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Volz S, Reinhard MA, Müller P. Is It the Judge, the Sender, or Just the Individual Message? Disentangling Person and Message Effects on Variation in Lie-Detection Judgments. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2023; 18:1368-1387. [PMID: 36791692 PMCID: PMC10623609 DOI: 10.1177/17456916221149943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Research suggests that people differ more in their ability to lie than in their ability to detect lies. However, because studies have not treated senders and messages as separate entities, it is unclear whether some senders are generally more transparent than others or whether individual messages differ in their transparency of veracity regardless of senders. Variance attributable to judges, senders, and messages was estimated simultaneously using multiple messages from each sender (totaling more than 45,000 judgments). The claim that the accuracy of a veracity judgment depends on the sender was not supported. Messages differed in their detectability (21% explained variance), but senders did not. Message veracity accounted for most message variation (16.8% of the total variance), but other idiosyncratic message characteristics also contributed significantly. Consistent with the notion that a (mis)match between sender demeanor and veracity determines accuracy, lie and truth detectability differed individually within senders. Judges primarily determined variance in lie-versus-truth classifications (12%) and in confidence (46%) but played no role regarding judgment accuracy (< 0.01%). This work has substantial implications for the design and direction of future research and underscores the importance of separating senders and messages when developing theories and testing derived hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Volz
- Department of Psychology, University of Kassel
| | | | - Patrick Müller
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Building Physics, and Business, University of Applied Sciences Stuttgart
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Ulatowska J, Cislak A. Power and lie detection. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269121. [PMID: 35679292 PMCID: PMC9182259 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Social power undermines focus on others and increases reliance on stereotype-consistent information. Thus, power may enhance focus on stereotypical cues to deception, thereby decreasing lie detection accuracy. In three studies, we tested whether having power affects lie detection accuracy. Participants (overall N = 502) were asked to identify truthful and lying candidates (N = 12) during mock job interviews. Study 1 was a field experiment involving employees who held managerial and non-managerial positions (N = 88). In the following laboratory experiments, we manipulated power and asked participants to imagine themselves as managers (Study 2, N = 214) or provided them with control over resources and the ability to reward others (Study 3, N = 200). In Studies 2 and 3, we additionally manipulated the method of lie detection (direct vs. indirect). In contrast to the original hypotheses, we found that power led to increased veracity assessment accuracy. Having power over others enhances the accuracy of one’s veracity assessment, although this increase is small and limited to lie detection (Study 1) or direct judgments (Studies 2 & 3). Together, power affects the processing of social information and what aspects of this information are taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Ulatowska
- Department of Psychology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Aleksandra Cislak
- Center for Research on Social Relations, Institute of Psychology, University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
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Scherr KC, Redlich AD, Kassin SM. Cumulative Disadvantage: A Psychological Framework for Understanding How Innocence Can Lead to Confession, Wrongful Conviction, and Beyond. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2020; 15:353-383. [PMID: 32027576 DOI: 10.1177/1745691619896608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
False confessions are a contributing factor in almost 30% of DNA exonerations in the United States. Similar problems have been documented all over the world. We present a novel framework to highlight the processes through which innocent people, once misidentified as suspects, experience cumulative disadvantages that culminate in pernicious consequences. The cumulative-disadvantage framework details how the innocent suspect's naivete and the interrogator's presumption of guilt trigger a process that can lead to false confession, the aftereffects of which spread to corrupt evidence gathering, bias forensic analysis, and virtually ensure wrongful convictions at trial or through pressured false guilty pleas. The framework integrates nascent research underscoring the enduring effects of the accumulated disadvantages postconviction and even after exoneration. We synthesize findings from psychological science, corroborating naturalistic evidence, and relevant legal precedents to explain how an innocent suspect's disadvantages can accumulate through the actions of law enforcement, forensic examiners, prosecutors, defense attorneys, judges, juries, and appeals courts. We conclude with prescribed research directions that can lead to empirically driven reforms to address the gestalt of the multistage process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle C Scherr
- Department of Psychology, Central Michigan University
| | | | - Saul M Kassin
- Department of Psychology, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York
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Masip J, Martínez C, Blandón-Gitlin I, Sánchez N, Herrero C, Ibabe I. Learning to Detect Deception from Evasive Answers and Inconsistencies across Repeated Interviews: A Study with Lay Respondents and Police Officers. Front Psychol 2018; 8:2207. [PMID: 29354078 PMCID: PMC5758596 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research has shown that inconsistencies across repeated interviews do not indicate deception because liars deliberately tend to repeat the same story. However, when a strategic interview approach that makes it difficult for liars to use the repeat strategy is used, both consistency and evasive answers differ significantly between truth tellers and liars, and statistical software (binary logistic regression analyses) can reach high classification rates (Masip et al., 2016b). Yet, if the interview procedure is to be used in applied settings the decision process will be made by humans, not statistical software. To address this issue, in the current study, 475 college students (Experiment 1) and 142 police officers (Experiment 2) were instructed to code and use consistency, evasive answers, or a combination or both before judging the veracity of Masip et al.'s (2016b) interview transcripts. Accuracy rates were high (60% to over 90%). Evasive answers yielded higher rates than consistency, and the combination of both these cues produced the highest accuracy rates in identifying both truthful and deceptive statements. Uninstructed participants performed fairly well (around 75% accuracy), apparently because they spontaneously used consistency and evasive answers. The pattern of results was the same among students, all officers, and veteran officers only, and shows that inconsistencies between interviews and evasive answers reveal deception when a strategic interview approach that hinders the repeat strategy is used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Masip
- Department of Social Psychology and Anthropology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Carmen Martínez
- Department of Social Psychology and Anthropology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Iris Blandón-Gitlin
- Department of Psychology, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, United States
| | - Nuria Sánchez
- Department of Social Psychology and Anthropology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Carmen Herrero
- Department of Social Psychology and Anthropology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Izaskun Ibabe
- Department of Social Psychology and Methodology of the Behavioral Sciences, University of the Basque Country, San Sebastián, Spain
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Wang J, Li Y, Rao HR. Coping Responses in Phishing Detection: An Investigation of Antecedents and Consequences. INFORMATION SYSTEMS RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1287/isre.2016.0680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingguo Wang
- Information Systems and Operations Management, College of Business, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Management Information Systems, College of Business and Management, University of Illinois at Springfield, Springfield, Illinois 62703
| | - H. Raghav Rao
- Department of Information Systems and Cyber Security, College of Business, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249; and Department of Computer Science, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249
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Bogaard G, Meijer EH, Vrij A, Merckelbach H. Strong, but Wrong: Lay People's and Police Officers' Beliefs about Verbal and Nonverbal Cues to Deception. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156615. [PMID: 27258014 PMCID: PMC4892574 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the beliefs of students and police officers about cues to deception. A total of 95 police officers and 104 undergraduate students filled out a questionnaire addressing beliefs about cues to deception. Twenty-eight verbal cues were included in the questionnaire, all extracted from verbal credibility assessment tools (i.e., CBCA, RM, and SCAN). We investigated to what extent beliefs about nonverbal and verbal cues of deception differed between lay people (students) and police officers, and whether these beliefs were in agreement with objective cues known from research. Both students and police officers believed the usual stereotypical, but non-diagnostic (nonverbal) cues such as gaze aversion and increased movement to be indicative of deception. Yet, participants were less inclined to overestimate the relationship between verbal cues and deception and their beliefs fitted better with what we know from research. The implications of these findings for practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glynis Bogaard
- Maastricht University, Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Section Forensic Psychology, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Ewout H. Meijer
- Maastricht University, Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Section Forensic Psychology, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Aldert Vrij
- University of Portsmouth, Department of Psychology, Portsmouth, The United Kingdom
| | - Harald Merckelbach
- Maastricht University, Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Section Forensic Psychology, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Nahari G, Vrij A. Systematic errors (biases) in applying verbal lie detection tools: richness in detail as a test case. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/23744006.2016.1158509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Koller CI, Wetter OE, Hofer F. ‘Who's the Thief?’ The Influence of Knowledge and Experience on Early Detection of Criminal Intentions. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Ines Koller
- Department of Psychology, Cognitive Psychology; University of Zurich; Binzmühlestrasse 14/22 8050 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Olive Emil Wetter
- Zurich Airport Police, Research and Development; Kantonspolizei Zürich; 8058 Zurich-Airport Switzerland
- Department of Psychology, Social and Business Psychology; University of Zurich; Binzmühlestrasse 14/22 8050 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Franziska Hofer
- Department of Psychology, Cognitive Psychology; University of Zurich; Binzmühlestrasse 14/22 8050 Zurich Switzerland
- Zurich Airport Police, Research and Development; Kantonspolizei Zürich; 8058 Zurich-Airport Switzerland
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Schindler S, Reinhard MA. Increasing skepticism toward potential liars: effects of existential threat on veracity judgments and the moderating role of honesty norm activation. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1312. [PMID: 26388815 PMCID: PMC4555659 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
With the present research, we investigated effects of existential threat on veracity judgments. According to several meta-analyses, people judge potentially deceptive messages of other people as true rather than as false (so-called truth bias). This judgmental bias has been shown to depend on how people weigh the error of judging a true message as a lie (error 1) and the error of judging a lie as a true message (error 2). The weight of these errors has been further shown to be affected by situational variables. Given that research on terror management theory has found evidence that mortality salience (MS) increases the sensitivity toward the compliance of cultural norms, especially when they are of focal attention, we assumed that when the honesty norm is activated, MS affects judgmental error weighing and, consequently, judgmental biases. Specifically, activating the norm of honesty should decrease the weight of error 1 (the error of judging a true message as a lie) and increase the weight of error 2 (the error of judging a lie as a true message) when mortality is salient. In a first study, we found initial evidence for this assumption. Furthermore, the change in error weighing should reduce the truth bias, automatically resulting in better detection accuracy of actual lies and worse accuracy of actual true statements. In two further studies, we manipulated MS and honesty norm activation before participants judged several videos containing actual truths or lies. Results revealed evidence for our prediction. Moreover, in Study 3, the truth bias was increased after MS when group solidarity was previously emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Schindler
- Department of Psychology, University of Kassel Kassel, Germany
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Masip J, Alonso H, Garrido E, Herrero C. Training to detect what? The biasing effects of training on veracity judgments. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.1535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Masip J, Garrido E, Herrero C. Heuristic versus systematic processing of information in detecting deception: questioning the truth bias. Psychol Rep 2009; 105:11-36. [PMID: 19810430 DOI: 10.2466/pr0.105.1.11-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Research on nonverbal detection of deception has normally been conducted by asking observers to judge the veracity of a number of videotaped communications. These video clips have typically been very short. Observers have a tendency to judge most of these statements as truthful. An experiment was conducted in which 52 participants (44 women, 8 men; M age = 22.2 yr., SD = 2.2) who were taking a psychology and law course were requested to make judgments of credibility at different points of the senders' statements. A strong truth bias was apparent when judgments were made at the beginning of the statements, suggesting that when exposed to brief communications, the observers make heuristic judgments. Over time, a decrease in the truth bias and an increase in overall accuracy were found, suggesting that later judgments were increasingly based on systematic information processing. These results suggest that the truth bias that has been found in previous deception research may be a result of having used very brief and uninformative behavioral samples as stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Masip
- Department of Social Psychology and Anthropology, University of Salamanca, Facultad de Psicología, Salamanca, Spain.
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Kassin SM, Meissner CA, Norwick RJ. "I'd know a false confession if I saw one": a comparative study of college students and police investigators. LAW AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2005; 29:211-27. [PMID: 15912725 DOI: 10.1007/s10979-005-2416-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
College students and police investigators watched or listened to 10 prison inmates confessing to crimes. Half the confessions were true accounts; half were false--concocted for the study. Consistent with much recent research, students were generally more accurate than police, and accuracy rates were higher among those presented with audiotaped than videotaped confessions. In addition, investigators were significantly more confident in their judgments and also prone to judge confessors guilty. To determine if police accuracy would increase if this guilty response bias were neutralized, participants in a second experiment were specifically informed that half the confessions were true and half were false. This manipulation eliminated the investigator response bias, but it did not increase accuracy or lower confidence. These findings are discussed for what they imply about the post-interrogation risks to innocent suspects who confess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saul M Kassin
- Department of Psychology, Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts 01267, USA.
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