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Genome Update for Pseudomonas fluorescens Isolate SBW25. Microbiol Resour Announc 2023; 12:e0063722. [PMID: 36651771 PMCID: PMC9933645 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00637-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a genome update for Pseudomonas fluorescens isolate SBW25. The updated genome assembly, which was derived from the original isolate, is based on PacBio long-read sequence data. It shows three minor differences, compared with the previously published genome sequence. Original annotations were merged with recent automated annotations to preserve information.
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Wolfgang A, Temme N, Tilcher R, Berg G. Understanding the sugar beet holobiont for sustainable agriculture. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1151052. [PMID: 37138624 PMCID: PMC10149816 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1151052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of crop-associated microbiomes for the health and field performance of plants has been demonstrated in the last decades. Sugar beet is the most important source of sucrose in temperate climates, and-as a root crop-yield heavily depends on genetics as well as on the soil and rhizosphere microbiomes. Bacteria, fungi, and archaea are found in all organs and life stages of the plant, and research on sugar beet microbiomes contributed to our understanding of the plant microbiome in general, especially of microbiome-based control strategies against phytopathogens. Attempts to make sugar beet cultivation more sustainable are increasing, raising the interest in biocontrol of plant pathogens and pests, biofertilization and -stimulation as well as microbiome-assisted breeding. This review first summarizes already achieved results on sugar beet-associated microbiomes and their unique traits, correlating to their physical, chemical, and biological peculiarities. Temporal and spatial microbiome dynamics during sugar beet ontogenesis are discussed, emphasizing the rhizosphere formation and highlighting knowledge gaps. Secondly, potential or already tested biocontrol agents and application strategies are discussed, providing an overview of how microbiome-based sugar beet farming could be performed in the future. Thus, this review is intended as a reference and baseline for further sugar beet-microbiome research, aiming to promote investigations in rhizosphere modulation-based biocontrol options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Wolfgang
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Nora Temme
- KWS SAAT SE & Co. KGaA, Einbeck, Germany
| | | | - Gabriele Berg
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
- Microbiome Biotechnology Department, Leibniz-Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB), Potsdam, Germany
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- *Correspondence: Gabriele Berg
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Dong Z, Li J, Wang S, Zhao J, Dong D, Shao T. Gamma-ray irradiation and microbiota transplantation to separate the effects of chemical and microbial diurnal variations on the fermentation characteristics and bacterial community of Napier grass silage. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:4322-4332. [PMID: 35044686 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the contributions of chemical and microbial diurnal variations in fermentation characteristics and bacterial community of Napier grass silage, gamma-ray irradiated Napier grass harvested at 07.00 h (AM), 12.00 h (M) and 17.00 h (PM) was inoculated with the microbiota derived from Napier grass harvested at AM, M and PM in a 3 (irradiated forage: AMG , MG and PMG ) × 3 (microbiota: AMM , MM and PMM ) design and then ensiled for 14 and 60 days. RESULTS Napier grass harvested at various times had different chemical compositions and epiphytic microbiota prior to ensiling. For silages inoculated with the same microbiota, the pH values, residual water soluble carbohydrates and dry matter contents increased, and lactic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, ethanol and volatile fatty acids contents decreased in PMG and MG silages compared to AMG silages. MM and PMM inoculum promoted lactic acid fermentation as indicated by higher lactic acid contents and lactic/acetic acid ratios in MM and PMM -inculated silages compared to those in AMM -inoculated silages after 60 days of ensiling. During ensiling, epiphytic microbiota affected the Chao1 index, operational taxonomic units (OTUs) number and Shannon index, as well as the abundances, of more than half of the top 10 abundant genera, whereas chemical composition did not affect any of the bacterial diversity and richness indices and only showed significant impacts on the abundances of two genera. CONCLUSION The results indicated that chemical diurnal variation exerted an influence mainly on the extent of fermentation, whereas microbial diurnal variation affected more the bacterial community and fermentation types during Napier grass ensiling. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Dong
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junfeng Li
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Siran Wang
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dong Dong
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Shao
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Moore-Colyer M, Longland A, Harris P, Zeef L, Crosthwaite S. Mapping the bacterial ecology on the phyllosphere of dry and post soaked grass hay for horses. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227151. [PMID: 31986161 PMCID: PMC6984722 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Soaking hay fodder to reduce dust and soluble carbohydrate (WSC) contents prior to feeding is common practice among horse owners. Soaking can increase bacteria load in hay but no information exists on how this process alters the bacteria profile, which could pose a health risk or digestive challenge, to horses by introducing foreign bacteria into the gastrointestinal tract and so altering the normal profile. The current objectives were to map the bacterial profile of 3 different hays and determine how soaking alters this with the aim of improving best practice when feeding stabled horses. A Perennial Rye grass hay and two meadow s hays were soaked for 0, 1.5, 9 or 16 hours. Pre and post treatment, hays were analysed for WSC and total aerobic bacteria (CFU/g), and differences in bacteria family profiles were determined using ANOVA with significance set at P<0.05. Bacteria were identified via genomic DNA extraction and 16S library preparation (V3 and V4 variable region of 16S rRNA) according to the Illumina protocol. Differences in family operational taxonomic units (OTUs) between individual dry hays and different soaking times were identified via paired t-tests on the DESeq2 normalised data and false discovery rates accounted for using Padj (P<0.05). Mean % WSC losses and actual g/kg lost on DM basis (+/- SE) increased with soaking time being 18% = 30 (10.7), 38% = 72 (43.7), and 42% = 80 (38.8) for 1.5, 9 and 16 hours soak respectively. No relationship existed between WSC leaching and bacteria growth or profile. Grass type influenced bacterial profiles and their responses to soaking, but no differences were seen in richness or Shannon diversity indices. PCA analyses showed clustering of bacteria between meadow hays which differed from the perennial rye grass hay and this difference increased post soaking. Soaking hay pre-feeding causes inconsistent WSC leaching, bacteria growth and alterations in bacterial profiles which are unpredictable but may decrease the hygienic quality of the fodder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriel Moore-Colyer
- School of Equine Management and Science, Royal Agricultural University, Cirencester, Gloucestershire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Annette Longland
- Equine and Livestock Nutrition Services, Tregaron, Ceredigion, Wales
| | - Patricia Harris
- Mars Horsecare United Kingdom LTD; Equine Studies Group, WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Leo Zeef
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, United Kingdom
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Microbial Life on Green Biomass and Their Use for Production of Platform Chemicals. MICROORGANISMS IN BIOREFINERIES 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-45209-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Scheublin TR, Leveau JHJ. Isolation of Arthrobacter species from the phyllosphere and demonstration of their epiphytic fitness. Microbiologyopen 2013; 2:205-13. [PMID: 23355506 PMCID: PMC3584225 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria of the genus Arthrobacter are common inhabitants of the soil environment, but can also be recovered from leaf surfaces (the phyllosphere). Using enrichment cultures on 4-chlorophenol, we succeeded in specifically isolating Arthrobacter bacteria from ground cover vegetation in an apple orchard. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the isolates were found to belong to at least three different species of Arthrobacter. Compared to the model bacterial epiphyte Pantoea agglomerans, the Arthrobacter isolates performed as well or even better in a standardized laboratory test of phyllosphere fitness. A similar performance was observed with the well-characterized soil isolate Arthrobacter chlorophenolicus A6. These findings suggest that the frequently reported presence of Arthrobacter strains on plant foliage can be explained by the capacity to multiply and persist in the phyllosphere environment. As bacteria from the genus Arthrobacter are known for their ability to degrade a wide variety of organic pollutants, their high phyllosphere competency marks them as a promising group for future studies on phyllosphere-based bioremediation, for example, as foliar bioaugmentation on ground cover or buffer-zone vegetation to prevent pesticides from reaching soil, surface-, or groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja R Scheublin
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Droevendaalsesteeg 10, Wageningen, 6708 PB, The Netherlands
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Nix SS, Burpee LL, Jackson KL, Buck JW. Short-term temporal dynamics of yeast abundance on the tall fescue phylloplane. Can J Microbiol 2008; 54:299-304. [DOI: 10.1139/w08-012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Six replicate trials were conducted to determine the short-term temporal dynamics and the effects of foliar applications of nutrients on the phylloplane yeast community of tall fescue ( Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). In each trial, 2% sucrose + 0.5% yeast extract solution or sterile deionized water (control) was applied to the experiment plots. Twelve hours post-treatment (at 0600 hours), leaf samples were collected and yeast colony-forming units (cfu) were enumerated by dilution plating. This process was repeated at 1200, 1800, and 2400 hours in each trial. Significant differences were observed between the number of yeast cfu and the time at which the samples were collected. On average, the number of yeast cfu recovered was significantly less at 1800 hours and significantly greatest at 2400 hours when compared with all other sampling times. Averaged over all time intervals, we observed a trend of increased yeast abundance in turf treated with the nutrient solution compared with control treatments. In a separate investigation, atmospheric yeast abundance above the canopy of tall fescue was assessed in the morning (0900) and in the afternoon (1500) using a Thermo Andersen single stage viable particle sampler. In 5 of the 6 trials of this experiment, atmospheric yeast abundance was significantly greater in the morning than in the afternoon. Results suggest the following colonization model: phylloplane yeasts on tall fescue reproduce during the late evening and early morning, stabilize during the late morning and early afternoon through exchange of immigrants and emigrants, and decline during the late afternoon and (or) early evening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon S. Nix
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA 30223-1797, USA
| | - Leon L. Burpee
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA 30223-1797, USA
| | - Kimberly L. Jackson
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA 30223-1797, USA
| | - James W. Buck
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA 30223-1797, USA
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Gunasekera TS, Paul ND. Ecological impact of solar ultraviolet-B (UV-B: 320?290�nm) radiation on Corynebacterium aquaticum and Xanthomonas sp. colonization on tea phyllosphere in relation to blister blight disease incidence in the field. Lett Appl Microbiol 2007; 44:513-9. [PMID: 17451518 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2006.02102.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To assess the effects of solar UV-B radiation on phyllosphere bacteria of tea leaves in relation to blister blight disease in the field. METHODS AND RESULTS The effects of UV-B radiation on the phyllosphere microbiology of tea (Camellia sinensis) were studied in contrasting wet and dry seasons at a tropical site. Wavelength-selective filters were used to separate the effects of UV-B from those of other factors. Bacterial populations were quantified in relation to the incidence of blister blight disease. Attenuation of UV-B increased the survival of Xanthomonas sp. when populations were not water limited, and increased the incidence of blister blight, but had no effect on Corynebacterium aquaticum. CONCLUSIONS The effects of solar UV-B on phyllosphere bacteria were substantial but depended on both species and interactions with other environmental variables. Xanthomonas sp. was more sensitive to UV-B than C. aquaticum, but this did not result in differences in population density under high radiation conditions (dry season), but only in the wet season when other factors were not limiting. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The role of UV-B on leaf surface microbiology in the tropics is marked but depends on other conditions, and the contrasting UV-B responses of different organisms can be masked by other limiting factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Gunasekera
- Division of Biological Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK.
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Ude S, Bailey MJ, Huang WE, Spiers AJ. The environmental plasmid pQBR103 alters the single-cell Raman spectral profile of Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2007; 53:494-7. [PMID: 17431708 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-006-9191-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2006] [Revised: 11/08/2006] [Accepted: 11/26/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Although plasmids are ubiquitous amongst phytosphere pseudomonads, the advantage and costs of plasmids for the bacterial host remain unclear. The application of single-cell Raman spectral analysis to plasmid-bacterial systems under different environmental conditions offers a new means of determining the impact of plasmids on host cell physiology, metabolic status, and response to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Ude
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
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Huang WE, Bailey MJ, Thompson IP, Whiteley AS, Spiers AJ. Single-cell Raman spectral profiles of Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25 reflects in vitro and in planta metabolic history. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2007; 53:414-25. [PMID: 17334857 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-006-9138-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2006] [Accepted: 07/10/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Single-cell Raman microspectroscopy has the potential to report on the whole-cell chemical composition of bacteria, reflecting metabolic status as well as growth history. This potential has been demonstrated through the discriminant functional analysis of Raman spectral profiles (RSP) obtained from the soil and plant-associated bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25, grown in vitro using defined media, and in planta using 3-month-old sugar beets (Beta vulgaris var. Roberta). SBW25 in vitro RSP data showed significant variation between those cells grown on different amino acids, sugars, TCA cycle intermediates, rich King's B, and culture media derived from the sugar beet phytosphere. Raman analysis was also able to follow the transition of SBW25 starved of carbon over a period of days, and SBW25 in planta RSP data also showed variation with significant differences between bacteria recovered from soil and the rhizosphere. SBW25 whole-cell chemical composition, and therefore growth and metabolic history, could be interpreted by coanalyzing in vitro and in planta RSP data. SBW25 recovered from the phytosphere was found to be more similar to SBW25 grown in vitro on Fru or Asp, rather than on Glc or Arg, and quite dissimilar to that resulting from carbon starvation. This suggests that SBW25 growth in the phytosphere is generally neither carbon-catabolite-repressed nor carbon-limited. These findings demonstrate that the analysis of single-cell RSP can differentiate between isogenic populations of bacteria with different metabolic histories or after recovery from different parts of their natural environment. In addition, Raman analysis is also capable of providing biologically relevant biochemical inferences, which might then be tested to uncover the mechanistic basis (biochemical-metabolic-genetic) differentiating bacteria growing in complex environments and exposed to different conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei E Huang
- Molecular Microbiology Ecology and Environmental Biotechnology Sections, CEH Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3SR, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven E Lindow
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720, USA.
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Marcell LM, Beattie GA. Effect of leaf surface waxes on leaf colonization by Pantoea agglomerans and Clavibacter michiganensis. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2002; 15:1236-44. [PMID: 12481996 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi.2002.15.12.1236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the influence of leaf cuticular waxes on bacterial colonization of leaves, bacterial colonization patterns were examined on four glossy maize (Zea mays L.) mutants that were altered in their cuticular wax biosynthesis. Mutant gl3 was indistinguishable from the wild-type maize in its ability to foster colonization by the two bacterial species, Pantoea agglomerans and Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis. In contrast, the other three mutants supported the development of populations that significantly differed in size from those on the wild type. Mutant gl5 gl20 supported smaller populations of P. agglomerans, but not C. michiganensis, while mutant gl1 supported larger populations of C. michiganensis but not P. agglomerans. Mutant gl4 supported larger populations of both bacterial species. The exceptional ability of mutant gl4 to support bacterial colonization was hypothesized to result from the lower density of the crystalline waxes on gl4 than on the wild type, because a reduced crystal density could promote capillary water movement and water trapping among the wax crystals. This hypothesis was supported by the demonstration that the mechanical introduction of gaps among the wax crystals of the wild-type leaves resulted in the establishment of larger P. agglomerans populations on the altered leaves. These results provide the first direct evidence that leaf surface waxes affect bacterial leaf colonization at various stages of colonization and in a bacterial species-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise M Marcell
- Iowa State University, Department of Plant Pathology, Ames 50011-3211, USA
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Jurkevitch EJ, Shapira G. Structure and Colonization Dynamics of Epiphytic Bacterial Communities and of Selected Component Strains on Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) Leaves. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2000; 40:300-308. [PMID: 12035088 DOI: 10.1007/s002480000023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/1999] [Accepted: 01/06/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The sizes and compositions of bacterial populations found on leaves of greenhouse and field grown tomato plants were studied by dilution plating, fatty acid methyl ester analysis (FAME), and BIOLOG plates of isolates in pure cultures. In the greenhouse, overhead-irrigated plants sustained higher microbial populations (up to 105 cfu g-1) than soil-irrigated plants (103 cfu g-1). Strains isolated from overhead-irrigated plants grown in a vegetable garden (n = 216) and from greenhouse-grown plants (n = 114) were subjected to FAME analysis. Similarly, strains from soil-irrigated field-grown plants (n = 83) were identified using BIOLOG plates. In each case, populations were dominated by a few genera. When concentrated phyllosphere washes (CPW) were sprayed on greenhouse-grown, soil-irrigated plants, leaf bacterial populations of more than 105 CFU g-1 were sustained for 4 days; sterile buffer-sprayed leaves sustained less than 104 CFU g-1. No significant enrichment of any strain isolated from the sprayed leaves could be detected by FAME identification of randomly selected colonies. However, when recurring leaf saprophytic species (both Gram-positive and Gram-negative) isolated from these experiments and from plants grown outdoors were tested for epiphytic colonization under stressful conditions, all could still be detected at various levels up to 4 days after inoculation, indicating differential epiphytic fitness. The non-epiphytic bacteria Escherichia coli and Azospirillum brasilense disappeared from the leaf surface within the same experimental period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edouard J. Jurkevitch
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Quality Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O.B. 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Ellis RJ, Thompson IP, Bailey MJ. Temporal fluctuations in the pseudomonad population associated with sugar beet leaves. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 1999. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.1999.tb00589.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Bailey MJ, Lilley AK, Thompson IP, Rainey PB, Ellis RJ. Site directed chromosomal marking of a fluorescent pseudomonad isolated from the phytosphere of sugar beet; stability and potential for marker gene transfer. Mol Ecol 1995; 4:755-63. [PMID: 8564013 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.1995.tb00276.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A plasmid-free, non-pathogenic, ribosomal RNA group 1 fluorescent pseudomonad, Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25, was selected from the microflora of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) and modified to contain constitutively expressed marker genes. By site directed homologous recombination a KX cassette [kanamycin resistance (kanr) and catechol 2,3 dioxygenase (xylE)] and a ZY cassette [lactose utilization (lacZY, beta-galactosidase, lactose permease)] were introduced at least 1 Mbp apart on the 6.6 Mbp bacterial chromosome. Separate sites were selected to provide sensitive detection methods and allow assessments of marker gene stability of the genetically modified micro-organism (GMM), SBW25EeZY6KX, when it colonized the leaves and roots of sugar beet plants following seed inoculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Bailey
- Natural Environment Research Council, Institute of Virology and Environmental Microbiology, Oxford, UK
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Thompson IP, Ellis RJ, Bailey MJ. Autecology of a genetically modified fluorescent pseudomonad on sugar beet. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 1995. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.1995.tb00122.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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