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Inamdar S, Cote GA, Yadav D. Endotherapy for Pancreas Divisum. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 2023; 33:789-805. [PMID: 37709411 DOI: 10.1016/j.giec.2023.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Pancreas divisum (PD) is a common anatomic variant of the pancreatic duct. Causal association between PD and pancreatitis has been debated for many years. Minor papilla sphincterotomy (miES) is offered in clinical practice to patients with idiopathic acute recurrent pancreatitis (iRAP) and PD. However, available data originate mainly from observational studies with many limitations. An ongoing international, multicenter, sham-controlled trial is evaluating the efficacy of miES in iRAP and PD. Endoscopic therapy for pain relief has limited to no benefit in patients with chronic abdominal pain or chronic pancreatitis who have PD and is not recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumant Inamdar
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Shorey Building, 8th Floor, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Gregory A Cote
- Division of Gastroenterology, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Mail Code L461, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Dhiraj Yadav
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburg Medical Center, 200 Lothrop Street, M2, C-wing, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Fang J, Wang SL, Zhao SB, Hu LH, Yao J, Shen Z, Gu L, Xia T, Cai Q, Li ZS, Bai Y. Impact of intraduodenal acetic acid infusion on pancreatic duct cannulation during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: A double-blind, randomized controlled trial. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 33:1804-1810. [PMID: 29633339 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.14148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is associated with risk of complications. Methods to facilitate ductal cannulation may reduce complications. Intraduodenal acid infusion is a physiological approach to stimulate secretin release in human body and may facilitate cannulation. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of intraduodenal acid infusion on pancreatic duct cannulation during ERCP. METHODS It was a single center, double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Consecutive patients undergoing first ERCP for pancreatic diseases were randomized toreceive 50 mL acetic acid intraduodenal infusion at ERCP (acetic acid group) or 50 mL saline (control group). The primary outcome, difficult cannulation rate (cannulation time >5 min), in the two groups was compared. RESULTS Two hundred ten patients were included in the final analysis (105 in each group). The difficult cannulation rate were 39.1% in the control group and 20.9% in the acetic acid group, and the difference was statistically significant (P = 0.004). The overall successful deep cannulation rate was 89.5% and 85.7%, respectively (P = 0.402). The cannulation time was remarkably shortened (182 vs 286 s, P = 0.018), and the cannulation attempts were significantly decreased (3.4 vs 4.4, P = 0.008). The fluoroscopy time was also significantly reduced (60 vs 86 s, P = 0.028). The incidence of post-ERCP pancreatitis and hyperamylasemia was comparable (7.6% vs 10.5% and 10.5% vs 19.1%, P > 0.05). CONCLUSION Intraduodenal acetic acid infusion can significantly decrease difficult pancreatic cannulation rate, facilitate pancreatic duct cannulation, and reduce radiation exposure (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02800772).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Fang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University/Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Shu-Ling Wang
- Digestive Endoscopy Center, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University/Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng-Bing Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University/Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang-Hao Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University/Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Yao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhen Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University/Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lun Gu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University/Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian Xia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University/Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Cai
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Zhao-Shen Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University/Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Digestive Endoscopy Center, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University/Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China.,National Clinical Research Center of Digestive Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Bai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University/Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Digestive Endoscopy Center, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University/Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China.,National Clinical Research Center of Digestive Diseases, Shanghai, China
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Donatelli G, Dumont JL, Dritsas S, Cereatti F, Meduri B. Think opposite: biliary guidewire-assisted pancreatic cannulation in chronic pancreatitis for transpapillary pseudocyst drainage. VideoGIE 2016; 1:22-24. [PMID: 29905211 PMCID: PMC5989291 DOI: 10.1016/j.vgie.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gianfranco Donatelli
- Unité d'Endoscopie Interventionnelle, Ramsay Générale de Santé, Hôpital Privé des Peupliers, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Loup Dumont
- Unité d'Endoscopie Interventionnelle, Ramsay Générale de Santé, Hôpital Privé des Peupliers, Paris, France
| | - Stavros Dritsas
- Service de Gastroenterologie, Hôpital René Dubos, Pontoise, France
| | - Fabrizio Cereatti
- Digestive Endoscopy and Gastroenterology Unit, A.O. Istituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Cremona, Italy
| | - Bruno Meduri
- Unité d'Endoscopie Interventionnelle, Ramsay Générale de Santé, Hôpital Privé des Peupliers, Paris, France
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Somani P, Navaneethan U. Role of ERCP in Patients With Idiopathic Recurrent Acute Pancreatitis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 14:327-39. [PMID: 27371265 DOI: 10.1007/s11938-016-0096-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Recurrent acute pancreatitis (RAP) is defined based on the occurrence of two or more episodes of acute pancreatitis. RAP is differentiated from chronic pancreatitis based on the presence of a normal morphological appearance of the pancreas between episodes. RAP can be due to a variety of etiologies including common bile duct stones or sludge, sphincter of Oddi dysfunction (SOD), pancreas divisum (PD), anomalous pancreaticobiliary junction, genetic mutations, and alcohol related. In approximately 30 % of patients, the etiology of RAP is unclear and the term "idiopathic" is used. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) can be utilized in both the diagnosis and the initial management of RAP, but it has known limitations and risks. Since gallbladder sludge and SOD account for most cases with RAP, cholecystectomy and, eventually, endoscopic biliary and/or pancreatic sphincterotomy are performed as a part of management. In patients with PD-associated RAP, data from uncontrolled and primarily retrospective studies point toward a benefit from minor papillary endoscopic intervention. However, given the lack of quality data from prospective randomized controlled trials (RCTs), endoscopic management in such patients remains an individualized decision, and RCTs are needed to ascertain its true long-term benefit. Future studies to investigate the role of endoscopic therapy in preventing progression to chronic pancreatitis are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyush Somani
- Center for Interventional Endoscopy, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Florida Hospital, 601 E Rollins Street, Orlando, FL, 32803, USA
| | - Udayakumar Navaneethan
- Center for Interventional Endoscopy, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Florida Hospital, 601 E Rollins Street, Orlando, FL, 32803, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the additional value of secretin-enhanced MRCP (SMRCP) over conventional MRCP in diagnosing divisum. METHODS Retrospective HIPAA-compliant and IRB-approved review found 140 patients with SMRCP and ERCP correlation within 6 months of each other. All studies were anonymized and the SMRCP images (SMRCP image set) were separated from 2D and 3D MRCP and axial and coronal T2-weighted images (conventional MRI image set). Each image set on each patient was assigned different and randomized case numbers. Two reviewers (R1 and R2) independently reviewed the image sets for divisum vs. no divisum, complete divisum vs. incomplete divisum, and the certainty of diagnosis (1 = definitely certain, 2 = moderately certain, and 3 = unsure). ERCP findings were taken as gold standard. RESULTS There was no difference in age and gender between the divisum (n = 97, with 13 incomplete divisum) and no divisum (n = 43) groups. In diagnosing divisum anatomy, the sensitivity was higher for SMRCP compared to conventional MRI for R1 (84.5 vs. 72.2, p = 0.02) but not R2 (89.7 vs. 84.4, p = 0.25). The specificity was higher in SMRCP image set compared to conventional MRI (R1: 88.1 vs. 76.2, p = 0.01; R2: 81.4 vs. 65.1, p < 0.001). The mean area under ROC curve was higher for SMRCP image set (R1: 0.86 vs. 0.74, p = 0.01; R2: 0.87 vs. 0.74, p = 0.01). The certainty of diagnosis was higher in SMRCP image set compared to conventional MRI (p = 0.02 for both reviewers). SMRCP was not found to be superior in distinguishing incomplete from complete divisum. The main reasons for erroneous SMRCP diagnosis were the presence of an ansa loop in the main duct and ductal strictures due to chronic pancreatitis. CONCLUSION Even though the reviewers had more sequences (axial and coronal) to evaluate in the non-secretin image set, there was some improvement in diagnosing divisum with SMRCP.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to determine if intravenous synthetic human secretin (sHS) improves refractory type B pain in patients with chronic pancreatitis (CP). METHODS In a phase II dose escalation trial, patients with CP received sHS of varying doses (0.05-0.8 µg/kg) for 3 days. The primary outcomes were changes in the visual analogue pain score (VAS), short form (SF)-36, and opiate use from baseline at 30 days after infusion. RESULTS Twelve patients (mean age, 42 years, 6 men) were included. Mean pain scores (VAS) were 5.79, 4.80, 4.72, and 4.90, at baseline, day 4, day 10, and day 30, respectively (P = 0.25, 0.19, and 0.27 when compared with baseline, respectively). Daily opiate use (oral morphine equivalents) decreased throughout the study from a baseline value of 136 to 111 mg on day 4 (P = 0.52) and to 104 mg on day 30 (P = 0.34). In subgroup analysis, women had the most improvement (VAS baseline, 5.42 vs. VAS day 30, 3.67; P = 0.07; baseline morphine equivalents, 107 mg vs. 84 mg; P = 0.21). CONCLUSIONS In patients, especially women, with refractory type B pain from CP, intravenous sHS administration demonstrated a trend toward improvement in self-reported pain and opiate use at 30 days after infusion, although statistical significance was not achieved (clinicaltrials.gov registration number NCT01265875).
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Buxbaum J. The role of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in patients with pancreatic disease. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2012; 41:23-45. [PMID: 22341248 DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2011.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Given the significant risk of pancreatitis and the advent of high-fidelity diagnostic techniques, ERCP is now reserved as a therapeutic procedure for those with pancreatic disease. Early ERCP benefits those with gallstone pancreatitis who present with or develop cholangitis or biliary obstruction. Among those with idiopathic pancreatitis, ERCP may be used to confirm and treat SOD, microlithiasis, and structural anomalies, including pancreas divisum. Pancreatic endotherapy is a consideration to decrease pain in those with pancreatic duct obstruction, although surgical decompression may be more durable, particularly in those with severe disease. Pancreatic duct leaks may respond to endoscopic drainage, but optimal therapy is achieved if a bridging stent can be placed. Finally, using a wire-guided technique and pancreatic duct stents in high-risk patients, particularly in cases of suspected SOD, may minimize the risk of post-ERCP pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Buxbaum
- Los Angeles County Hospital, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, The University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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Abstract
Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a debilitating disease that can result in chronic abdominal pain, malnutrition, and other related complications. The main aims of treatment are to control symptoms, prevent disease progression, and correct any complications. A multidisciplinary approach involving medical, endoscopic, and surgical therapy is important. Endoscopic therapy plays a specific role in carefully selected patients as primary interventional therapy when medical measures fail or in patients who are not suitable for surgery. Endoscopic therapy is also used as a bridge to surgery or as a means to assess the potential response to pancreatic surgery. This review addresses the role of endoscopic therapy in relief of obstruction of the pancreatic duct (PD) and bile du ct, closure of PD leaks, and drainage of pseudocysts in CP. The role of endoscopic ultrasound-guided celiac plexus block for pain in chronic pancreatitis is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Meng Yew Tan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.
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Intraduodenal hydrochloric acid infusion for facilitation of cannulation of the dorsal pancreatic duct at ERCP in patients with pancreas divisum: a preliminary study. Am J Gastroenterol 2010; 105:1450-1. [PMID: 20523324 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2010.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Barkay O, Sherman S, McHenry L, Yoo BM, Fogel EL, Watkins JL, DeWitt J, Al-Haddad MA, Lehman GA. Therapeutic EUS-assisted endoscopic retrograde pancreatography after failed pancreatic duct cannulation at ERCP. Gastrointest Endosc 2010; 71:1166-73. [PMID: 20303489 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2009.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannulation of the pancreatic duct (PD) during endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (ERP) can fail even in experienced hands. A technique for therapeutic EUS-assisted rendezvous ERP has been described in a few case reports. OBJECTIVE To investigate the efficacy and safety of therapeutic EUS-assisted ERP. DESIGN Retrospective study. SETTING Tertiary-care medical center. PATIENTS This study involved 21 patients after failed ERP. INTERVENTION EUS-guided transgastric pancreatography by using a mixture of contrast media and methylene blue was attempted. If that was successful, ERP was attempted by using methylene blue flow as an indicator of the PD orifice or by a rendezvous technique using a wire passed into the PD and the small bowel through the EUS needle. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS Technical success rate and complications. RESULTS The PD was of a normal diameter in 7 patients and was dilated in 14 patients. EUS-guided pancreatography was successfully done in all patients with a dilated PD but only in 4 of 7 patients (57%) with normal-diameter PDs. In 6 patients, ERP was successfully performed by using methylene blue flow as an indicator of the PD orifice. The rendezvous technique was successful in 4 of 12 cases (33%), and reasons for failure were either a tight stricture (n = 5) or a suboptimal angle of EUS needle insertion (n = 3). Overall, EUS-assisted ERP was successful in 10 of 21 patients (48%). Complications included peripancreatic abscess in 1 patient and mild pancreatitis in 1 patient. LIMITATIONS Retrospective study, small sample size. CONCLUSION EUS-assisted ERP is a complex procedure that can provide access to the PD in selected cases after failed standard ERP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Barkay
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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Guirat A, Abid M, Amar MB, Rebai W, Beyrouti MI. Pancréas divisum. Presse Med 2009; 38:1353-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2008.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2008] [Revised: 05/09/2008] [Accepted: 05/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Barkay O, Fogel EL, Watkins JL, McHenry L, Lehman GA, Sherman S. Endoscopic retrograde pancreatography. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009; 7:931-43. [PMID: 19523537 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2009.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2009] [Revised: 05/29/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Barkay
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA.
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Dumont F, Yzet T, Vibert E, Poirier J, Bartoli E, Delcenserie R, Manaouil D, Dupas JL, Bounicaud D, Regimbeau JM. [Pancreas divisum and the dominant dorsal duct syndrome]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 130:5-14. [PMID: 15664370 DOI: 10.1016/j.anchir.2004.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Pancreas divisum, the most frequent congenital malformation of the pancreas, results from the absence of embryologic fusion of the dorsal and ventral pancreatic ducts which keep an autonomy of drainage. The dorsal pancreatic duct is dominant and drains the major part of the pancreatic fluid through a non adapted accessory papilla. The high prevalence of pancreas divisum in patients presenting recurrent acute pancreatitis, the presence of obstructive pancreatitis electively located on the dorsal pancreatic duct and the results of the treatments targeted on the accessory papilla are the arguments pleading for the pathogenic character of the pancreas divisum. Currently, the diagnosis of pancreas divisum is based on magnetic resonance imaging. For symptomatic patients (after exclusion of patients with intestinal functional disorders), results of endoscopic sphincterotomy or surgical sphincteroplasty are favourable in 75% of patients with recurrent acute pancreatitis. They are worse in patients with chronic pain. Surgical sphincteroplasty must be discussed in the same manner as the endoscopic treatment for sometimes avoiding multiplication of the procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Dumont
- Fédération médicochirurgicale d'hépatogastroentérologie, CHU d'Amiens Nord, 80054 Amiens, France
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin L Freeman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hennepin County Medical Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55415, USA
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Park SH, de Bellis M, McHenry L, Fogel EL, Lazzell L, Bucksot L, Sherman S, Lehman GA. Use of methylene blue to identify the minor papilla or its orifice in patients with pancreas divisum. Gastrointest Endosc 2003; 57:358-63. [PMID: 12612516 DOI: 10.1067/mge.2003.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In some patients with pancreas divisum, minor papilla cannulation is difficult because of uncertain identification of the papilla or its orifice, even after pancreatic secretory stimulation with secretin or cholecystokinin agonist. METHODS Two techniques with methylene blue were used to identify the minor papilla and its orifice more clearly in a series of patients: spraying methylene blue over duodenal mucosa in the region suspected to contain the minor papilla with/without secretin or cholecystokinin agonist administration, and injection of contrast medium containing methylene blue into the ventral pancreatic duct by means of the major papilla in cases of incomplete pancreas divisum. Results were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS From January 2001 to May 2002, minor papilla cannulation with conventional methods initially failed in 38 of 305 patients with pancreas divisum because of an inconspicuous minor papilla orifice. Methylene blue was used to identity the minor papilla orifice in 14 of 38 patients (spraying, 13; injection, 1). Minor papilla cannulation was successful in 12 of 14 (86%) patients (spraying 11, injection 1). Mild pancreatitis developed in 1 patient. CONCLUSIONS Methylene blue spraying or injection appears to be a helpful technique for identification of the inconspicuous minor papilla orifice in patients with pancreas divisum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Heum Park
- Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
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