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Gabay G, Ornoy H, Deeb DO. What do physicians think about the white coat, about patients' view of the white coat, and how empathetic are physicians toward patients in hospital gowns? An enclothed cognition view. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1371105. [PMID: 38919792 PMCID: PMC11197517 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1371105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The receipt of the white coat by medical students is a significant milestone. Extensive research has focused on the white coat, its purity, representation of authority and professionalism, its role in consolidating a medical hierarchy, and the professional status attributed to physicians wearing it. Studies suggest that the white coat is a symbol of medical competence, and patients expect physicians to wear it. Research, however, has paid little attention to what physicians think about their white coat, how they perceive the patient's view of the white coat and the hospital gown, within the patient-physician power asymmetry, which is the focus of the current study. In total, 85 physicians from three Israeli medical centers completed a questionnaire (62% Muslims, 33% Jewish, and 5% Christians; 68% men, ages ranging from 21 to 73 years). Employing the enclothed cognition theory and adopting a within-person approach, we found that the more physicians perceived the white coat as important, the more they attributed a positive view of the white coat to patients and the more they perceived the patient's view of the hospital gown as positive. In addition, the higher the perceived importance of the white coat, the higher the reported empathy of physicians toward inpatients, which is consistent with the hospital's values of care. Interestingly, although medicine is a symbol of protection and care for others, the symbolic meaning of the white coat was potent enough to elicit empathy only when physicians perceived it as important. This study extends the theoretical knowledge on the theory of enclothed cognition in healthcare regarding self-perceptions and professional conduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillie Gabay
- School of Sciences, Achva Academic College, Shikmim, Israel
| | - Hana Ornoy
- School of Business Administration, Ono Academic College, Kiryat Ono, Israel
| | - Dana O. Deeb
- Josselson Integrated Heart Center, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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Luetke Lanfer H, Reifegerste D, Berg A, Memenga P, Baumann E, Weber W, Geulen J, Müller A, Hahne A, Weg-Remers S. Understanding Trust Determinants in a Live Chat Service on Familial Cancer: Qualitative Triangulation Study With Focus Groups and Interviews in Germany. J Med Internet Res 2023; 25:e44707. [PMID: 37610815 PMCID: PMC10483292 DOI: 10.2196/44707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In dealing with familial cancer risk, seeking web-based health information can be a coping strategy for different stakeholder groups (ie, patients, relatives, and those suspecting an elevated familial cancer risk). In the vast digital landscape marked by a varied quality of web-based information and evolving technologies, trust emerges as a pivotal factor, guiding the process of health information seeking and interacting with digital health services. This trust formation in health information can be conceptualized as context dependent and multidimensional, involving 3 key dimensions: information seeker (trustor), information provider (trustee), and medium or platform (application). Owing to the rapid changes in the digital context, it is critical to understand how seekers form trust in new services, given the interplay among these different dimensions. An example of such a new service is a live chat operated by physicians for the general public with personalized cancer-related information and a focus on familial cancer risk. OBJECTIVE To gain a comprehensive picture of trust formation in a cancer-related live chat service, this study investigates the 3 dimensions of trust-trustor, trustee, and application-and their respective relevant characteristics based on a model of trust in web-based health information. In addition, the study aims to compare these characteristics across the 3 different stakeholder groups, with the goal to enhance the service's trustworthiness for each group. METHODS This qualitative study triangulated the different perspectives of medical cancer advisers, advisers from cancer support groups, and members of the public in interviews and focus group discussions to explore the 3 dimensions of trust-trustor, trustee, and application-and their determinants for a new live chat service for familial cancer risk to be implemented at the German Cancer Information Service. RESULTS The results indicate that experience with familial cancer risk is the key trustor characteristic to using, and trusting information provided by, the live chat service. The live chat might also be particularly valuable for people from minority groups who have unmet needs from physician-patient interactions. Participants highlighted trustee characteristics such as ability, benevolence, integrity, and humanness (ie, not a chatbot) as pivotal in a trustworthy cancer live chat service. Application-related characteristics, including the reputation of the institution, user-centric design, modern technology, and visual appeal, were also deemed essential. Despite the different backgrounds and sociodemographics of the 3 stakeholder groups, many overlaps were found among the 3 trust dimensions and their respective characteristics. CONCLUSIONS Trust in a live chat for cancer information is formed by different dimensions and characteristics of trust. This study underscores the importance of understanding trust formation in digital health services and suggests potential enhancements for effective, trustworthy interactions in live chat services (eg, by providing biographies of the human medical experts to differentiate them from artificial intelligence chatbots).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Annika Berg
- School of Public Health, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Paula Memenga
- Department of Journalism and Communication Research, Hochschule für Musik, Theater und Medien Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Eva Baumann
- Department of Journalism and Communication Research, Hochschule für Musik, Theater und Medien Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Winja Weber
- Krebsinformationsdienst, Heidelberg, Germany
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Perrigino MB, Jenkins M. Unlocking the benefits of diversity among healthcare workforces: a holistic view. J Health Organ Manag 2023; ahead-of-print. [PMID: 36642984 DOI: 10.1108/jhom-06-2022-0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The increasing diversity among workforces - as well as the increasing diversity among patient populations served - offers a variety of opportunities and potential pitfalls for healthcare organizations and leaders. To unravel this complexity, the authors aim to holistically understand how to maximize provider and patient experiences regardless of (1) the degree to which diversity is present or lacking, and (2) the type(s) of diversity under consideration. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH This conceptual paper develops a framework that combines three organizational behavior theories - emotional labor theory, similarity-attraction theory and climate theory - with evidence from the broader healthcare literature. FINDINGS Authentic interactions yield positive outcomes for providers (i.e. improved job attitudes and work-related well-being) and patients (i.e. patient satisfaction) and acts as a mediator between demographic diversity and positive outcomes. Demographic similarity facilitates authentic interactions, whereas demographic diversity creates an initial barrier to engaging authentically with others. However, the presence of a positive diversity climate eliminates this barrier. ORIGINALITY/VALUE The authors offer a conceptual model to unlock positive outcomes - including reduced absenteeism, better morale and improved patient satisfaction - regardless of the level and types of diversity present within the workforce. In addition to deriving an agenda for future research, the authors offer practical applications regarding how diversity can be more effectively managed and promoted within healthcare organizations.
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Hies O, Lewis MB. Beyond the beauty of occlusion: medical masks increase facial attractiveness more than other face coverings. Cogn Res Princ Implic 2022; 7:1. [PMID: 35006366 PMCID: PMC8743690 DOI: 10.1186/s41235-021-00351-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The sanitary-mask effect (Miyazaki and Kawahara in Jpn Psychol Res 58(3):261–272, 2016) is the finding that medical face masks prompt an image of disease and thus result in lower ratings of facial attractiveness of the wearer. However, during the COVID-19 pandemic, medical masks have been found to increase attractiveness (Patel et al. in Plast Reconstruct Surg Glob Open 8(8), 2020) although this could have been a general effect of occlusion. To further explore this issue, female participants were presented with a series of male faces of low or high attractiveness that were occluded with a medical mask, cloth mask, book or not occluded and asked to rate them on attractiveness. The results show that faces were considered as most attractive when covered by medical masks and significantly more attractive when occluded with cloth masks than when not occluded. Contrary to expectation, base attractiveness did not interact with the type of occlusion, suggesting that this is not simply due to occlusion of negative features. The present findings are contrary to the sanitary-mask effect and explanations in terms of social desirability, and the association of medical masks with caregiving professions is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Hies
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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5
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Social cues and implications for designing expert and competent artificial agents: A systematic review. TELEMATICS AND INFORMATICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tele.2021.101721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Threat of racial and economic inequality increases preference for algorithm decision-making. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2021.106859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Coe JB, O'Connor R, Pizzolon CN, Hester KA, Nogueira Borden LJ, Haley D. Investigation of the effects of veterinarians' attire on ratings of trust, confidence, and comfort in a sample of pet owners in Canada. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2020; 256:1268-1276. [PMID: 32412872 DOI: 10.2460/javma.256.11.1268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine companion animal owners' perceptions of appropriate veterinarian attire and investigate potential associations between a veterinarian's attire and clients' ratings of trust in, confidence in, and comfort with a veterinarian. SAMPLE 449 pet owners. PROCEDURES Participants were randomly assigned to complete a questionnaire containing photos of a male or female model veterinarian photographed in 8 attire types (formal attire, white dress shirt with black pants, white casual shirt with khaki pants, surgical scrubs, white casual shirt with jeans, surgical scrub top with jeans, surgical scrub top with khaki pants, and white laboratory coat with khaki pants). Participants were asked to rate their trust in, confidence in, and comfort with the pictured individual on a response scale of 1 (low) to 7 (high), rank photos according to their preferences for attire, and provide input on the importance of attire and other appearance-related subjects. Attire and gender of photographed individual and participant demographics were investigated for associations with trust, confidence, and comfort scores. RESULTS Most (317/445 [71%]) respondents indicated veterinarians' attire was important. Attire type was significantly associated with respondents' trust, confidence, and comfort scores. Model veterinarian gender and participant education level were also associated with trust and comfort scores. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Veterinarians' attire is a form of nonverbal communication that is likely to inform clients' first impressions and may influence clients' trust in, confidence in, and comfort with a veterinarian. Veterinary personnel and veterinary management should consider how attire and general appearance represent staff members or their practice.
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Bull ER, Mills M, Byrne‐Davis LM, Hart JK. Who is a credible source of preventive advice? An experimental vignette study of general public attitudes towards role expansion in health and social care. Br J Health Psychol 2020; 26:198-213. [DOI: 10.1111/bjhp.12464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor R. Bull
- Centre for Applied Psychology and Behaviour Change Manchester Metropolitan University UK
- Division of Medical Education University of Manchester UK
| | - Matthew Mills
- School of Health Sciences University of Manchester UK
| | | | - Jo K. Hart
- Division of Medical Education University of Manchester UK
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Patients' decision to contribute to a biobank in the light of the patient-recruiter relationship-a qualitative study of broad consent in a hospital setting. J Community Genet 2020; 12:15-25. [PMID: 32779150 PMCID: PMC7846645 DOI: 10.1007/s12687-020-00479-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Findings from recent studies show that the relationship developed with the particular researcher asking for broad consent plays an important role in the participant’s willingness to give consent. Interviews and focus groups were conducted in order to present a description and analysis of meetings in which broad consent took place and to examine the role of recruiters in the patients’ decision-making and in building trust in the Lausanne University Hospital Institutional Biobank (BIL). Our findings suggest that patient broad consent to biobanking is strongly related to its setting. BIL recruiters’ were aware of their role as ambassadors of the BIL and their responsibility towards patients. Patient interviewees were sensitive to the quality of the information delivered, the timing of the consent request and the recruiters’ attitudes and behaviours, including the presence of the white coat. Participating in the BIL also seemed to reinforce the patient’s self-esteem and perceived efficacy, particularly since they are themselves ill and inactive when requested to participate. Recruiters and participants report that participation may be motivated by fundamental (existential) goals. Organisational factors also affected recruiters’ activity and the broad consent procedure raising several ethical issues. This qualitative study suggests that biobanking based on information-based models of decision-making might need to be re-evaluated in order to improve broad consent. Our findings have implications for the practice of broad consent and patient autonomy, as well as for the recruiters’ role and training.
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First Impressions of Physicians According to Their Physical and Social Group Characteristics. JOURNAL OF NONVERBAL BEHAVIOR 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10919-019-00329-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Gouda-Vossos A, Brooks RC, Dixson BJW. The Interplay Between Economic Status and Attractiveness, and the Importance of Attire in Mate Choice Judgments. Front Psychol 2019; 10:462. [PMID: 30949084 PMCID: PMC6437035 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Desirable characteristics of "opposite sex others," such as physical attractiveness and economic status, can influence how individuals are judged, and this is different for men and women. However, under various social contexts where cues of higher or lower economic status is suggested, sex differences in judgments related to mate choice have not been fully explored. In two studies, ratings of economic status and attractiveness were quantified for male and female targets that were presented under various social contexts. Study 1 assessed judgments (n = 1,359) of images of nine male and nine female targets in different sized groups containing only opposite-sex others (i.e., group size). While we found no significant effects of group size on male and female attractiveness, target female economic status increased when surrounded by two or more men. An ad hoc analysis controlling for the attire of the targets (business or casual) found that the association between target female economic status and group size occurred when females were in business attire. Study 2 investigates this effect further by presenting images of 12 males and 12 females, in higher and lower status attire (i.e., business and casual clothing) and measured judgments of attractiveness and economic status among women and men (n = 1,038). Consistent with the results of Study 1, female economic status was only affected when women were in business attire. However, female economic status decreased when in the presence of other men in business attire. There were no sex differences in judgments of economic status when judging stimuli in casual attire. Additionally, negative associations between attractiveness and economic status were found for males presented in casual attire. We discuss these results in the light of evolutionary sexual conflict theory by demonstrating how the asymmetrical importance of status between men and women can influence mate choice judgments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany Gouda-Vossos
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Robert C. Brooks
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Lefor AK, Ohnuma T, Nunomiya S, Yokota S, Makino J, Sanui M. Physician attire in the intensive care unit in Japan influences visitors' perception of care. J Crit Care 2017; 43:288-293. [PMID: 28965038 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2017.09.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of physician attire and behavior on perceptions of care by ICU visitors in Japan. MATERIALS AND METHODS Visitors were surveyed including 117 at a community hospital and 106 at a university hospital. Demographic data (age, gender, relationship to patient, length of stay) were collected. A seven-point Likert scale (1=strongly agree, 4=neutral, 7=strongly disagree) was used to judge physician attire (name tag, white coat, scrubs, short sleeve shirts, blue jeans, sneakers, clogs), behavior (addressing a patient, carrying a snack) and overall effect on perception of care. RESULTS There are no significant differences (p>0.05) in demographics comparing the two ICUs, except for increased length of stay at the university ICU. Visitors scored the importance of a name tag (median 2, Interquartile Range 1-2), white coat [3,1-4], addressing the patient by last name [2,1-3], wearing scrubs [3,2-4], sneakers [4,3-5], clogs [4,4-5], short sleeves (4,3.5-5), blue jeans [5,4-6], and carrying a snack [6,5-7]. Visitors scored "attire affects perceptions of care" as [3,2-4]. CONCLUSIONS Physician attire in the ICU affects perceptions of care. Implementation of attire guidelines which require clothing that does not meet visitor preferences should be accompanied by education programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tetsu Ohnuma
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shin Nunomiya
- Division of Intensive Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | | | - Jun Makino
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Sanui
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
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Long J, Morton L, Taylor E. What Not to Wear: An Analysis of Outpatient Resident Attire. ACADEMIC PSYCHIATRY : THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF DIRECTORS OF PSYCHIATRIC RESIDENCY TRAINING AND THE ASSOCIATION FOR ACADEMIC PSYCHIATRY 2017; 41:411-416. [PMID: 27815716 DOI: 10.1007/s40596-016-0611-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jody Long
- Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR, USA.
| | | | - Evi Taylor
- Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR, USA
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Hill WT, Raacke JD, Park JA. Examining the Priority Heuristic in Conditions of Resource Need Levels. Psychol Rep 2017; 120:824-845. [PMID: 28558547 DOI: 10.1177/0033294117709786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Within the domain of risky decision making, there are a number of predictive models which are consistent with the hypothesis that human minds are molded for specific behavioral patterns based on environmental cues. Two models are the priority heuristic and risk sensitive foraging. Using a modified version of the traditional risky choice gambles paradigm, a study was designed to tease apart specific predictions made by each of these two models. It was discovered that the best explanation for choice behavior was consistent with risk sensitive foraging. This was true for risky preferences in gambles. Also, decision time predictions from the priority heuristic were not supported. Collectively, this may show additional support for risk-sensitivity driving some human behaviors. It may also carve out the boundaries for the proper "ecology" of the priority heuristic.
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Kraft-Todd GT, Reinero DA, Kelley JM, Heberlein AS, Baer L, Riess H. Empathic nonverbal behavior increases ratings of both warmth and competence in a medical context. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177758. [PMID: 28505180 PMCID: PMC5432110 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In medicine, it is critical that clinicians demonstrate both empathy (perceived as warmth) and competence. Perceptions of these qualities are often intuitive and are based on nonverbal behavior. Emphasizing both warmth and competence may prove problematic, however, because there is evidence that they are inversely related in other settings. We hypothesize that perceptions of physician competence will instead be positively correlated with perceptions of physician warmth and empathy, potentially due to changing conceptions of the physician’s role. We test this hypothesis in an analog medical context using a large online sample, manipulating physician nonverbal behaviors suggested to communicate empathy (e.g. eye contact) and competence (the physician’s white coat). Participants rated physicians displaying empathic nonverbal behavior as more empathic, warm, and more competent than physicians displaying unempathic nonverbal behavior, adjusting for mood. We found no warmth/competence tradeoff and, additionally, no significant effects of the white coat. Further, compared with male participants, female participants perceived physicians displaying unempathic nonverbal behavior as less empathic. Given the significant consequences of clinician empathy, it is important for clinicians to learn how nonverbal behavior contributes to perceptions of warmth, and use it as another tool to improve their patients’ emotional and physical health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon T. Kraft-Todd
- Empathy and Relational Science Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Diego A. Reinero
- Empathy and Relational Science Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - John M. Kelley
- Empathy and Relational Science Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Placebo Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, Endicott College, Beverly, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Andrea S. Heberlein
- Empathy and Relational Science Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lee Baer
- Empathy and Relational Science Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Helen Riess
- Empathy and Relational Science Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Massar K, Buunk A(BP. Individual Differences in Preventive Jealousy Determine Men's Jealousy after Subliminal Exposure to Rivals Wearing High- or Low-Status Clothes. Psychol Rep 2016; 118:219-235. [DOI: 10.1177/0033294115625572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated sex differences in jealousy after subliminal exposure to rivals wearing high-status or low-status clothes. It was expected that individual differences in preventive jealousy would moderate the relationship between a rival's characteristics and jealousy. Participants (Men: n = 54, M age = 21.6 yr., SD = 3.5; women: n = 71, M age = 20.7 yr., SD = 1.9) completed a parafoveal subliminal priming paradigm as well as questionnaires about jealousy and preventive jealousy. As predicted, women were not affected by their rival's status, but women high in preventive jealousy reported more jealousy than women low in preventive jealousy. However, whereas men low in preventive jealousy reported equal amounts of jealousy after exposure to a high-status and a low-status rival, surprisingly, and contrary to the expectations, men high in preventive jealousy reported most jealousy after exposure to a low-status rival. To explain these unexpected results, threats to self-esteem were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlijn Massar
- Work & Social Psychology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Abraham (Bram) P. Buunk
- Evolutionary Social Psychology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands; Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, The Netherlands
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Sexual Conflict and Gender Gap Effects: Associations between Social Context and Sex on Rated Attractiveness and Economic Status. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146269. [PMID: 26731414 PMCID: PMC4701490 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human mate choice research often concerns sex differences in the importance of traits such as physical attractiveness and social status. A growing number of studies indicate that cues to social context, including other people who appear in stimulus photographs, can alter that individual's attractiveness. Fewer studies, however, consider judgements of traits other than physical attractiveness, such as wealth. Here we manipulate the presence/absence of other people in photographs of target models, and test the effects on judgments of both attractiveness and earnings (a proxy for status). Participants (N = 2044) rated either male or female models for either physical attractiveness or social/economic status when presented alone, with same sex others or with opposite sex others. We collectively refer to this manipulation as 'social context'. Male and female models received similar responses for physical attractiveness, but social context affected ratings of status differently for women and men. Males presented alongside other men received the highest status ratings while females presented alone were given the highest status ratings. Further, the status of females presented alongside a male was constrained by the rated status of that male. Our results suggests that high status may not directly lead to high attractiveness in men, but that status is more readily attributed to men than to women. This divide in status between the sexes is very clear when men and women are presented together, possibly reflecting one underlying mechanism of the modern day gender gap and sexist attitudes to women's economic participation. This adds complexity to our understanding of the relationship between attractiveness, status, and sex in the light of parental investment theory, sexual conflict and economic theory.
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Unbuttoned: The Interaction Between Provocativeness of Female Work Attire and Occupational Status. SEX ROLES 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-015-0450-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Castillo M. Dress for success. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2014; 35:2027-8. [PMID: 24742805 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a3942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Children's preferences concerning ambiance of dental waiting rooms. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2014; 16:27-33. [PMID: 25249336 DOI: 10.1007/s40368-014-0142-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
AIM Despite many advances in paediatric dentistry, the greatest challenge for any paediatric dentist is to remove the anxiety related to a dental visit and have a child patient to accept dental treatment readily. Minor changes made in the waiting room design can have a major effect on the way any child perceives the upcoming dental experience. This study was carried out to determine children's preferences regarding the dental waiting area so as to improve their waiting experience and reduce their preoperative anxiety before a dental appointment. STUDY DESIGN This was a cross-sectional descriptive study using survey methodology. METHODS A questionnaire designed to evaluate children's preferences regarding the waiting room was distributed to new paediatric patients, aged between 6 and 11 years of age, attending an outpatient dental facility and was completed by 212 children (127 males, 85 females). STATISTICS The analyses were carried out on cross-tables using Phi (for 2×2 tables) or Cramer's V (for larger than 2×2 tables) to assess responses to the questionnaire items across age groups and gender. RESULTS A majority of children preferred music and the ability to play in a waiting room. They also preferred natural light and walls with pictures. They preferred looking at an aquarium or a television and sitting on beanbags and chairs and also preferred plants and oral hygiene posters Repetious. CONCLUSIONS The results obtained from this study may help the dental team decide on an appropriate design of their paediatric waiting room so as to make children comfortable in the dental environment and improve delivery of health care.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite many advances in paediatric dentistry, the greatest challenge for any paediatric dentist is to remove the anxiety related to a dental visit and get the child patient to accept the treatment readily. The manner in which the dentist presents himself plays an important role in cementing a friendly relation with the child. AIM To assess school children's perceptions and preferences towards dentist's attire so as to understand their psych and promote a successful relationship with the patient. DESIGN A questionnaire designed to evaluate children's attitudes and preferences towards dentists was distributed in public schools and was completed by 619 children (322 males, 297 females) aged between 6-14 years. RESULTS The study found that majority of children preferred dental professionals to wear traditional formal attire with a white coat and name badge. They preferred the use of plain masks and white gloves but disliked protective eyewear or headcaps. Most children liked dentists with closed shoes and no jewellery but preferred the use of a wrist watch. CONCLUSIONS The results obtained from this study can help dentists decide what is appropriate to wear when dealing with children so as to minimise their anxiety and improve delivery of health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Panda
- Department of Paediatrics and Preventive Dentistry, Pad. Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Navi Mumbai, India
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Luth W, Jardine C, Bubela T. When pictures waste a thousand words: analysis of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic on television news. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64070. [PMID: 23691150 PMCID: PMC3656930 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Effective communication by public health agencies during a pandemic promotes the adoption of recommended health behaviours. However, more information is not always the solution. Rather, attention must be paid to how information is communicated. Our study examines the television news, which combines video and audio content. We analyse (1) the content of television news about the H1N1 pandemic and vaccination campaign in Alberta, Canada; (2) the extent to which television news content conveyed key public health agency messages; (3) the extent of discrepancies in audio versus visual content. METHODS We searched for "swine flu" and "H1N1" in local English news broadcasts from the CTV online video archive. We coded the audio and visual content of 47 news clips during the peak period of coverage from April to November 2009 and identified discrepancies between audio and visual content. RESULTS The dominant themes on CTV news were the vaccination rollout, vaccine shortages, long line-ups (queues) at vaccination clinics and defensive responses by public health officials. There were discrepancies in the priority groups identified by the provincial health agency (Alberta Health and Wellness) and television news coverage as well as discrepancies between audio and visual content of news clips. Public health officials were presented in official settings rather than as public health practitioners. CONCLUSION The news footage did not match the main public health messages about risk levels and priority groups. Public health agencies lost control of their message as the media focused on failures in the rollout of the vaccination campaign. Spokespeople can enhance their local credibility by emphasizing their role as public health practitioners. Public health agencies need to learn from the H1N1 pandemic so that future television communications do not add to public confusion, demonstrate bureaucratic ineffectiveness and contribute to low vaccination rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Westerly Luth
- Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Cindy Jardine
- Center for Health Promotion Studies, School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Tania Bubela
- Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Rashidi M, Keshtkaran K, Zabihidan S, Hosseinchari M, Pazhoohi F. Effect of different professions' clothing on children's height perception. SPANISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2012; 15:1038-42. [PMID: 23156912 DOI: 10.5209/rev_sjop.2012.v15.n3.39394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Height is a biological factor that can affect how others perceive and behave toward an individual. Height is a biological factor that can affect how others perceive and behave toward an individual. Clothing, as a non-biological factor, can affect these perceptions of height. In this study weClothing, as a non-biological factor, can affect these perceptions of height. In this study we investigated the effect of different professions' clothing on children's perceptions of height. One investigated the effect of different professions' clothing on children's perceptions of height. One hundred and eighty primary school students participated in this study and estimated the height of an actor in the clothing of four different professions which differed in terms of prestige. The results of study showed that the difference between the perceived and actual height was larger when participants estimated the height of socially esteemed professions. Also there was no difference between girls' and boys' estimation of different professions' height. The implications of these findings are discussed.
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Braun AR, Skene L, Merry AF. Informed Consent for Anaesthesia in Australia and New Zealand. Anaesth Intensive Care 2010; 38:809-22. [DOI: 10.1177/0310057x1003800504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The legal and ethical requirements related to an anaesthetist's communication with patients in preparing them for anaesthesia, assisting them in making appropriate decisions and obtaining consent in a formal sense are complex. Doing these things well takes time, skill and sensitivity. The primary focus should be to adequately prepare patients for surgery and to ensure that they are sufficiently well informed to make the choices that best meet their own needs. This is just an affirmation of the importance of patient-centred care.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. R. Braun
- Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Faculties of Law and Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia and Department of Anaesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Auckland and Department of Anaesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
- Provisional Fellow, Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Melbourne Hospital
| | - L. Skene
- Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Faculties of Law and Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia and Department of Anaesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Auckland and Department of Anaesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
- Professor of Law, Faculty of Law and Adjunct Professor of Law, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne
| | - A. F. Merry
- Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Faculties of Law and Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia and Department of Anaesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Auckland and Department of Anaesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
- Professor and Head of Department, Department of Anaesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Auckland and Specialist Anaesthetist, Auckland City Hospital
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Patient preferences for dental clinical attire: a cross-sectional survey in a dental hospital. Br Dent J 2008; 203:681-5. [PMID: 18084213 DOI: 10.1038/bdj.2007.1109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES This cross sectional descriptive study was designed to survey patient opinion towards dental clinical attire, name badges and commonly used cross-infection control measures. METHOD Patients attending a dental hospital for a consultation appointment were asked to complete a questionnaire accompanied by photographs of models portraying a range of clinical attire. A representative sample of patients completed 188 questionnaires over a four week period. RESULTS The study found that the majority of patients felt clinical attire was important and that they preferred dental professionals to wear name badges. The majority of patients also preferred dentists to use both safety glasses and face masks. When asked to indicate which clinical attire was most appropriate for a consultant/specialist to wear, the overwhelming opinion was that of smart dress accompanied with a white coat. In addition, most respondents wished their dentist to wear a traditional white, dental tunic. CONCLUDING REMARKS It is hoped that this study will be informative for the dental team and that the results will be taken into consideration when considering appropriate clinical attire in accordance with patient opinions.
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Turner RN, Leach J, Robinson D. First impressions in complementary practice: the importance of environment, dress and address to the therapeutic relationship. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2006; 13:102-9. [PMID: 17400145 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2006.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2006] [Revised: 10/06/2006] [Accepted: 10/06/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to explore patients' views of the importance of environmental and social factors within a complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) practice. A cross-sectional patient survey was conducted in 37 CAM practices across nine geographical areas of the UK using a structured questionnaire. The 219 responders (response rate 59%) were 65% female. The most common treatment modalities were osteopathy and acupuncture. Patients rated telephone manner, practitioner appearance and explanatory literature as very important factors in shaping first impressions and influencing their confidence in the complementary practice. Patients' preferences for practitioner dress code were highly variable. Overall 65% preferred a white coat to casual dress. A multivariate analysis revealed that this preference was statistically significantly greater in two geographical regions and in patients over 70 years old. It was not influenced by gender or treatment modality. Further research is recommended in order to understand how the complex verbal and non-verbal communication implicit in the CAM setting may affect the therapeutic relationship.
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