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Hernández-Hernández T, Miller EC, Román-Palacios C, Wiens JJ. Speciation across the Tree of Life. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:1205-1242. [PMID: 33768723 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Much of what we know about speciation comes from detailed studies of well-known model systems. Although there have been several important syntheses on speciation, few (if any) have explicitly compared speciation among major groups across the Tree of Life. Here, we synthesize and compare what is known about key aspects of speciation across taxa, including bacteria, protists, fungi, plants, and major animal groups. We focus on three main questions. Is allopatric speciation predominant across groups? How common is ecological divergence of sister species (a requirement for ecological speciation), and on what niche axes do species diverge in each group? What are the reproductive isolating barriers in each group? Our review suggests the following patterns. (i) Based on our survey and projected species numbers, the most frequent speciation process across the Tree of Life may be co-speciation between endosymbiotic bacteria and their insect hosts. (ii) Allopatric speciation appears to be present in all major groups, and may be the most common mode in both animals and plants, based on non-overlapping ranges of sister species. (iii) Full sympatry of sister species is also widespread, and may be more common in fungi than allopatry. (iv) Full sympatry of sister species is more common in some marine animals than in terrestrial and freshwater ones. (v) Ecological divergence of sister species is widespread in all groups, including ~70% of surveyed species pairs of plants and insects. (vi) Major axes of ecological divergence involve species interactions (e.g. host-switching) and habitat divergence. (vii) Prezygotic isolation appears to be generally more widespread and important than postzygotic isolation. (viii) Rates of diversification (and presumably speciation) are strikingly different across groups, with the fastest rates in plants, and successively slower rates in animals, fungi, and protists, with the slowest rates in prokaryotes. Overall, our study represents an initial step towards understanding general patterns in speciation across all organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Hernández-Hernández
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0088, U.S.A.,Catedrática CONACYT asignada a LANGEBIO-UGA Cinvestav, Libramiento Norte Carretera León Km 9.6, 36821, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth C Miller
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0088, U.S.A
| | - Cristian Román-Palacios
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0088, U.S.A
| | - John J Wiens
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0088, U.S.A
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Tisthammer KH, Forsman ZH, Toonen RJ, Richmond RH. Genetic structure is stronger across human-impacted habitats than among islands in the coral Porites lobata. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8550. [PMID: 32110487 PMCID: PMC7034377 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined genetic structure in the lobe coral Porites lobata among pairs of highly variable and high-stress nearshore sites and adjacent less variable and less impacted offshore sites on the islands of Oahu and Maui, Hawaii. Using an analysis of molecular variance framework, we tested whether populations were more structured by geographic distance or environmental extremes. The genetic patterns we observed followed isolation by environment, where nearshore and adjacent offshore populations showed significant genetic structure at both locations (AMOVA F ST = 0.04∼0.19, P < 0.001), but no significant isolation by distance between islands. Strikingly, corals from the two nearshore sites with higher levels of environmental stressors on different islands over 100 km apart with similar environmentally stressful conditions were genetically closer (FST = 0.0, P = 0.73) than those within a single location less than 2 km apart (FST = 0.04∼0.08, P < 0.01). In contrast, a third site with a less impacted nearshore site (i.e., less pronounced environmental gradient) showed no significant structure from the offshore comparison. Our results show much stronger support for environment than distance separating these populations. Our finding suggests that ecological boundaries from human impacts may play a role in forming genetic structure in the coastal environment, and that genetic divergence in the absence of geographical barriers to gene flow might be explained by selective pressure across contrasting habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaho H. Tisthammer
- Kewalo Marine Laboratory, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, United States of America
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Zac H. Forsman
- Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Kaneohe, HI, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Toonen
- Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Kaneohe, HI, United States of America
| | - Robert H. Richmond
- Kewalo Marine Laboratory, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, United States of America
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Jilling T, Ambalavanan N, Cotten CM, Martin CA, Maheshwari A, Schibler K, Levy J, Page GP. Surgical necrotizing enterocolitis in extremely premature neonates is associated with genetic variations in an intergenic region of chromosome 8. Pediatr Res 2018; 83:943-953. [PMID: 29538362 PMCID: PMC6053310 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2018.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundTwin studies suggest that genetic factors may account for up to 50% increased risk for necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), but genome-wide association studies for NEC are lacking.MethodsGenotyping was done on Illumina BeadChip, followed by analysis using PLINK with logistic regression under an additive model.ResultsAmong 751 extremely-low-birth-weight (<1,000 g, >401 g) neonates, 30 had surgical NEC. Two hundred and sixty-one single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) showed association with NEC at P<0.05, of which 35 were significant at P<10-7. Minor allele(s) in a cluster of SNPs spanning a 43-kb region of chromosome 8 (8q23.3) conferred an odds ratio of 4.72 (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.51-8.88) for elevated risk of NEC. Two smaller clusters on chromosome 14 and chromosome 11 exhibited P values of 10-7-10-8. The chromosome 8 cluster is in an intergenic region between CUB and Sushi multiple domains 3 (-1.43 Mb) and trichorhinophalangeal syndrome I (+542 kb). RNA sequencing in this region identified a potential novel open-reading frame corresponding to a long interspersed element-1 retrotransposable element.ConclusionGenetic variation in an intergenic region of chromosome 8 is associated with increased risk for NEC with a mechanism that is yet to be identified.
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MESH Headings
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8
- Cohort Studies
- DNA, Intergenic
- Enterocolitis, Necrotizing/diagnosis
- Enterocolitis, Necrotizing/genetics
- Enterocolitis, Necrotizing/surgery
- Female
- Gene Frequency
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Genetic Variation
- Genome-Wide Association Study
- Genotype
- Humans
- Infant
- Infant, Extremely Low Birth Weight
- Infant, Newborn
- Infant, Newborn, Diseases
- Infant, Premature
- Long Interspersed Nucleotide Elements
- Male
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Phenotype
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Respiration, Artificial
- Sequence Analysis, RNA
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Kurt Schibler
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
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Arrigoni R, Berumen ML, Huang D, Terraneo TI, Benzoni F. Cyphastrea (Cnidaria : Scleractinia : Merulinidae) in the Red Sea: phylogeny and a new reef coral species. INVERTEBR SYST 2017. [DOI: 10.1071/is16035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The scleractinian coral Cyphastrea is a common and widespread genus throughout the coral reefs of the Indo-Pacific. Little is known about the phylogenetic relationships within this taxon and species identification is based mainly on traditional skeletal characters, such as the number of septa, septa cycles, growth form and corallite dimensions. Here we present the first focussed reconstruction of phylogenetic relationships among Cyphastrea species, analysing 57 colonies from the Red Sea, where five morphospecies live in sympatry. Analyses based on three loci (nuclear histone H3, 28S rDNA and a mitochondrial intergenic region) reveal the existence of three well-supported molecular lineages. None of the five previously defined morphospecies are monophyletic and they cluster into two clades, suggesting the need of a systematic revision in Cyphastrea. The third lineage is described as C. magna Benzoni & Arrigoni, sp. nov., a new reef coral species collected from the northern and central Red Sea. Cyphastrea magna Benzoni & Arrigoni, sp. nov. is characterised by the largest corallite diameter among known Cyphastrea species, a wide trabecular columella >1/4 of calice width, and 12 equal primary septa. This study suggests that morphology-based taxonomy in Cyphastrea may not identify monophyletic units and strengthens the application of genetics in coral systematics.
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Huang D, Arrigoni R, Benzoni F, Fukami H, Knowlton N, Smith ND, Stolarski J, Chou LM, Budd AF. Taxonomic classification of the reef coral family Lobophylliidae (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Scleractinia). Zool J Linn Soc 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Danwei Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences and Tropical Marine Science Institute; National University of Singapore; Singapore 117543 Singapore
| | - Roberto Arrigoni
- Red Sea Research Center; Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering; King Abdullah University of Science and Technology; Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences; University of Milano-Bicocca; Piazza della Scienza 2 20126 Milan Italy
| | - Francesca Benzoni
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences; University of Milano-Bicocca; Piazza della Scienza 2 20126 Milan Italy
| | - Hironobu Fukami
- Department of Marine Biology and Environmental Science; University of Miyazaki; Miyazaki 889-2192 Japan
| | - Nancy Knowlton
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology; National Museum of Natural History; Smithsonian Institution; Washington DC 20013 USA
| | - Nathan D. Smith
- The Dinosaur Institute; Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County; 900 Exposition Boulevard Los Angeles CA 90007 USA
| | - Jarosław Stolarski
- Institute of Paleobiology; Polish Academy of Sciences; Twarda 51/55 PL-00-818 Warsaw Poland
| | - Loke Ming Chou
- Department of Biological Sciences and Tropical Marine Science Institute; National University of Singapore; Singapore 117543 Singapore
| | - Ann F. Budd
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences; University of Iowa; Iowa City IA 52242 USA
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Castellanos MC, González-Martínez SC, Pausas JG. Field heritability of a plant adaptation to fire in heterogeneous landscapes. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:5633-42. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. C. Castellanos
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; Centro de Investigaciones sobre Desertificación (CIDE-CSIC-UV-GV); 46113 Moncada Valencia Spain
| | | | - J. G. Pausas
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; Centro de Investigaciones sobre Desertificación (CIDE-CSIC-UV-GV); 46113 Moncada Valencia Spain
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Abstract
Increasingly, researchers are interested in estimating the heritability of traits for nonmodel organisms. However, estimating the heritability of these traits presents both experimental and statistical challenges, which typically arise from logistical difficulties associated with rearing large numbers of families independently in the field, a lack of known pedigree, the need to account for group or batch effects, etc. Here we develop both an empirical and computational methodology for estimating the narrow-sense heritability of traits for highly fecund species. Our experimental approach controls for undesirable culturing effects while minimizing culture numbers, increasing feasibility in the field. Our statistical approach accounts for known issues with model-selection by using a permutation test to calculate significance values and includes both fitting and power calculation methods. We further demonstrate that even with moderately high sample-sizes, the p-values derived from asymptotic properties of the likelihood ratio test are overly conservative, thus reducing statistical power. We illustrate our methodology by estimating the narrow-sense heritability for larval settlement, a key life-history trait, in the reef-building coral Orbicella faveolata. The experimental, statistical, and computational methods, along with all of the data from this study, are available in the R package multiDimBio.
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Pochon X, Forsman ZH, Spalding HL, Padilla-Gamiño JL, Smith CM, Gates RD. Depth specialization in mesophotic corals (Leptoseris spp.) and associated algal symbionts in Hawai'i. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2015; 2:140351. [PMID: 26064599 PMCID: PMC4448807 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.140351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Corals at the lower limits of mesophotic habitats are likely to have unique photosynthetic adaptations that allow them to persist and dominate in these extreme low light ecosystems. We examined the host-symbiont relationships from the dominant coral genus Leptoseris in mesophotic environments from Hawai'i collected by submersibles across a depth gradient of 65-125 m. Coral and Symbiodinium genotypes were compared with three distinct molecular markers including coral (COX1-1-rRNA intron) and Symbiodinium (COI) mitochondrial markers and nuclear ITS2. The phylogenetic reconstruction clearly resolved five Leptoseris species, including one species (Leptoseris hawaiiensis) exclusively found in deeper habitats (115-125 m). The Symbiodinium mitochondrial marker resolved three unambiguous haplotypes in clade C, which were found at significantly different frequencies between host species and depths, with one haplotype exclusively found at the lower mesophotic extremes (95-125 m). These patterns of host-symbiont depth specialization indicate that there are limits to connectivity between upper and lower mesophotic zones, suggesting that niche specialization plays a critical role in host-symbiont evolution at mesophotic extremes.
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Affiliation(s)
- X. Pochon
- Environmental Technologies, Coastal and Freshwater Group, Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand
- Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Author for correspondence: X. Pochon e-mail:
| | - Z. H. Forsman
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai'i, Kaneohe, HI, USA
| | - H. L. Spalding
- Department of Botany, University of Hawai'i at Mnoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - J. L. Padilla-Gamiño
- Department of Biology, California State University Dominguez Hills, Carson, CA, USA
| | - C. M. Smith
- Department of Botany, University of Hawai'i at Mnoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - R. D. Gates
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai'i, Kaneohe, HI, USA
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BUDD ANNF, FUKAMI HIRONOBU, SMITH NATHAND, KNOWLTON NANCY. Taxonomic classification of the reef coral family Mussidae (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Scleractinia). Zool J Linn Soc 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00855.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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