thermal maxima. The origination of facultative mixed diet and grazing states may have triggered two adaptive radiations--one during the Oligocene-Miocene transition and the other during Middle-to-Late Miocene. Our estimate of mixed diets for basal lineages of both bovids and cervids is congruent with fossil evidence, while the reconstruction of browser ancestors for some impoverished clades--Giraffidae and Tragulidae--is not. Our results offer model-based neontological support to previous palaeontological findings and fossil-based hypothesis highlighting the importance of dietary innovations--especially mixed feeding--in the success of ruminants during the Neogene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan L Cantalapiedra
- Departmento de Paleobiología, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, , Pinar 25, 28006 Madrid, Spain, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, , 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada, IRMACS, Simon Fraser University, , 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada, Departamento de Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencias Geológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, , José Antonio Novais 2, Madrid 28040, Spain, Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, , Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada, Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, , Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia, Departamento de Cambio Medioambiental, Instituto de Geociencias (UCM, CSIC), , José Antonio Novais 2, Madrid 28040, Spain, Departament de Faunes del Neogen i Quaternari, Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Edifici ICP, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, , Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain, Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, , Pedro Cerbuna 12, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
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