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Drut A, Mkaouar H, Kriaa A, Mariaule V, Akermi N, Méric T, Sénécat O, Maguin E, Hernandez J, Rhimi M. Gut microbiota in cats with inflammatory bowel disease and low-grade intestinal T-cell lymphoma. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1346639. [PMID: 38812688 PMCID: PMC11133722 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1346639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
In cats and humans, several physiological and environmental factors have been shown to alter the gut microbiota of healthy individuals. Cats share several diseases with humans such as inflammatory bowel diseases and low-grade intestinal T-cell lymphoma. The physiopathology of these chronic enteropathies is poorly understood but may involve disequilibrium of the gut microbiota composition and disruption of normal microbiome activity profiles. These disorders are increasingly diagnosed in the feline species due to improved medicalization and easier access to endoscopy in veterinary practice. This review addresses the current data on the gut microbiota of cats in health and in chronic enteropathies. Such functional analysis will help the advancement of innovative diagnostic tools and targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Drut
- MIHA Team, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Oniris VetAgroBio Nantes, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Héla Mkaouar
- MIHA Team, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Aicha Kriaa
- MIHA Team, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Vincent Mariaule
- MIHA Team, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Nizar Akermi
- MIHA Team, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Tristan Méric
- MIHA Team, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Oniris VetAgroBio Nantes, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Odile Sénécat
- Oniris VetAgroBio Nantes, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Emmanuelle Maguin
- MIHA Team, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Juan Hernandez
- MIHA Team, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Oniris VetAgroBio Nantes, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Moez Rhimi
- MIHA Team, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Das TK, Kar P, Panchali T, Khatun A, Dutta A, Ghosh S, Chakrabarti S, Pradhan S, Mondal KC, Ghosh K. Anti-obesity potentiality of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum E2_MCCKT isolated from a fermented beverage, haria: a high fat diet-induced obese mice model study. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:168. [PMID: 38630156 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-03983-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Obesity is a growing epidemic worldwide. Several pharmacologic drugs are being used to treat obesity but these medicines exhibit side effects. To find out the alternatives of these drugs, we aimed to assess the probiotic properties and anti-obesity potentiality of a lactic acid bacterium E2_MCCKT, isolated from a traditional fermented rice beverage, haria. Based on the 16S rRNA sequencing, the bacterium was identified as Lactiplantibacillus plantarum E2_MCCKT. The bacterium exhibited in vitro probiotic activity in terms of high survivability in an acidic environment and 2% bile salt, moderate auto-aggregation, and hydrophobicity. Later, E2_MCCKT was applied to obese mice to prove its anti-obesity potentiality. Adult male mice (15.39 ± 0.19 g) were randomly divided into three groups (n = 5) according to the type of diet: normal diet (ND), high-fat diet (HFD), and HFD supplemented with E2_MCCKT (HFT). After four weeks of bacterial treatment on the obese mice, a significant reduction of body weight, triglyceride, and cholesterol levels, whereas, improvements in serum glucose levels were observed. The bacterial therapy led to mRNA up-regulation of lipolytic transcription factors such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α which may increase the expression of fatty acid oxidation-related genes such as acyl-CoA oxidase and carnitine palmitoyl-transferase-1. Concomitantly, both adipocytogenesis and fatty acid synthesis were arrested as reflected by the down-regulation of sterol-regulatory element-binding protein-1c, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, and fatty acid synthase genes. In protein expression study, E2_MCCKT significantly increased IL-10 expression while decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-1Ra and TNF-α) expression. In conclusion, the probiotic Lp. plantarum E2_MCCKT might have significant anti-obesity effects on mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tridip Kumar Das
- Department of Biological Sciences, Midnapore City College, Midnapore, 721129, West Bengal, India
- Biodiversity and Environmental Studies Research Center, Midnapore City College Affiliated to Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, India
| | - Priyanka Kar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Midnapore City College, Midnapore, 721129, West Bengal, India
- Biodiversity and Environmental Studies Research Center, Midnapore City College Affiliated to Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, India
| | - Titli Panchali
- Department of Biological Sciences, Midnapore City College, Midnapore, 721129, West Bengal, India
- Biodiversity and Environmental Studies Research Center, Midnapore City College Affiliated to Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, India
| | - Amina Khatun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Midnapore City College, Midnapore, 721129, West Bengal, India
- Biodiversity and Environmental Studies Research Center, Midnapore City College Affiliated to Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, India
| | - Ananya Dutta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Midnapore City College, Midnapore, 721129, West Bengal, India
- Biodiversity and Environmental Studies Research Center, Midnapore City College Affiliated to Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, India
| | - Smita Ghosh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Midnapore City College, Midnapore, 721129, West Bengal, India
- Biodiversity and Environmental Studies Research Center, Midnapore City College Affiliated to Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, India
| | - Sudipta Chakrabarti
- Department of Biological Sciences, Midnapore City College, Midnapore, 721129, West Bengal, India
| | - Shrabani Pradhan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Midnapore City College, Midnapore, 721129, West Bengal, India
| | - Keshab Chandra Mondal
- Department of Microbiology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, 721102, West Bengal, India
| | - Kuntal Ghosh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Midnapore City College, Midnapore, 721129, West Bengal, India.
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3
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Han B, Liang S, Sun J, Tao H, Wang Z, Liu B, Wang X, Liu J, Wang J. The Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum on the Fecal Microbiota, Short Chain Fatty Acids, Odorous Substances, and Blood Biochemical Indices of Cats. Microorganisms 2024; 12:91. [PMID: 38257918 PMCID: PMC10820841 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Lactobacilli have played an important role in the gut health of pets. The aim of this research was to study the effects of isolated Lactobacilli (named L11) on the immune, nutrient metabolism, and gut health of cats. Twelve healthy adult cats were randomly assigned into two groups, the control group (CONTROL, n = 6, without any probiotics product) and the treatment group (probiotics, n = 6, L11 109 CFU/kg feed), while using the same dry diet. On day 28, blood and fecal samples were collected, and the blood biochemical indices, fecal microbiota, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), immunological parameters, and odorous substances were separately tested. The triglyceride of the blood was decreased after using L11 (p < 0.05), which could probably alleviate the occurrence of cat obesity to some extent. The sIgA of the feces was increased by 30.1% (p < 0.05), which could enhance the cat's immunity. The abundance of Bifidobacteria was increased after using L11 (p < 0.05), and the indole and 3-methylindole of the feces were both reduced compared with the control group; 3-methylindole was especially reduced by 67.3% (p < 0.05), which showed that L11 could also improve the intestinal state of cats. Therefore, this research shows that L11 could be a good choice to improve the gut health and immune functions of cats, and it is probably related to the lipid mechanism of cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Han
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhong Guan Cun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China; (S.L.); (H.T.); (Z.W.)
| | - Shukun Liang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhong Guan Cun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China; (S.L.); (H.T.); (Z.W.)
- School of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jintao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhong Guan Cun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China; (S.L.); (H.T.); (Z.W.)
| | - Hui Tao
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhong Guan Cun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China; (S.L.); (H.T.); (Z.W.)
| | - Zhenlong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhong Guan Cun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China; (S.L.); (H.T.); (Z.W.)
| | - Baosheng Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Xiumin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhong Guan Cun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China; (S.L.); (H.T.); (Z.W.)
| | - Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhong Guan Cun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China; (S.L.); (H.T.); (Z.W.)
| | - Jinquan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhong Guan Cun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China; (S.L.); (H.T.); (Z.W.)
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Miller J, Żebrowska-Różańska P, Czajkowska A, Szponar B, Kumala-Ćwikła A, Chmielarz M, Łaczmański Ł. Faecal microbiota and fatty acids in feline chronic enteropathy. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:281. [PMID: 38124157 PMCID: PMC10731866 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03824-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Feline chronic enteropathy is a set of disorders defined as the presence of clinical signs of gastrointestinal disease for at least three weeks. The most common final diagnoses are inflammatory bowel disease and alimentary small cell lymphoma. The etiopathogenesis of these diseases is incompletely understood; however, it is hypothesised that they involve a combination of factors, including altered composition and/or functionality of the intestinal microbiome. An important factor in the interplay of the microbiome and host is the production of short- and branched-chain fatty acids. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible differences in faecal microbiota diversity, composition and fatty acid production between cats suffering from chronic enteropathy and healthy cats. Sixteen cats suffering from chronic enteropathy and fourteen healthy control cats were enrolled in the study. The microbiota compositions of faecal samples were analysed by using next-generation amplicon sequencing of the V3V4 fragment of the 16S rRNA gene. Fatty acids were evaluated by high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS Both the alpha and beta diversities were significantly lower in samples obtained from cats with chronic enteropathy. The relative abundance of the phylum Proteobacteria, orders Lactobacillales and Enterobacterales, family Enteriobacteriaceae and genus Escherichia Shigella were higher in diseased cats, whereas the abundance of the phylum Bacteroidota and order Peptococcales were higher in control cats. The faecal concentrations of short-chain fatty acids were higher in cats with chronic enteropathy, with lower propionate proportions and higher butyrate proportions. CONCLUSION The study revealed alterations in microbiota compositions and short-chain fatty acid concentration in cats suffering from chronic enteropathy, which is an important finding both for research on the pathogenesis of the disease and for potential therapeutic interventions in the form of faecal microbiota transplantation and/or probiotic supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Miller
- Department of Immunology, Pathophysiology and Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 31, Wroclaw, 50-375, Poland.
| | - Paulina Żebrowska-Różańska
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Czajkowska
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Bogumiła Szponar
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Kumala-Ćwikła
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Łukasz Łaczmański
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
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Wang F, Mei X, Wang Q, Zhao P, Zhou Y, Tang L, Wang B, Xu S, Li X, Jin Q, Xiao Y, Li W. Compound Bacillus alleviates diarrhea by regulating gut microbes, metabolites, and inflammatory responses in pet cats. Anim Microbiome 2023; 5:49. [PMID: 37817260 PMCID: PMC10566145 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-023-00270-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pet cats frequently have diarrhea in their daily life. Bacillus has a protective role that has crucial beneficial functions on intestinal homeostasis. The aim of this research was to investigate the effects of the compound Bacillus on the prevention of diarrhea, microbiota and metabolism in pet cats. A total of 20 pet cats (1-2 years old, 3.91 ± 0.92 kg) were randomly divided into two groups and fed with a basal diet (Control group), or a basal diet supplemented with 3 × 109 CFU/kg compound Bacillus (Probiotics group). The experiment lasted 33 days. RESULTS Results showed that the compound Bacillus significantly reduced the rate of soft stools and diarrhea in pet cats compared with the control group (P < 0.05, n = 10). Meanwhile, compared with the control group, the probiotics group significantly decreased the content of IL-1β and IL-6 and significantly increased IL-10 (P < 0.05, n = 6) in the serum. In addition, feeding probiotics significantly increased the abundance of p_Patescibacter and g_Plectosphaerella, decreased the abundance of p_Firmicutes, p_Gemmatimonadetes, g_Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005, g_Ascochytahe and g_Saccharomyces in the feces of the pet cats (P < 0.05, n = 6). And it also can significantly increase the content of total SCFAs, acetic acid and butyric acid in the feces (P < 0.05, n = 6). The fecal and serum metabolomics analyses revealed that most fecal and serum compounds were involved in metabolism, particularly in chemical structure transformation maps and amino acid metabolism. Also, eugenitol and methyl sulfate were the most significantly increased serum metabolites, and log2FC were 38.73 and 37.12, respectively. Pearson's correlation analysis showed that changes in serum metabolism and fecal microbiota were closely related to immune factors. There was also a strong correlation between serum metabolites and microbiota composition. CONCLUSIONS The results of this research highlight the potential of the compound Bacillus as a dietary supplement to alleviate diarrhea in pet cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Nutrition of Education of Ministry, National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Xiaoying Mei
- Hangzhou Wangmiao Biotechnology Co., LTD, Hangzhou, 311112 China
| | - Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Nutrition of Education of Ministry, National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Pengwei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Nutrition of Education of Ministry, National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Yuanhao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Nutrition of Education of Ministry, National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Li Tang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Nutrition of Education of Ministry, National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Baikui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Nutrition of Education of Ministry, National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Shujie Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Nutrition of Education of Ministry, National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Xiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Nutrition of Education of Ministry, National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Qian Jin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Nutrition of Education of Ministry, National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Yingping Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021 China
| | - Weifen Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Nutrition of Education of Ministry, National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
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Bai H, Liu T, Wang S, Gong W, Shen L, Zhang S, Wang Z. Identification of Gut Microbiome and Metabolites Associated with Acute Diarrhea in Cats. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0059023. [PMID: 37428087 PMCID: PMC10434016 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00590-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in diet and environment can lead to acute diarrhea in companion animals, but the composition and interactions of the gut microbiome during acute diarrhea remain unclear. In this multicenter case-control study, we investigated the relationship between intestinal flora and acute diarrhea in two breeds of cats. Acutely diarrheic American Shorthair (MD, n = 12) and British Shorthair (BD, n = 12) and healthy American Shorthair (MH, n = 12) and British Shorthair (BH, n = 12) cats were recruited. Gut microbial 16S rRNA sequencing, metagenomic sequencing, and untargeted metabolomic analysis were performed. We observed significant differences in beta-diversity (Adonis, P < 0.05) across breeds and disease state cohorts. Profound differences in gut microbial structure and function were found between the two cat breeds. In comparison to healthy British Shorthair cats, Prevotella, Providencia, and Sutterella were enriched while Blautia, Peptoclostridium, and Tyzzerella were reduced in American Shorthair cats. In the case-control cohort, cats with acute diarrhea exhibited an increased abundance of Bacteroidota, Prevotella, and Prevotella copri and a decreased abundance of Bacilli, Erysipelotrichales, and Erysipelatoclostridiaceae (both MD and BD cats, P < 0.05). Metabolomic analysis identified significant changes in the BD intestine, affecting 45 metabolic pathways. Moreover, using a random forest classifier, we successfully predicted the occurrence of acute diarrhea with an area under the curve of 0.95. Our findings indicate a distinct gut microbiome profile that is associated with the presence of acute diarrhea in cats. However, further investigations using larger cohorts of cats with diverse conditions are required to validate and extend these findings. IMPORTANCE Acute diarrhea is common in cats, and our understanding of the gut microbiome variations across breeds and disease states remains unclear. We investigated the gut microbiome of two cat breeds (British Shorthair and American Shorthair) with acute diarrhea. Our study revealed significant effects of breeds and disease states on the structure and function of the gut microbiota in cats. These findings emphasize the need to consider breed-related factors in animal nutrition and research models. Additionally, we observed an altered gut metabolome in cats with acute diarrhea, closely linked to changes in bacterial genera. We identified a panel of microbial biomarkers with high diagnostic accuracy for feline acute diarrhea. These findings provide novel insights into the diagnosis, classification, and treatment of feline gastrointestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huasong Bai
- Nourse Science Centre for Pet Nutrition, Wuhu, China
| | - Tong Liu
- Nourse Science Centre for Pet Nutrition, Wuhu, China
| | - Songjun Wang
- Nourse Science Centre for Pet Nutrition, Wuhu, China
| | - Wenhui Gong
- Nourse Science Centre for Pet Nutrition, Wuhu, China
| | - Liya Shen
- Nourse Science Centre for Pet Nutrition, Wuhu, China
| | - Song Zhang
- Nourse Science Centre for Pet Nutrition, Wuhu, China
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Lapid R, Motro Y, Craddock H, Khalfin B, King R, Bar-Gal GK, Moran-Gilad J. Fecal microbiota of the synanthropic golden jackal (Canis aureus). Anim Microbiome 2023; 5:37. [PMID: 37542305 PMCID: PMC10403885 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-023-00259-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The golden jackal (Canis aureus), is a medium canid carnivore widespread throughout the Mediterranean region and expanding into Europe. This species thrives near human settlements and is implicated in zoonoses such as rabies. This study explores for the first time, the golden jackal fecal microbiota. We analyzed 111 fecal samples of wild golden jackals using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing the connection of the microbiome to animal characteristics, burden of pathogens and geographic and climate characteristics. We further compared the fecal microbiota of the golden jackal to the black-backed jackal and domestic dog. We found that the golden jackal fecal microbiota is dominated by the phyla Bacteroidota, Fusobacteriota and Firmicutes. The golden jackal fecal microbiota was associated with different variables, including geographic region, age-class, exposure to rabies oral vaccine, fecal parasites and toxoplasmosis. A remarkable variation in the relative abundance of different taxa was also found associated with different variables, such as age-class. Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) analysis found abundance of specific taxons in each region, Megasphaera genus in group 1, Megamonas genus in group 2 and Bacteroides coprocola species in group 3. We also found a different composition between the fecal microbiota of the golden jackal, blacked-backed jackal and the domestic dog. Furthermore, LEfSe analysis found abundance of Fusobacterium and Bacteroides genera in the golden jackal, Clostridia class in blacked-backed jackal and Megamonas genus in domestic dog. The golden jackal fecal microbiota is influenced by multiple factors including host traits and pathogen burden. The characterization of the microbiota of this thriving species may aid in mapping its spread and proximity to human settlements. Moreover, understanding the jackal microbiota could inform the study of potential animal and human health risks and inform control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roi Lapid
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O.B. 12, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yair Motro
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8410501, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Hillary Craddock
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8410501, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Boris Khalfin
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8410501, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Roni King
- Science and Conservation Division, Israel Nature and Parks Authority, 3 Am Ve'Olamo St., 95463, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Gila Kahila Bar-Gal
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O.B. 12, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jacob Moran-Gilad
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8410501, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
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8
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González F, Carelli A, Komarcheuski A, Uana M, do Prado RM, Rossoni D, Gomes M, Vasconcellos R. Yeast Cell Wall Compounds on The Formation of Fermentation Products and Fecal Microbiota in Cats: An In Vivo and In Vitro Approach. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:637. [PMID: 36830424 PMCID: PMC9951743 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of yeast cell wall compounds (YCWs) being added to cat food on hindgut fermentation metabolites and fecal microbiota were assessed in in vivo Experiment 1 (Exp. 1) and in vitro Experiments 2 and 3 (Exp. 2 and 3). In Exp. 1, the cats' diets were supplemented with two dietary concentrations (46.2 and 92.4 ppm) of YCWs (YCW-15 and YCW-30, respectively), and a negative control diet with no compound in three groups (six cats per group) was used to assess the fecal score, pH, digestibility, fermentation products, and microbiota. In Exp. 2, feces from the cats that were not supplemented with YCWs (control) were used as an inoculum. A blend of pectin, amino acids, and cellulose was used as a substrate, and the YCW compound was added at two levels (5 and 10 mg). In Exp. 3, feces from cats fed YCWs were used as an inoculum to test three different substrates (pectin, amino acids, and cellulose). In Exp. 2 and 3, the gas production, pH, and fermentation products (ammonia, SCFAs, and BCFAs) were assessed. YCW-30 resulted in a higher digestibility coefficient of the crude protein, organic matter (OM) (p < 0.05), and energy of the diet (p < 0.10). Regarding the fermentation products, YCW-15 showed a trend toward higher concentrations of propionate, acetate, lactate, ammonia, isobutyrate, and valerate, while YCW-30 showed a trend (p < 0.10) toward higher levels of butyrate and pH values. The bacteroidia class and the genus Prevotella were increased by using YCW-30 and the control. At the gender level, decreased (p < 0.01) Megasphaera was observed with YCW inclusion. The microbiota differed (p < 0.01) among the groups in their Shannon indexes. For beta diversity, YCW-30 showed higher indexes (p = 0.008) than the control. The microbiota metabolic profile differed in the pathway CENTFERM-PWY; it was more expressed in YCW-30 compared to the control. In Exp. 2, the YCWs showed a higher ratio (p = 0.006) of the fermentation products in the treatments with additives with a trend towards a high dose of the additive (10 mg). In Exp. 3, the effects of the substrates (p < 0.001), but not of the YCWs, on the fermentation products were observed, perhaps due to the low dietary concentrations we used. However, the marked responses of the fermentation products to the substrates validated the methodology. We could conclude that the YCWs, even at low dietary concentrations, affected fecal SCFA production, reduced the fecal pH, and modulated the fecal microbiota in the cats. These responses were more pronounced under in vitro conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando González
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP)—São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo 13690-970, Brazil
| | - Amanda Carelli
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Alina Komarcheuski
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Mayara Uana
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Rodolpho Martin do Prado
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Diogo Rossoni
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Márcia Gomes
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP)—São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo 13690-970, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Vasconcellos
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá 87020-900, Brazil
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9
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Nealon NJ, Wood A, Rudinsky AJ, Klein H, Salerno M, Parker VJ, Quimby JM, Howard J, Winston JA. Fecal identification markers impact the feline fecal microbiota. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1039931. [PMID: 36846255 PMCID: PMC9946173 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1039931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Fecal diagnostics are a mainstay of feline medicine, and fecal identification markers help to distinguish individuals in a multi-cat environment. However, the impact of identification markers on the fecal microbiota are unknown. Given the increased interest in using microbiota endpoints to inform diagnosis and treatment, the objective of this study was to examine the effects of orally supplemented glitter and crayon shavings on the feline fecal microbiota (amplicon sequencing of 16S rRNA gene V4 region). Fecal samples were collected daily from six adult cats that were randomized to receive oral supplementation with either glitter or crayon for two weeks, with a two-week washout before receiving the second marker. No adverse effects in response to marker supplementation were seen for any cat, and both markers were readily identifiable in the feces. Microbiota analysis revealed idiosyncratic responses to fecal markers, where changes in community structure in response to glitter or crayon could not be readily discerned. Given these findings, it is not recommended to administered glitter or crayon shavings as a fecal marker when microbiome endpoints are used, however their clinical use with other diagnostics should still be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Jean Nealon
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Comparative Hepatobiliary and Intestinal Research Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States,Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Alexandra Wood
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Comparative Hepatobiliary and Intestinal Research Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Adam J. Rudinsky
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Comparative Hepatobiliary and Intestinal Research Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States,Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Hannah Klein
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Comparative Hepatobiliary and Intestinal Research Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States,Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Matthew Salerno
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Comparative Hepatobiliary and Intestinal Research Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States,Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Valerie J. Parker
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Comparative Hepatobiliary and Intestinal Research Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States,Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jessica M. Quimby
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - James Howard
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Comparative Hepatobiliary and Intestinal Research Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States,Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jenessa A. Winston
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Comparative Hepatobiliary and Intestinal Research Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States,Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States,*Correspondence: Jenessa A. Winston ✉
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10
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Mo R, Zhang M, Wang H, Liu T, Zhang G, Wu Y. Short-term changes in dietary fat levels and starch sources affect weight management, glucose and lipid metabolism, and gut microbiota in adult cats. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad276. [PMID: 37602405 PMCID: PMC10465269 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A 2 × 2 factorial randomized design was utilized to investigate the effects of fat level (8% or 16% fat on a fed basis) and starch source (pea starch or corn starch) on body weight, glycolipid metabolism, hematology, and fecal microbiota in cats. The study lasted for 28 d and included a low fat and pea starch diet (LFPS), a high fat and pea starch diet, a low fat and corn starch diet, and a high fat and corn starch diet. In this study, hematological analysis showed that all cats were healthy. The apparent total tract digestibility of gross energy, crude protein, and crude fat was above 85% in the four diets. After 28 d, cats fed the high fat diets (HF) gained an average of 50 g more than those fed the low fat diets (LF). The hematological results showed that the HF diets increased the body inflammation in cats, while the LFPS group improved the glucolipid metabolism. The levels of glucose and insulin were lower in cats fed the LF diets than those in cats fed the HF diets (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, compared with the LF, the concentrations of total cholesterol, triglyceride, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in serum were greater in the cats fed the HF diets (P < 0.05). Additionally, both fat level and starch source influenced the fecal microbiota, with the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria, such as Blautia being significantly greater in the LFPS group than in the other three groups (P < 0.05). Reducing energy density and using pea starch in foods are both valuable design additions to aid in the management of weight control and improve gut health in cats. This study highlights the importance of fat level and starch in weight management in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixia Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mingrui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Haotian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tianyi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Gang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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11
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The Effects of Bacillus licheniformis—Fermented Products on the Microbiota and Clinical Presentation of Cats with Chronic Diarrhea. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12172187. [PMID: 36077904 PMCID: PMC9454741 DOI: 10.3390/ani12172187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus licheniformis-fermented products (BLFP) are probiotics with antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory properties that can improve growth performance. This study aimed to compare the fecal microbiota of diarrheal cats with chronic diarrhea (n = 8) with that of healthy cats (n = 4) from the same household using next-generation sequencing, and evaluate the effectiveness of oral administration of BLFP in relieving clinical signs and altering the intestinal microbiota in diarrheal cats. Six out of eight diarrheal cats showed clinical improvement after BLFP administration for 7 days, and the stool condition of the other two was normal. A higher Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio was noted in the feces of diarrheal cats without clinical improvement as compared with those in the healthy cats and in the diarrheal cats with clinical improvement after receiving BLFP. The phylum Bacteroidetes and class Bacteroidia decreased significantly in diarrheal cats regardless of BLFP administration. Blautia spp., Ruminococcus torques, and Ruminococcus gnavus, which belong to the Clostridium cluster XIVa and have been reported as beneficial to intestinal health, increased significantly in feces after treatment. Furthermore, Clostridium perfringens also significantly decreased in diarrheal cats after BLFP administration. Overall, BLFP could be a potential probiotic to relieve gastrointestinal symptoms and improve fecal microbiota in cats with chronic diarrhea.
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12
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Yu YY, Liang L, Xiao HB. Comparative study on fecal flora and blood biochemical indexes in normal and diarrhea British Shorthair cats. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:257. [PMID: 35416536 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-02805-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, 16S ribosomal DNA (16S rDNA) sequencing has been widely developed. In the present study, we investigated the changes of fecal flora analyzed by sequencing of 16S rDNA and the alteration of blood biochemical indexes in cats during diarrhea. Seven normal fecal samples and seven fecal samples of British Shorthair cats with bacterial diarrhea about 6 months old were collected. The 16S rDNA V3 region of the bacteria was amplified for high-throughput sequencing. Finally, species analysis at various levels was performed. At the same time, samples of blood were taken to examine the changes of biochemical indexes in cats with diarrhea. The abundance and diversity of microflora in the healthy group were greater than those in the diarrhea group. The normal floras in the feces of healthy cats were Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria. The content of Proteobacteria and Firmicutes varied greatly in diarrheal cats. In addition, the number of white blood cells, lymphocytes, neutrophils, and globulin were increased in cats with diarrhea, whereas albumin level was decreased in diarrheal cats. In conclusion, the present study suggests 16SrDNA technology showed that the intestinal Proteus was abundant, and the content of Firmicutes was scarce in cats with diarrhea. Escherichia-Shigella was the main pathogens in this sample. Rapid blood biochemical tests may help clinicians to assess the severity and prognosis of cats with diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Furong District, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Lin Liang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Furong District, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Hong-Bo Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Furong District, Changsha, 410128, China.
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13
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Lee D, Goh TW, Kang MG, Choi HJ, Yeo SY, Yang J, Huh CS, Kim YY, Kim Y. Perspectives and Advances in Probiotics and the Gut Microbiome in
Companion Animals. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 64:197-217. [PMID: 35530406 PMCID: PMC9039956 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2022.e8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
As the number of households that raise dogs and cats is increasing, there is
growing interest in animal health. The gut plays an important role in animal
health. In particular, the microbiome in the gut is known to affect both the
absorption and metabolism of nutrients and the protective functions of the host.
Using probiotics on pets has beneficial effects, such as modulating the immune
system, helping to reduce stress, protecting against pathogenic bacteria and
developing growth performance. The goals of this review are to summarize the
relationship between probiotics/the gut microbiome and animal health, to feature
technology used for identifying the diversity of microbiota composition of
canine and feline microbiota, and to discuss recent reports on probiotics in
canines and felines and the safety issues associated with probiotics and the gut
microbiome in companion animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology
and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National
University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Tae Wook Goh
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology
and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National
University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Min Geun Kang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology
and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National
University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hye Jin Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology
and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National
University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - So Young Yeo
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology
and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National
University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | | | - Chul Sung Huh
- Research Institute of Eco-Friendly
Livestock Science, Institute of Green-Bio Science and Technology, Seoul
National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Korea
- Graduate School of International
Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University,
Pyeongchang 25354, Korea
| | - Yoo Yong Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology
and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National
University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Younghoon Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology
and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National
University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Corresponding author: Younghoon Kim, Department of
Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life
Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea. Tel: +82-2-880-4808,
E-mail:
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14
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Machado GS, Correa APF, Pires PGDS, Marconatto L, Brandelli A, Kessler ADM, Trevizan L. Determination of the Nutritional Value of Diet Containing Bacillus subtilis Hydrolyzed Feather Meal in Adult Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11123553. [PMID: 34944328 PMCID: PMC8697962 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The production of meat for human consumption produces extra ingredients used in animal nutrition. Feathers, for example, account for about 7% of the chicken’s body weight. When discarded, it presents a potential risk of environmental contamination. Feathers are minimally digested in mammals and are a very rich source of protein. Improved digestibility can be done by thermal processing or by microorganisms. Bacillus subtilis was shown to have great feather-degrading activity In vitro and we produced an amount of microbial hydrolysate to test in dogs. We did some evaluations on the ingredient to measure the effects of the microorganism on feathers. In dogs, a test of total tract digestibility, microbial resistance to the gastrointestinal tract, and fecal characteristics were performed. Bacillus subtilis was less efficient to digest feathers when a higher concentration of feathers was added to the culture. The amino acid profile in feathers has probably changed due to fermentation. Dogs ate the diets quickly, with no refusals. Nutrient and energy total tract digestibility were lower when compared to thermally processed feathers, but Bacillus subtilis was found viable in the feces of dogs that ingested fermented feathers, signaling that Bacillus subtilis is resistant to digestion and may bring some probiotic effect. Abstract Feathers are naturally made up of non-digestible proteins. Under thermal processing, total tract digestibility can be partially improved. Furthermore, Bacillus subtilis (Bs) has shown a hydrolytic effect In vitro. Then, a Bs FTC01 was selected to hydrolyze enough feathers to produce a meal, and then test the quality and inclusion in the dog’s diet to measure the apparent total tract digestibility coefficient (ATTDC) in vivo and the microorganism’s ability to survive in the gastrointestinal tract. A basal diet was added with 9.09% hydrolyzed Bs feather meal (HFMBs) or 9.09% thermally hydrolyzed feather meal (HFMT). Nine adult dogs were randomized into two 10-day blocks and fed different diets. Microbial counts were performed on feather meal, diets and feces. The Bs was less effective in digesting the feathers, which reduced the ATTDC of dry matter, crude protein, energy and increased the production of fecal DM, but the fecal score was maintained (p > 0.05). The digestible energy of HFMT and HFMBs was 18,590 J/kg and 9196 J/kg, respectively. Bacillus subtilis showed limitation to digest feather in large scale, but the resistance of Bs to digestion was observed since it grown on feces culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geruza Silveira Machado
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91540-000, RS, Brazil; (G.S.M.); (P.G.d.S.P.); (A.d.M.K.)
| | - Ana Paula Folmer Correa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Recursos Naturais, Universidade Federal de Roraima, Boa Vista 69304-000, RR, Brazil;
| | - Paula Gabriela da Silva Pires
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91540-000, RS, Brazil; (G.S.M.); (P.G.d.S.P.); (A.d.M.K.)
| | - Letícia Marconatto
- Instituto do Petróleo e dos Recursos Naturais, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90160-091, RS, Brazil;
| | - Adriano Brandelli
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91509-900, RS, Brazil;
| | - Alexandre de Mello Kessler
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91540-000, RS, Brazil; (G.S.M.); (P.G.d.S.P.); (A.d.M.K.)
| | - Luciano Trevizan
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91540-000, RS, Brazil; (G.S.M.); (P.G.d.S.P.); (A.d.M.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-51-3308-6590
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15
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Badri DV, Jackson MI, Jewell DE. Dietary Protein and Carbohydrate Levels Affect the Gut Microbiota and Clinical Assessment in Healthy Adult Cats. J Nutr 2021; 151:3637-3650. [PMID: 34587256 PMCID: PMC8643606 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Relative levels of dietary protein and carbohydrate intake influence microbiota and their functional capabilities, but the effect has not been well documented in cats. OBJECTIVES The impact of 3 foods with different protein:carbohydrate ratios on the gut microbiota and functional attributes in healthy adult cats was evaluated. METHODS Male and female cats (n = 30; mean age: 5.1 y; mean body weight: 5.26 kg) were fed 1 of 3 foods [P28 (28.3% protein, dry matter basis), P35 (35.1%), and P55 (54.8%)] for 90 d in a Williams Latin Square design. Each food had a 1:1 ratio of animal (dried chicken) to plant (pea) protein; protein replaced carbohydrate as protein level increased. Fecal microbiota and their functional capability were assessed with 16S sequencing and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database, respectively. RESULTS Fecal pH, ammonia, and branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs) were higher when cats consumed P55 food than when they consumed P28 and P35. Clear separation of samples between P28 and P55 based on bacterial genera was observed, with partitioning into saccharolytic and proteolytic functions, respectively. Significantly higher α diversity was seen with P55 than with P28 and P35. Amino acid metabolism, mucin foraging pathways, and urea metabolism were higher with P55 than with P28, whereas feces from cats fed P28 had higher concentrations of carbohydrate-active enzymes and enzymes involved in SCFA pathways than with P55. Bacterial genera that showed positive associations with amino acid catabolism also showed positive associations with mucin degradation. CONCLUSIONS Despite higher protein digestibility and less protein arriving to the colon, when healthy adult cats consumed the highest level of protein (P55), their gut microbiota exhibited higher mucin glycan foraging and amino acid metabolism, leading to higher fecal pH, ammonia, and BCFAs. This is likely due to lower availability of carbohydrate substrates and dietary fiber as protein replaced carbohydrate in the food.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dennis E Jewell
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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16
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Suchodolski JS. Analysis of the gut microbiome in dogs and cats. Vet Clin Pathol 2021; 50 Suppl 1:6-17. [PMID: 34514619 PMCID: PMC9292158 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiome is an important immune and metabolic organ. Intestinal bacteria produce various metabolites that influence the health of the intestine and other organ systems, including kidney, brain, and heart. Changes in the microbiome in diseased states are termed dysbiosis. The concept of dysbiosis is constantly evolving and includes changes in microbiome diversity and/or structure and functional changes (eg, altered production of bacterial metabolites). Molecular tools are now the standard for microbiome analysis. Sequencing of microbial genes provides information about the bacteria present and their functional potential but lacks standardization and analytical validation of methods and consistency in the reporting of results. This makes it difficult to compare results across studies or for individual clinical patients. The Dysbiosis Index (DI) is a validated quantitative PCR assay for canine fecal samples that measures the abundance of seven important bacterial taxa and summarizes the results as one single number. Reference intervals are established for dogs, and the DI can be used to assess the microbiome in clinical patients over time and in response to therapy (eg, fecal microbiota transplantation). In situ hybridization or immunohistochemistry allows the identification of mucosa‐adherent and intracellular bacteria in animals with intestinal disease, especially granulomatous colitis. Future directions include the measurement of bacterial metabolites in feces or serum as markers for the appropriate function of the microbiome. This article summarizes different approaches to the analysis of gut microbiota and how they might be applicable to research studies and clinical practice in dogs and cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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17
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von Schaumburg P, He F, Rodriguez-Zas SL, Southey BR, Parsons CM, de Godoy MRC. White and Red Sorghum as Primary Carbohydrate Sources in Extruded Diets of Felines. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:668255. [PMID: 33959655 PMCID: PMC8093408 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.668255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The research objectives were to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation of white (WSH) and red (RSH) sorghum grains on gastrointestinal health of felines through the determination of apparent total tract macronutrient digestibility (ATTD), fecal characteristics, fermentative end-products, and microbiota, compared with a traditional corn-based diet. We hypothesize that inclusion of RSH and WSH, respectively, would be well-accepted by cats, and the RSH and WSH diets would be comparable to corn when added as the main carbohydrate source in extruded diets. Three diets containing 30% corn, 30% WSH, or 30% RSH were formulated to meet or exceed the AAFCO (2018) nutrient profiles for cats during growth. Nine male cats (0.8 ± 0.00 yr) were randomly assigned to one of the three dietary treatments using a triplicated 3 × 3 Latin square design. Experimental periods consisted of 14 d (10 d of diet adaption and 4 d of total and fresh fecal collections). The ATTD of dry matter (DM) did not differ amongst treatments, organic matter was greatest (P < 0.05) for both sorghum diets (86.4%) and lowest for the corn diet (84.2%), crude protein was comparable among diets ranging from 84.5 to 86.6%, acid hydrolyzed fat was high among diets varying between 91.4 and 92.8%, and total dietary fiber was greatest (P < 0.05) for the WSH diet (56.0%) with the corn diet being lowest (44.7%). Digestible energy was greatest (P < 0.05) for the WSH diet (4.66 kcal/g) and lowest for the corn diet (4.54 kcal/g), with the RSH diet being intermediate (4.64; P > 0.05). Fecal pH (6.3–6.5) and most fecal metabolites did not differ among diets except for phenol/indole concentrations that were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in cats fed the RSH diet (1.5 μmole/g DM) than for cats fed the corn diet (2.1 μmole/g DM). Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Fusobacteria, and Proteobacteria were the major phyla observed in the microbiota of feces of cats fed the three experimental diets, with no differences seen amongst all treatments. Data indicate that dietary supplementation of these varieties of WSH and RSH as carbohydrate sources were well-tolerated by the cat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick von Schaumburg
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Fei He
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Sandra L Rodriguez-Zas
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.,Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Bruce R Southey
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - C M Parsons
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Maria R C de Godoy
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
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18
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Jang HJ, Son S, Kim JA, Jung MY, Choi YJ, Kim DH, Lee HK, Shin D, Kim Y. Characterization and Functional Test of Canine Probiotics. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:625562. [PMID: 33763044 PMCID: PMC7982664 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.625562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Probiotics can modulate the composition of gut microbiota and benefit the host animal health in multiple ways. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), mainly Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species, are well-known microbes with probiotic potential. In the present study, 88 microbial strains were isolated from canine feces and annotated. Among these, the four strains CACC517, 537, 558, and 566 were tested for probiotic characteristics, and their beneficial effects on hosts were evaluated both in vitro and in vivo; these strains exhibited antibiosis, antibiotic activity, acid and bile tolerance, and relative cell adhesion to the HT-29 monolayer cell line. Byproducts of these strains increased the viability and decreased oxidative stress in mouse and dog cell lines (RAW264.7 and DH82, respectively). Subsequently, when the probiotics were applied to the clinical trial, changes in microbial composition and relative abundance of bacterial strains were clearly observed in the experimental animals. Experimental groups before and after the application were obviously separated from PCA analysis of clinical results. Conclusively, these results could provide comprehensive understanding of the effects of probiotic strains (CACC517, 537, 558, and 566) and their industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jun Jang
- Department of Research and Development, Center for Industrialization of Agricultural and Livestock Microorganisms, Jeongeup-si, South Korea
| | - Seungwoo Son
- Department of Agricultural Convergence Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, South Korea.,The Animal Molecular Genetics & Breeding Center, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, South Korea
| | - Jung-Ae Kim
- Department of Research and Development, Center for Industrialization of Agricultural and Livestock Microorganisms, Jeongeup-si, South Korea.,Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, South Korea
| | - Min Young Jung
- Department of Research and Development, Center for Industrialization of Agricultural and Livestock Microorganisms, Jeongeup-si, South Korea
| | - Yeon-Jae Choi
- Department of Research and Development, Center for Industrialization of Agricultural and Livestock Microorganisms, Jeongeup-si, South Korea
| | - Dae-Hyuk Kim
- Department of Research and Development, Center for Industrialization of Agricultural and Livestock Microorganisms, Jeongeup-si, South Korea.,Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, South Korea.,Department of Molecular Biology, Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, South Korea
| | - Hak Kyo Lee
- Department of Agricultural Convergence Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, South Korea.,The Animal Molecular Genetics & Breeding Center, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, South Korea
| | - Donghyun Shin
- Department of Agricultural Convergence Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, South Korea.,The Animal Molecular Genetics & Breeding Center, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, South Korea
| | - Yangseon Kim
- Department of Research and Development, Center for Industrialization of Agricultural and Livestock Microorganisms, Jeongeup-si, South Korea
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19
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Pilla R, Suchodolski JS. The Gut Microbiome of Dogs and Cats, and the Influence of Diet. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2021; 51:605-621. [PMID: 33653538 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiome is a functional organ, and responds metabolically to the nutrient composition within the diet. Fiber, starch, and protein content have strong effects on the microbiome composition, and changes in these nutrient profiles can induce rapid shifts. Due to functional redundancy of bacteria within microbial communities, important metabolites for health can be produced by different bacteria. Microbiome alterations associated with disease are of greater magnitude than those seen in healthy dogs on different diets. Dietary changes, addition of prebiotics, and probiotics, can be beneficial to improve microbial diversity and to normalize metabolite production in diseased dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Pilla
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA.
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA
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20
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Alessandri G, Argentini C, Milani C, Turroni F, Cristina Ossiprandi M, van Sinderen D, Ventura M. Catching a glimpse of the bacterial gut community of companion animals: a canine and feline perspective. Microb Biotechnol 2020; 13:1708-1732. [PMID: 32864871 PMCID: PMC7533323 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dogs and cats have gained a special position in human society by becoming our principal companion animals. In this context, efforts to ensure their health and welfare have increased exponentially, with in recent times a growing interest in assessing the impact of the gut microbiota on canine and feline health. Recent technological advances have generated new tools to not only examine the intestinal microbial composition of dogs and cats, but also to scrutinize the genetic repertoire and associated metabolic functions of this microbial community. The application of high-throughput sequencing techniques to canine and feline faecal samples revealed similarities in their bacterial composition, with Fusobacteria, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes as the most prevalent and abundant phyla, followed by Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria. Although key bacterial members were consistently present in their gut microbiota, the taxonomic composition and the metabolic repertoire of the intestinal microbial population may be influenced by several factors, including diet, age and anthropogenic aspects, as well as intestinal dysbiosis. The current review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the multitude of factors which play a role in the modulation of the canine and feline gut microbiota and that of their human owners with whom they share the same environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Alessandri
- Department of Veterinary Medical ScienceUniversity of ParmaParmaItaly
| | - Chiara Argentini
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental SustainabilityUniversity of ParmaParmaItaly
| | - Christian Milani
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental SustainabilityUniversity of ParmaParmaItaly
- Microbiome Research HubUniversity of ParmaParmaItaly
| | - Francesca Turroni
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental SustainabilityUniversity of ParmaParmaItaly
- Microbiome Research HubUniversity of ParmaParmaItaly
| | - Maria Cristina Ossiprandi
- Department of Veterinary Medical ScienceUniversity of ParmaParmaItaly
- Microbiome Research HubUniversity of ParmaParmaItaly
| | - Douwe van Sinderen
- APC Microbiome Institute and School of Microbiology, Bioscience InstituteNational University of IrelandCorkIreland
| | - Marco Ventura
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental SustainabilityUniversity of ParmaParmaItaly
- Microbiome Research HubUniversity of ParmaParmaItaly
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21
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Tian J, Du J, Lu Z, Han J, Wang Z, Li D, Guan X, Wang Z. Distribution of microbiota across different intestinal tract segments of a stranded dwarf minke whale, Balaenoptera acutorostrata. Microbiologyopen 2020; 9:e1108. [PMID: 32783331 PMCID: PMC7568251 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine mammals are an important part of ocean ecosystems, of which, whales play a vital role in the marine food chain. In this study, the mucosa and contents from different intestinal tract segments (ITSs) of a stranded dwarf minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) were analyzed. The gut microbiota were sequenced using high‐throughput sequencing technology, based on a 16S rRNA approach. The microbial composition of the intestinal mucosa and its contents were similar in every single ITS. Large intestine microbiota richness and diversity were significantly higher when compared to the duodenum and jejunum. The dominant bacteria in the gut were Firmicutes and Actinobacteria; the former was enriched in the large intestine, whereas the latter was more abundant in the duodenum and jejunum. Our findings provide novel insights for microbiota in B. acutorostrata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiashen Tian
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Marine mammals, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, China
| | - Jing Du
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Marine mammals, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, China
| | - Zhichuang Lu
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Marine mammals, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, China
| | - Jiabo Han
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Marine mammals, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Marine mammals, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, China
| | - Duohui Li
- Dalian Modern Agricultural Production Development Service Center, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaoyan Guan
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Marine mammals, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, China
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Marine mammals, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, China
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22
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Lyu Y, Su C, Verbrugghe A, Van de Wiele T, Martos Martinez-Caja A, Hesta M. Past, Present, and Future of Gastrointestinal Microbiota Research in Cats. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1661. [PMID: 32793152 PMCID: PMC7393142 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between microbial community and host has profound effects on the health of animals. A balanced gastrointestinal (GI) microbial population provides nutritional and metabolic benefits to its host, regulates the immune system and various signaling molecules, protects the intestine from pathogen invasion, and promotes a healthy intestinal structure and an optimal intestinal function. With the fast development of next-generation sequencing, molecular techniques have become standard tools for microbiota research, having been used to demonstrate the complex intestinal ecosystem. Similarly to other mammals, the vast majority of GI microbiota in cats (over 99%) is composed of the predominant bacterial phyla Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria. Many nutritional and clinical studies have shown that cats' microbiota can be affected by several different factors including body condition, age, diet, and inflammatory diseases. All these factors have different size effects, and some of these may be very minor, and it is currently unknown how important these are. Further research is needed to determine the functional variations in the microbiome in disease states and in response to environmental and/or dietary modulations. Additionally, further studies are also needed to explain the intricate relationship between GI microbiota and the genetics and immunity of its host. This review summarizes past and present knowledge of the feline GI microbiota and looks into the future possibilities and challenges of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lyu
- Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Chunxia Su
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Adronie Verbrugghe
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Tom Van de Wiele
- Center of Microbial Ecology and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ana Martos Martinez-Caja
- Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Myriam Hesta
- Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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23
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Mittal P, Saxena R, Gupta A, Mahajan S, Sharma VK. The Gene Catalog and Comparative Analysis of Gut Microbiome of Big Cats Provide New Insights on Panthera Species. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1012. [PMID: 32582053 PMCID: PMC7287027 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Majority of metagenomic studies in the last decade have focused on revealing the gut microbiomes of humans, rodents, and ruminants; however, the gut microbiome and genic information (gene catalog) of large felids such as Panthera species are largely unknown to date. In this study, the gut bacterial, fungal, and viral metagenomic composition was assessed from three Panthera species (lion, leopard, and tiger) of Indian origin, which were consuming the same diet and belonged to the same geographical location. A non-redundant bacterial gene catalog of the Panthera gut consisting of 1,507,035 putative genes was constructed from 27 Panthera individuals, which revealed a higher abundance of purine metabolism genes correlating with their purine-rich dietary intake. Analysis with Carbohydrate Active enZyme (CAZy) and MEROPS databases identified enrichment of glycoside hydrolases (GHs), glycoside-transferases, and collagenases in the gut, which are important for nutrient acquisition from animal biomass. The bacterial, fungal, and viral community analysis provided the first comprehensive insights into the Panthera-specific microbial community. The Panthera gene catalog and the largest comparative study of the gut bacterial composition of 68 individuals of Carnivora species from different geographical locations and diet underscore the role of diet and geography in shaping the Panthera gut microbiome, which is significant for the health and conservation management of these highly endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Mittal
- Metagenomics and Systems Biology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, India
| | - Rituja Saxena
- Metagenomics and Systems Biology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, India
| | | | - Shruti Mahajan
- Metagenomics and Systems Biology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, India
| | - Vineet K Sharma
- Metagenomics and Systems Biology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, India
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24
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Shinohara M, Kiyosue M, Tochio T, Kimura S, Koga Y. Activation of butyrate-producing bacteria as well as bifidobacteria in the cat intestinal microbiota by the administration of 1-kestose, the smallest component of fructo-oligosaccharide. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:866-874. [PMID: 32389951 PMCID: PMC7399319 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
1-kestose is a structural component of fructo-oligosaccharides and is composed of 2 fructose residues bound to sucrose through β2-1 bonds. In the present study, the influence of the ingestion of 1-kestose on the intestinal microbiota was investigated in cats. Six healthy cats were administered 1 g/day of 1-kestose for 8 weeks followed by a 2-week wash-out period. Fecal samples were collected from cats after 0, 4, 8, and 10 weeks. The intestinal microbiota was examined by a 16S rRNA gene metagenomic analysis and real-time PCR. Short-chain fatty acids were measured by GC/MS. The results suggested that the intestinal bacterial community structure in feline assigned to this study was divided into 2 types: one group mainly composed of the genus Lactobacillus (GA) and the other mainly composed of the genus Blautia with very few bacteria of Lactobacillus (GB). Furthermore, the number of Bifidobacterium slightly increased after the administration of 1-kestose (at 4 and 8 weeks) (P<0.1). The administration of 1-kestose also increased the abundance of Megasphaera, the butyric acid-producing bacteria, at 4 and 8 weeks (P<0.1). Furthermore, an increase in butyric acid levels was observed after the administration of 1-kestose for 4 weeks (P<0.1). These results suggest that 1-kestose activated butyrate-producing bacteria as well as bifidobacteria and propose its potential as a new generation prebiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Takumi Tochio
- B Food Science Co., Ltd., Chita, Aichi 478-0046, Japan
| | - Seiji Kimura
- Nisshin Petfood Inc., Nasu-Shiobara, Tochigi 329-2763, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Koga
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan.,Japanese Society for Probiotic Science, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1143, Japan
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25
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Garcia-Mazcorro JF, Minamoto Y, Kawas JR, Suchodolski JS, de Vos WM. Akkermansia and Microbial Degradation of Mucus in Cats and Dogs: Implications to the Growing Worldwide Epidemic of Pet Obesity. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7020044. [PMID: 32326394 PMCID: PMC7355976 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7020044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Akkermansia muciniphila is a mucin-degrading bacterium that has shown the potential to provide anti-inflammatory and anti-obesity effects in mouse and man. We here focus on companion animals, specifically cats and dogs, and evaluate the microbial degradation of mucus and its health impact in the context of the worldwide epidemic of pet obesity. A literature survey revealed that the two presently known Akkermansia spp., A. muciniphila and A. glycaniphila, as well as other members of the phylum of Verrucomicrobia seem to be neither very prevalent nor abundant in the digestive tract of cats and dog. While this may be due to methodological aspects, it suggests that bacteria related to Akkermansia are not the major mucus degraders in these pets and hence other mucus-utilizing taxa may deserve attention. Hence, we will discuss the potential of these endogenous mucus utilizers and dietary interventions to boost these as well as the use of Akkermansia spp. related bacteria or their components as strategies to target feline and canine obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose F. Garcia-Mazcorro
- Research and Development, MNA de Mexico, San Nicolas de los Garza, Nuevo Leon 66477, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-81-8850-5204
| | | | - Jorge R. Kawas
- Faculty of Agronomy, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, General Escobedo, Nuevo Leon 66050, Mexico;
| | - Jan S. Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA;
| | - Willem M. de Vos
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands;
- Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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26
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Jha AR, Shmalberg J, Tanprasertsuk J, Perry L, Massey D, Honaker RW. Characterization of gut microbiomes of household pets in the United States using a direct-to-consumer approach. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227289. [PMID: 32078625 PMCID: PMC7032713 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of gut microbiomes as important regulators of mammalian health is increasingly recognized, although feline and canine gut microbiomes remain poorly characterized. In this proof-of-concept study, we assessed the utility of a direct-to-consumer approach to executing pet microbiome studies. We characterized the gut microbiomes of 238 pets (46 cats and 192 dogs) by generating ~11 million merged reads that were mapped to the V4 region of 16S ribosomal RNA gene at a sequencing depth of 45,806 (±22,325) reads per sample. Analyses of these reads revealed that both feline and canine gut microbiomes are dominated by three major phyla, namely Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroides and that alpha diversity is higher in the feline gut. In addition to interspecies differences between the feline and canine gut, we also detected appreciable intraspecies bacterial variation within the canine population. While the dogs in this dataset could be assigned to three distinct clusters based on their gut microbiome, no clustering was observed within the feline population. Integration of additional data obtained from survey questionnaires revealed that geography and body weight may be associated with canine gut microbiome composition. Furthermore, we found that both the inter and intraspecies differences are more pronounced at finer taxonomic levels, indicating that strain-level investigations may be necessary in the future. This study demonstrates that the direct-to-consumer approach overcomes existing limitations in pet microbiome research, for example, it allows collection of large numbers of pet samples. The direct-to-consumer approach has proven successful in human genomics as well as human microbiomics and this study demonstrates that by building partnerships with an engaged general public this approach can also propel the field of pet microbiomics forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aashish R. Jha
- Research & Development Division, NomNomNow, Inc., Oakland, California, United State of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Justin Shmalberg
- Research & Development Division, NomNomNow, Inc., Oakland, California, United State of America
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic & Population Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jirayu Tanprasertsuk
- Research & Development Division, NomNomNow, Inc., Oakland, California, United State of America
| | - LeeAnn Perry
- Research & Development Division, NomNomNow, Inc., Oakland, California, United State of America
| | - Dan Massey
- Research & Development Division, NomNomNow, Inc., Oakland, California, United State of America
| | - Ryan W. Honaker
- Research & Development Division, NomNomNow, Inc., Oakland, California, United State of America
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27
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Mondo E, Marliani G, Accorsi PA, Cocchi M, Di Leone A. Role of gut microbiota in dog and cat's health and diseases. Open Vet J 2019; 9:253-258. [PMID: 31998619 PMCID: PMC6794400 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v9i3.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian gastrointestinal tract is colonized by a large number of microorganisms, known as gut microbiota, that play a key role in the physiological and pathological states. In particular, the gastrointestinal tract of dogs and cats harbors a complex and highly biodiverse microbial ecosystem. Recent studies see it involved in a wide range of life processes, including energy needs, metabolism, immunological activity, and neuro-behavioral development. This review focuses on the role of the microbiota on the health of pets and will discuss changes that occur in the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Mondo
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanna Marliani
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pier Attilio Accorsi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimo Cocchi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alberto Di Leone
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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28
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Dickson R, Vose J, Bemis D, Daves M, Cecere T, Gookin JL, Steiner J, Tolbert MK. The effect of enterococci on feline Tritrichomonas foetus infection in vitro. Vet Parasitol 2019; 273:90-96. [PMID: 31454711 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tritrichomonas foetus is a common cause of large bowel diarrhea in cats. Probiotics have been suggested to be effective for many intestinal pathogens; however, there are a lack of studies evaluating the effect of probiotics in T. foetus infection. In vitro studies were performed to evaluate the effect of a probiotic containing Enterococcus faecium (Efm) SF68 and a novel probiotic, Enterococcus hirae, on the inhibition of T. foetus growth, adhesion to, and cytotoxicity towards the intestinal epithelium. The effect of enterococci on T. foetus proliferation during co-culture was evaluated throughout log phase T. foetus growth. The previously validated in vitro co-culture model system using porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) was used to evaluate the effect of enterococci on T. foetus adhesion and cytotoxicity towards intestinal epithelial cells. Cytotoxicity was assessed using fluorescent microscopy and spectrophotometry. Interactions of T. foetus, enterococci, and intestinal epithelial cells were assessed using scanning electron microscopy and immunofluorescence assays (IFA). Enterococcus-induced inhibition of T. foetus growth was demonstrated at concentrations as low as 104 enterococci colony forming units (CFU)/mL and was dependent, in part, on environmental pH and the presence of viable enterococci organisms. T. foetus adhesion, including with a ronidazole-resistant strain, was reduced with pretreatment of intestinal epithelial cells with enterococci but was not significantly affected when enterococci were introduced simultaneously or following T. foetus infection. Compared to Efm, E. hirae more effectively decreased T. foetus adhesion, suggesting its superior potential as a novel probiotic for T. foetus infection. There was no effect of enterococci treatment on T. foetus-induced intestinal epithelial cell cytotoxicity. Our results support further study into the investigation of a possible benefit of enterococci-containing probiotic treatment for prevention of T. foetus infection in at-risk uninfected cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Dickson
- The University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences and Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Julie Vose
- The University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences and Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - David Bemis
- The University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences and Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Maggie Daves
- The University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences and Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Thomas Cecere
- Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Jody L Gookin
- North Carolina State University, Department of Clinical Sciences Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Joerg Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - M Katherine Tolbert
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States.
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Han S, Guan Y, Dou H, Yang H, Yao M, Ge J, Feng L. Comparison of the fecal microbiota of two free-ranging Chinese subspecies of the leopard ( Panthera pardus) using high-throughput sequencing. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6684. [PMID: 30944781 PMCID: PMC6441561 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The analysis of gut microbiota using fecal samples provides a non-invasive approach to understand the complex interactions between host species and their intestinal bacterial community. However, information on gut microbiota for wild endangered carnivores is scarce. The goal of this study was to describe the gut microbiota of two leopard subspecies, the Amur leopard (Panthera pardus orientalis) and North Chinese leopard (Panthera pardus japonensis). Fecal samples from the Amur leopard (n = 8) and North Chinese leopard (n = 13) were collected in Northeast Tiger and Leopard National Park and Shanxi Tieqiaoshan Provincial Nature Reserve in China, respectively. The gut microbiota of leopards was analyzed via high-throughput sequencing of the V3–V4 region of bacterial 16S rRNA gene using the Life Ion S5™ XL platform. A total of 1,413,825 clean reads representing 4,203 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were detected. For Amur leopard samples, Firmicutes (78.4%) was the dominant phylum, followed by Proteobacteria (9.6%) and Actinobacteria (7.6%). And for the North Chinese leopard, Firmicutes (68.6%), Actinobacteria (11.6%) and Fusobacteria (6.4%) were the most predominant phyla. Clostridiales was the most diverse bacterial order with 37.9% for Amur leopard and 45.7% for North Chinese leopard. Based on the beta-diversity analysis, no significant difference was found in the bacterial community composition between the Amur leopard and North Chinese leopard samples. The current study provides the initial data about the composition and structure of the gut microbiota for wild Amur leopards and North Chinese leopards, and has laid the foundation for further investigations of the health, dietary preferences and physiological regulation of leopards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Han
- Northeast Tiger and Leopard Biodiversity National Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory for Conservation Ecology of Northeast Tiger and Leopard National Park, State Forestry and Grassland Administration Amur tiger and Amur leopard Monitoring and Research Center, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Guan
- Northeast Tiger and Leopard Biodiversity National Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory for Conservation Ecology of Northeast Tiger and Leopard National Park, State Forestry and Grassland Administration Amur tiger and Amur leopard Monitoring and Research Center, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Hailong Dou
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Shandong, China
| | - Haitao Yang
- Northeast Tiger and Leopard Biodiversity National Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory for Conservation Ecology of Northeast Tiger and Leopard National Park, State Forestry and Grassland Administration Amur tiger and Amur leopard Monitoring and Research Center, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Yao
- Northeast Tiger and Leopard Biodiversity National Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory for Conservation Ecology of Northeast Tiger and Leopard National Park, State Forestry and Grassland Administration Amur tiger and Amur leopard Monitoring and Research Center, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianping Ge
- Northeast Tiger and Leopard Biodiversity National Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory for Conservation Ecology of Northeast Tiger and Leopard National Park, State Forestry and Grassland Administration Amur tiger and Amur leopard Monitoring and Research Center, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Limin Feng
- Northeast Tiger and Leopard Biodiversity National Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory for Conservation Ecology of Northeast Tiger and Leopard National Park, State Forestry and Grassland Administration Amur tiger and Amur leopard Monitoring and Research Center, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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30
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Yang G, Zhang P, Liu H, Zhu X, Dong W. Spatial variations in intestinal skatole production and microbial composition in broilers. Anim Sci J 2019; 90:412-422. [PMID: 30656801 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Spatial variations in intestinal skatole production and microbial composition in broilers were evaluated. Fifteen 42-day-old broilers were slaughtered. Samples were taken from the broilers' ileum, cecum, and rectum and analyzed for skatole levels. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) technique was used to analyze the microbial community from the intestinal digesta. The skatole levels could be arranged in decreasing order: cecum > rectum > ileum. Cecal lactate and acetate levels were higher than those of ileum and rectum (p < 0.01). Cecal microbial diversity and richness were higher than those of ileum (p < 0.05). One specific DGGE band was found in cecal sample and is closely related to Bacteroides uniformis. Cecum and rectum samples consisted of three coexistence bands, the related bacteria included Lactobacillus vaginalis and two members of Candidatus Arthromitus. The total bacterial population in cecum was higher than that in ileum and rectum (p < 0.05). Skatole levels were positively correlated with microbial Shannon-Wiener index, richness, total bacteria (p < 0.01) and Lactobacilli and Bifidobacterium (p < 0.05) populations. These results suggest that the variations in fermentation patterns are more likely to explain differences in intestinal skatole level. Bacteroides uniformis may play a role in the production of skatole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiqin Yang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Pei Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Haiying Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Xin Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Weiguo Dong
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, P. R. China
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31
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Summers SC, Quimby JM, Isaiah A, Suchodolski JS, Lunghofer PJ, Gustafson DL. The fecal microbiome and serum concentrations of indoxyl sulfate and p-cresol sulfate in cats with chronic kidney disease. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 33:662-669. [PMID: 30561098 PMCID: PMC6430892 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intestinal dysbiosis has been documented in humans with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is thought to contribute to production of the uremic toxins indoxyl sulfate (IS) and p‐cresol sulfate (pCS). Characteristics of the fecal microbiome in cats with CKD and correlation to serum concentrations of uremic toxins are unknown. Objectives To characterize the fecal microbiome and measure serum IS and pCS concentrations of cats with CKD in comparison to healthy older cats. Animals Thirty client‐owned cats with CKD (International Renal Interest Society stages 2‐4) and 11 older (≥8 years) healthy control cats. Methods Prospective, cross‐sectional study. Fecal samples were analyzed by sequencing of 16S rRNA genes and Escherichia coli quantitative PCR (qPCR). Serum concentrations of IS and pCS measured using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Results Cats with CKD had significantly decreased fecal bacterial diversity and richness. Escherichia coli qPCR showed no significant difference in bacteria count between control and CKD cats. Cats with stage 2 (P = .01) and stages 3 and 4 (P = .0006) CKD had significantly higher serum IS concentrations compared to control cats. No significant difference found between stage 2 and stages 3 and 4 CKD. The pCS concentrations were not significantly different between CKD cats and control cats. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Decreased fecal microbiome diversity and richness is associated with CKD in cats. Indoxyl sulfate concentration is significantly increased with CKD, and cats with stage 2 CKD may suffer from a similar uremic toxin burden as do cats with later stage disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacie C Summers
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Jessica M Quimby
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Anitha Isaiah
- Gastroenterology Lab, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Gastroenterology Lab, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Paul J Lunghofer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Daniel L Gustafson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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32
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Salas-Mani A, Jeusette I, Castillo I, Manuelian CL, Lionnet C, Iraculis N, Sanchez N, Fernández S, Vilaseca L, Torre C. Fecal microbiota composition changes after a BW loss diet in Beagle dogs. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:3102-3111. [PMID: 29790949 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In developed countries, dogs and cats frequently suffer from obesity. Recently, gut microbiota composition in humans has been related to obesity and metabolic diseases. This study aimed to evaluate changes in body composition, and gut microbiota composition in obese Beagle dogs after a 17-wk BW loss program. A total of six neutered adult Beagle dogs with an average initial BW of 16.34 ± 1.52 kg and BCS of 7.8 ± 0.1 points (9-point scale) were restrictedly fed with a hypocaloric, low-fat and high-fiber dry-type diet. Body composition was assessed with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan, before (T0) and after (T1) BW loss program. Individual stool samples were collected at T0 and T1 for the 16S rRNA analyses of gut microbiota. Taxonomic analysis was done with amplicon-based metagenomic results, and functional analysis of the metabolic potential of the microbial community was done with shotgun metagenomic results. All dogs reached their ideal BW at T1, with an average weekly proportion of BW loss of -1.07 ± 0.03% of starting BW. Body fat (T0, 7.02 ± 0.76 kg) was reduced by half (P < 0.001), while bone (T0, 0.56 ± 0.06 kg) and muscle mass (T0, 8.89 ± 0.80 kg) remained stable (P > 0.05). The most abundant identified phylum was Firmicutes (T0, 74.27 ± 0.08%; T1, 69.38 ± 0.07%), followed by Bacteroidetes (T0, 12.68 ± 0.08%; T1, 16.68 ± 0.05%), Fusobacteria (T0, 7.45 ± 0.02%; T1, 10.18 ± 0.03%), Actinobacteria (T0, 4.53 ± 0.02%; T1, 3.34 ± 0.01%), and Proteobacteria (T0, 1.06 ± 0.01%; T1, 1.40 ± 0.00%). At genus level, the presence of Clostridium, Lactobacillus, and Dorea, at T1 decreased (P = 0.028), while Allobaculum increased (P = 0.046). Although the microbiota communities at T0 and T1 showed a low separation level when compared (Anosim's R value = 0.39), they were significantly biodiverse (P = 0.01). Those differences on microbiota composition could be explained by 13 genus (α = 0.05, linear discriminant analysis (LDA) score > 2.0). Additionally, differences between both communities could also be explained by the expression of 18 enzymes and 27 pathways (α = 0.05, LDA score > 2.0). In conclusion, restricted feeding of a low-fat and high-fiber dry-type diet successfully modifies gut microbiota in obese dogs, increasing biodiversity with a different representation of microbial genus and metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Salas-Mani
- R&D Department, Affinity Petcare, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabelle Jeusette
- R&D Department, Affinity Petcare, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Castillo
- Servei de Nutrició i Bromatologia aplicada (SNIBA) de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen L Manuelian
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Clement Lionnet
- Genostar Bioinformatic Solutions, Montbonnot Saint Martin, France
| | - Neus Iraculis
- R&D Department, Affinity Petcare, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Sanchez
- R&D Department, Affinity Petcare, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Lluís Vilaseca
- R&D Department, Affinity Petcare, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Celina Torre
- R&D Department, Affinity Petcare, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
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33
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Compo NR, Gomez DE, Tapscott B, Weese JS, Turner PV. Fecal bacterial microbiota of Canadian commercial mink (Neovison vison): Yearly, life stage, and seasonal comparisons. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207111. [PMID: 30419047 PMCID: PMC6231641 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal microbiome is known to play a critical role in animal health but has been relatively poorly characterized in commercial mink, an obligate carnivore. Whether the microbiota can be manipulated in mink to improve pelt quality, health, and well-being is unknown. The objectives of this study were to characterize the fecal microbiota of commercial mink, and to evaluate potential changes due to year (2014 vs 2015), life stage (adult female vs weaned kit), season (summer vs winter), and between Canadian farms. Pooled fecal samples were collected from adult females and weaned kits in the summers of 2014 (n = 173) and 2015 (n = 168), and from females in the winter of 2016 (n = 39), a time when females undergo marked calorie restriction, from 49 mink farms in Ontario. Bacterial DNA was extracted and the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was amplified. Approximately 22 million sequences were identified following quality control filtering. A total of 31 bacterial phyla were identified; however, only 3 comprised >1% of the total sequences identified, with Firmicutes and Proteobacteria together comprising 95% of the total sequences. Comparisons were made by life stage, season and year; no differences were found in the relative abundance of any taxa between samples collected from adult females and weaned kits from the same year and the greatest number of differences at each taxonomic level were noted between 2014 and 2015. Significantly more operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were found in 2014 than 2015 or 2016 (p<0.05) and samples from 2014 were more even, but less diverse than in 2015 (p = 0.002 and 0.001, respectively). There were significant differences in community population and structure by year and season (all p-values <0.001). The predominant phyla and genera at the farm level were similar from year to year. Together, these indicate that mink environment, season, and time are important factors in the stability of gastrointestinal microbiota, once mink reach maturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole R. Compo
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Diego E. Gomez
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian Tapscott
- Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs, Elora, Ontario, Canada
| | - J. Scott Weese
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patricia V. Turner
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Bresciani F, Minamoto Y, Suchodolski JS, Galiazzo G, Vecchiato CG, Pinna C, Biagi G, Pietra M. Effect of an extruded animal protein-free diet on fecal microbiota of dogs with food-responsive enteropathy. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:1903-1910. [PMID: 30353569 PMCID: PMC6271313 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dietary interventions are thought to modify gut microbial communities in healthy individuals. In dogs with chronic enteropathies, resolution of dysbiosis, along with remission of clinical signs, is expected with treatment. Hypothesis/Objective To evaluate changes in the fecal microbiota in dogs with food‐responsive chronic enteropathy (FRE) and in healthy control (HC) dogs before and after an elimination dietary trial with an animal protein‐free diet (APFD). Animals Dogs with FRE (n = 10) and HC (n = 14). Methods Dogs were fed the APFD for 60 days. Fecal microbiota was analyzed by Illumina 16S rRNA sequencing and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results A significantly lower bacterial alpha‐diversity was observed in dogs with FRE compared with HC dogs at baseline, and compared with FRE dogs after the trial. Distinct microbial communities were observed in dogs with FRE at baseline compared with HC dogs at baseline and compared with dogs with FRE after the trial. Microbial communities still were different in FRE dogs after the trial compared with HC dogs at baseline. In HC dogs, the fecal microbiota did not show a significant modification after administration of the APFD. Conclusion and Clinical Importance Our results suggest that, in FRE dogs, treatment with the APFD led to a partial recovery of the fecal microbiota by significantly increasing microbiota richness, which was significantly closer to a healthy microbiota after the treatment. In contrast, no changes were detected in the fecal microbiota of HC dogs fed the same APFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bresciani
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Yasushi Minamoto
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, Texas
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, Texas
| | - Giorgia Galiazzo
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Carla G Vecchiato
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Carlo Pinna
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giacomo Biagi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Pietra
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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35
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Garraway K, Johannes CM, Bryan A, Peauroi J, Rossi G, Zhang M, Wang C, Allenspach K, Jergens AE. Relationship of the mucosal microbiota to gastrointestinal inflammation and small cell intestinal lymphoma in cats. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:1692-1702. [PMID: 30084202 PMCID: PMC6189339 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota in healthy cats is altered in IBD. Little research has been performed to identify whether specific bacterial groups are associated with small cell GI lymphoma (LSA). Hypothesis Mucosal bacteria, including Enterobacteriaceae and Fusobacterium spp., are abundant in intestinal biopsies of cats with small cell GI LSA compared to cats with IBD. Animals Fourteen cats with IBD and 14 cats with small cell GI LSA. Methods Retrospective case control study. A search of the medical records was performed to identify cats diagnosed with IBD and with GI LSA. Bacterial groups identified by FISH in GI biopsies were compared between cohorts and correlated to CD11b+ and NF‐κB expression. Results Fusobacterium spp. (median; IQR bacteria/region) were higher in cats with small cell GI LSA in ileal (527; 455.5 – 661.5; P = .046) and colonic (404.5; 328.8 – 455.5; P = .016) adherent mucus, and combined colonic compartments (free mucus, adherent mucus, attaching to epithelium) (8; 0 – 336; P = .017) compared to cats with IBD (ileum: 67; 31.5 – 259; colon: 142.5; 82.3 – 434.5; combined: 3; 0 – 34). Bacteroides spp. were higher in ileal adherent mucus (P = .036) and 3 combined ileal compartments (P = .034) of cats with small cell GI LSA. There were significant correlations between Fusobacterium spp. totals and CD11b+ cell (P = .009; rs .476) and NF‐κB expression (P = .004; rs .523). Conclusions The bacterial alterations appreciated might be influential in development of small cell GI LSA, and should drive further studies to elucidate the effects of microbial‐mediated inflammation on GI cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayode Garraway
- Iowa State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA
| | | | - Angela Bryan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University
| | - John Peauroi
- VDx Veterinary Diagnostics and Preclinical Research Services
| | - Giacomo Rossi
- School of Biosciences & Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Italy
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Statistics, College of Liberal Arts & Sciences, Iowa State University
| | - Chong Wang
- Department of Statistics, College of Liberal Arts & Sciences, Iowa State University
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Moon CD, Young W, Maclean PH, Cookson AL, Bermingham EN. Metagenomic insights into the roles of Proteobacteria in the gastrointestinal microbiomes of healthy dogs and cats. Microbiologyopen 2018; 7:e00677. [PMID: 29911322 PMCID: PMC6182564 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Interests in the impact of the gastrointestinal microbiota on health and wellbeing have extended from humans to that of companion animals. While relatively fewer studies to date have examined canine and feline gut microbiomes, analysis of the metagenomic DNA from fecal communities using next‐generation sequencing technologies have provided insights into the microbes that are present, their function, and potential to contribute to overall host nutrition and health. As carnivores, healthy dogs and cats possess fecal microbiomes that reflect the generally higher concentrations of protein and fat in their diets, relative to omnivores and herbivores. The phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes are highly abundant, and Fusobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria also feature prominently. Proteobacteria is the most diverse bacterial phylum and commonly features in the fecal microbiota of healthy dogs and cats, although its reputation is often sullied as its members include a number of well‐known opportunistic pathogens, such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Campylobacter, which may impact the health of the host and its owner. Furthermore, in other host species, high abundances of Proteobacteria have been associated with dysbiosis in hosts with metabolic or inflammatory disorders. In this review, we seek to gain further insight into the prevalence and roles of the Proteobacteria within the gastrointestinal microbiomes of healthy dogs and cats. We draw upon the growing number of metagenomic DNA sequence‐based studies which now allow us take a culture‐independent approach to examine the functions that this more minor, yet important, group contribute to normal microbiome function. The fecal microbiomes of healthy dogs and cats often include Proteobacteria at varying abundances. This phylum can have a sullied reputation as it contains a number of well‐known pathogenic members. We explored the functions of the Proteobacteria in fecal shotgun metagenome datasets from healthy dogs and cats. The Proteobacteria appeared to be enriched for functions that are consistent with a role in helping to maintain the anaerobic environment of the gut for normal microbiome function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina D Moon
- AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Wayne Young
- AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,High-Value Nutrition, National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Paul H Maclean
- AgResearch, Lincoln Research Centre, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Adrian L Cookson
- AgResearch, Hopkirk Research Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Emma N Bermingham
- AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,High-Value Nutrition, National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
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Schmid SM, Suchodolski JS, Price JM, Tolbert MK. Omeprazole Minimally Alters the Fecal Microbial Community in Six Cats: A Pilot Study. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:79. [PMID: 29713638 PMCID: PMC5911808 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although they have historically been thought of as safe medications, proton pump inhibitors such as omeprazole have been associated with an increased risk of enteric, particularly Clostridium difficile, infections in people. In cats, omeprazole is often the first choice acid suppressant prescribed for the treatment of upper gastrointestinal (GI) ulceration and bleeding. Despite this, no studies to date have explored the effect of omeprazole on the feline fecal microbiome and metabolome. Therefore, the purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the effect of prolonged omeprazole administration on the fecal microbiome and metabolome in healthy cats to identify targets for analysis in a larger subset of cats with GI disease. A within-subjects, before and after, pilot study was performed whereby six healthy adult cats received 60 days of placebo (250 mg lactose PO q 12 h) followed by 5 mg (0.83–1.6 mg/kg PO q 12 h) omeprazole. On days 0, 30, and 60 of placebo and omeprazole therapy, the fecal microbiome and metabolome were characterized utilizing 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing by Illumina and untargeted mass spectrometry-based methods, respectively. Omeprazole administration resulted in no significant changes in the global microbiome structure or richness. However, transient changes were noted in select bacterial groups with omeprazole administration resulting in an increased sequence percentage of Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, Clostridium, and Faecalibacterium spp. and a decreased sequence percentage of Bifidobacterium spp. Significance was lost for all of these bacterial groups after adjustment for multiple comparisons. The fecal concentration of O-acetylserine and aminomalonate decreased with omeprazole therapy, but significance was lost after adjustment for multiple comparisons. The results of this pilot study conclude that omeprazole has a mild and transient impact on the fecal microbiome and metabolome when orally administered to healthy cats for 60 days. Based on the findings of this pilot study, evaluation of the effect of omeprazole specifically on Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, Clostridium, Faecalibacterium, and Bifidobacterium spp. is warranted in cats with primary GI disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Schmid
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Josh M Price
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - M K Tolbert
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
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38
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AlShawaqfeh MK, Wajid B, Minamoto Y, Markel M, Lidbury JA, Steiner JM, Serpedin E, Suchodolski JS. A dysbiosis index to assess microbial changes in fecal samples of dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathy. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2018; 93:4443197. [PMID: 29040443 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fix136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have identified various bacterial groups that are altered in dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathies (CE) compared to healthy dogs. The study aim was to use quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays to confirm these findings in a larger number of dogs, and to build a mathematical algorithm to report these microbiota changes as a dysbiosis index (DI). Fecal DNA from 95 healthy dogs and 106 dogs with histologically confirmed CE was analyzed. Samples were grouped into a training set and a validation set. Various mathematical models and combination of qPCR assays were evaluated to find a model with highest discriminatory power. The final qPCR panel consisted of eight bacterial groups: total bacteria, Faecalibacterium, Turicibacter, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus, Blautia, Fusobacterium and Clostridium hiranonis. The qPCR-based DI was built based on the nearest centroid classifier, and reports the degree of dysbiosis in a single numerical value that measures the closeness in the l2 - norm of the test sample to the mean prototype of each class. A negative DI indicates normobiosis, whereas a positive DI indicates dysbiosis. For a threshold of 0, the DI based on the combined dataset achieved 74% sensitivity and 95% specificity to separate healthy and CE dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K AlShawaqfeh
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA
| | - B Wajid
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA.,Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, 54890 Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Y Minamoto
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA
| | - M Markel
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA
| | - J A Lidbury
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA
| | - J M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA
| | - E Serpedin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA
| | - J S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA
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39
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Barko P, McMichael M, Swanson K, Williams D. The Gastrointestinal Microbiome: A Review. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:9-25. [PMID: 29171095 PMCID: PMC5787212 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal microbiome is a diverse consortium of bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, and viruses that inhabit the gut of all mammals. Studies in humans and other mammals have implicated the microbiome in a range of physiologic processes that are vital to host health including energy homeostasis, metabolism, gut epithelial health, immunologic activity, and neurobehavioral development. The microbial genome confers metabolic capabilities exceeding those of the host organism alone, making the gut microbiome an active participant in host physiology. Recent advances in DNA sequencing technology and computational biology have revolutionized the field of microbiomics, permitting mechanistic evaluation of the relationships between an animal and its microbial symbionts. Changes in the gastrointestinal microbiome are associated with diseases in humans and animals including inflammatory bowel disease, asthma, obesity, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, immune-mediated conditions, and neurodevelopmental conditions such as autism spectrum disorder. While there remains a paucity of data regarding the intestinal microbiome in small animals, recent studies have helped to characterize its role in host animal health and associated disease states. This review is intended to familiarize small animal veterinarians with recent advances in the field of microbiomics and to prime them for a future in which diagnostic tests and therapies will incorporate these developments into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- P.C. Barko
- Veterinary Clinical MedicineUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL
| | - M.A. McMichael
- Veterinary Clinical MedicineUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL
| | - K.S. Swanson
- Veterinary Clinical MedicineUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL
- Department of Animal SciencesUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL
| | - D.A. Williams
- Veterinary Clinical MedicineUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL
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40
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Abstract
Surveys report that 25-57 % of cats are overweight or obese. The most evinced cause is neutering. Weight loss often fails; thus, new strategies are needed. Obesity has been associated with altered gut bacterial populations and increases in microbial dietary energy extraction, body weight and adiposity. This study aimed to determine whether alterations in intestinal bacteria were associated with obesity, energy restriction and neutering by characterising faecal microbiota using 16S rRNA gene sequencing in eight lean intact, eight lean neutered and eight obese neutered cats before and after 6 weeks of energy restriction. Lean neutered cats had a bacterial profile similar to obese rodents and humans, with a greater abundance (P<0·05) of Firmicutes and lower abundance (P<0·05) of Bacteroidetes compared with the other groups. The greater abundance of Firmicutes in lean neutered cats was due to a bloom in Peptostreptococcaceae. Obese cats had an 18 % reduction in fat mass after energy restriction (P<0·05). Energy reduction was concurrent with significant shifts in two low-abundance bacterial genera and trends in four additional genera. The greatest change was a reduction in the Firmicutes genus, Sarcina, from 4·54 to 0·65 % abundance after energy restriction. The short duration of energy restriction may explain why few bacterial changes were observed in the obese cats. Additional work is needed to understand how neutering, obesity and weight loss are related to changes in feline microbiota and how these microbial shifts affect host physiology.
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41
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Im JY, Sokol S, Duhamel GE. Gastric Dilatation Associated with Gastric Colonization with Sarcina-Like Bacteria in a Cat with Chronic Enteritis. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2017; 53:321-325. [PMID: 28892423 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-6503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
An 11 yr old spayed female domestic longhair cat was presented for an acute onset of vomiting. Abdominal radiographs and ultrasound revealed severe gastric dilatation (GD) without evidence of gastric outflow obstruction. On esophagogastroduodenoscopy, the duodenal mucosa was mildly erythematous, and a moderate, diffuse, chronic enteritis was found by histological examination of duodenal biopsies. Large numbers of Sarcina-like bacteria without associated inflammation were present in gastric mucosal biopsies. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of GD associated with colonization by Sarcina-like bacteria in a cat. Gastric colonization by Sarcina-like bacteria should be suspected when cats are presented with acute onset of GD and vomiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Young Im
- From the Blue Pearl Veterinary Partners, Long Island City, New York (J.Y.I.); and Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York (S.S., G.E.D.)
| | - Set Sokol
- From the Blue Pearl Veterinary Partners, Long Island City, New York (J.Y.I.); and Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York (S.S., G.E.D.)
| | - Gerald E Duhamel
- From the Blue Pearl Veterinary Partners, Long Island City, New York (J.Y.I.); and Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York (S.S., G.E.D.)
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42
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Transition of the intestinal microbiota of cats with age. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181739. [PMID: 28813445 PMCID: PMC5558916 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The transition of intestinal microbiota with age has been well described in humans. However, the age-related changes in intestinal microbiota of cats have not been well studied. In the present study, we investigated the composition of intestinal microbiota of cats in 5 different age groups (pre-weanling, weanling, young, aged, senile) with a culture-based method. For lactobacilli and bifidobacteria, we also quantified with molecular-based method, real-time PCR. The results suggested that the composition of the feline intestinal microbiota changes with age, while the changes were different from those of humans and dogs. Bifidobacteria which are predominant in human intestine or lactobacilli which are predominant in dog intestine, did not appear to be important in cat intestines. Enterococci, instead, seem to be major lactic acid producing bacteria in cats. We also identified lactobacilli and bifidobacteria at the species level based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and found that the species composition of Lactobacillus also changed with age.
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43
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Variation between the oral and faecal microbiota in a free-living passerine bird, the great tit (Parus major). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179945. [PMID: 28662106 PMCID: PMC5491070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract of vertebrates is inhabited by diverse bacterial communities that induce marked effects on the host physiology and health status. The composition of the gastrointestinal microbiota is characterized by pronounced taxonomic and functional variability among different regions of the vertebrate gastrointestinal tract. Despite the relatively solid knowledge on the among-region variations of the gastrointestinal microbiota in model mammalian species, there are only a few studies concerning among-region variations of the gastrointestinal microbiota in free-living non-mammalian vertebrate taxa. We used Illumina MiSeq sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA amplicons to compare the diversity as well as taxonomic composition of bacterial communities in proximal vs. distal parts of the gastrointestinal tract (represented by oral swabs and faecal samples, respectively) in a wild passerine bird, the great tit (Parus major). The diversity of the oral microbiota was significantly higher compared to the faecal microbiota, whereas interindividual variation was higher in faecal than in oral samples. We also observed a pronounced difference in taxonomic content between the oral and faecal microbiota. Bacteria belonging to the phyla Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Actinobacteria typically dominated in both oral and faecal samples. A high abundance of bacteria belonging to Tenericutes was observed only in faecal samples. Surprisingly, we found only a slight correlation between the faecal and oral microbiota at the within-individual level, suggesting that the microbial composition in these body sites is shaped by independent regulatory processes. Given the independence of these two communities at the individual level, we propose that simultaneous sampling of the faecal and oral microbiota will extend our understanding of host vs. microbiota interactions in wild populations.
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44
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Association of Atypical Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli with Diarrhea and Related Mortality in Kittens. J Clin Microbiol 2017; 55:2719-2735. [PMID: 28659315 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00403-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrhea is responsible for the death of approximately 900,000 children per year worldwide. In children, typical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) is a common cause of diarrhea and is associated with a higher hazard of death. Typical EPEC infection is rare in animals and poorly reproduced in experimental animal models. In contrast, atypical EPEC (aEPEC) infection is common in both children and animals, but its role in diarrhea is uncertain. Mortality in kittens is often attributed to diarrhea, and we previously identified enteroadherent EPEC in the intestines of deceased kittens. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and type of EPEC in kittens and whether infection was associated with diarrhea, diarrhea-related mortality, gastrointestinal pathology, or other risk factors. Kittens with and without diarrhea were obtained from two shelter facilities and determined to shed atypical EPEC at a culture-based prevalence of 18%. In contrast, quantitative PCR detected the presence of the gene for intimin (eae) in feces from 42% of kittens. aEPEC was isolated from kittens with and without diarrhea. However, kittens with diarrhea harbored significantly larger quantities of aEPEC than kittens without diarrhea. Kittens with aEPEC had a significantly greater severity of small intestinal and colonic lesions and were significantly more likely to have required subcutaneous fluid administration. These findings identify aEPEC to be prevalent in kittens and a significant primary or contributing cause of intestinal inflammation, diarrhea, dehydration, and associated mortality in kittens.
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45
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Gyuraszova M, Kovalcikova A, Gardlik R. Association between oxidative status and the composition of intestinal microbiota along the gastrointestinal tract. Med Hypotheses 2017; 103:81-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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46
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Zhang Y, Simon SE, Johnson JA, Allen MS. Spatial Microbial Composition Along the Gastrointestinal Tract of Captive Attwater's Prairie Chicken. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2017; 73:966-977. [PMID: 27752719 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-016-0870-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal microbiota is increasingly recognized as an important component of individual health, and therefore, our ability to quantify its diversity accurately is central for exploring different ways to improve health. Non-invasive sampling methods, such as cloaca swabs, are often used to measure gastrointestinal microbiota diversity within an individual. However, few studies have addressed to what degree differences exist in microbial community composition along the gastrointestinal tract, and measures obtained from the cloaca may not actually represent the diversity present elsewhere in the gastrointestinal tract. In this study, we systematically characterized the gastrointestinal microbial community of the critically endangered Attwater's Prairie chicken (Tympanuchus cupido attwateri) by opportunistically sampling four different locations (ileum, cecum, large intestine, and cloaca) along the gastrointestinal tract of eight individuals. Spatial variation of microbial community was observed at different sampling locations within the gastrointestinal tract. The cecum harbored the most diverse and significantly different microbiota from the other locations, while the microbial α- and β-diversities were similar in the ileum, large intestine, and cloaca. The results of this study provide evidence that microbiota diversity can differ depending on sampling location and metric used to quantify diversity. As shown here, non-invasive cloacal sampling strategies may reflect microbiota diversity elsewhere in the gastrointestinal tract, yet caution is warranted when making generalizations in terms of the microbiota diversity correlations when samples are obtained from a single location within the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX, 76107-2699, USA
- Center for Biosafety and Biosecurity, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX, 76107-2699, USA
| | - Stephanie E Simon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Applied Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #310559, Denton, TX, 76203-5017, USA
| | - Jeff A Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Applied Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #310559, Denton, TX, 76203-5017, USA.
| | - Michael S Allen
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX, 76107-2699, USA.
- Center for Biosafety and Biosecurity, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX, 76107-2699, USA.
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47
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Garcia-Mazcorro JF, Barcenas-Walls JR, Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM. Molecular assessment of the fecal microbiota in healthy cats and dogs before and during supplementation with fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) and inulin using high-throughput 454-pyrosequencing. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3184. [PMID: 28439463 PMCID: PMC5398277 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Prebiotics are selectively fermentable dietary compounds that result in changes in the composition and/or activity of the intestinal microbiota, thus conferring benefits upon host health. In veterinary medicine, commercially available products containing prebiotics have not been well studied with regard to the changes they trigger on the composition of the gut microbiota. This study evaluated the effect of a commercially available nutraceutical containing fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) and inulin on the fecal microbiota of healthy cats and dogs when administered for 16 days. Fecal samples were collected at two time points before and at two time points during prebiotic administration. Total genomic DNA was obtained from fecal samples and 454-pyrosequencing was used for 16S rRNA gene bacterial profiling. The linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe) method was used for detecting bacterial taxa that may respond (i.e., increase or decrease in its relative abundance) to prebiotic administration. Prebiotic administration was associated with a good acceptance and no side effects (e.g., diarrhea) were reported by the owners. A low dose of prebiotics (50 mL total regardless of body weight with the end product containing 0.45% of prebiotics) revealed a lower abundance of Gammaproteobacteria and a higher abundance of Veillonellaceae during prebiotic administration in cats, while Staphylococcaceae showed a higher abundance during prebiotic administration in dogs. These differences were not sufficient to separate bacterial communities as shown by analysis of weighted UniFrac distance metrics. A predictive approach of the fecal bacterial metagenome using Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt) also did not reveal differences between the period before and during prebiotic administration. A second trial using a higher dose of prebiotics (3.2 mL/kg body weight with the end product containing 3.1% of prebiotics) was tested in dogs and revealed a lower abundance of Dorea (family Clostridiaceae) and a higher abundance of Megamonas and other (unknown) members of Veillonellaceae during prebiotic administration. Again, these changes were not sufficient to separate bacterial communities or predicted metabolic profiles according to treatment. A closer analysis of bacterial communities at all time-points revealed highly individualized patterns of variation. This study shows a high interindividual variation of fecal bacterial communities from pet cats and dogs, that these communities are relatively stable over time, and that some of this variation can be attributable to prebiotic administration, a phenomenon that may be affected by the amount of the prebiotic administered in the formulation. This study also provides insights into the response of gut bacterial communities in pet cats and dogs during administration of commercially available products containing prebiotics. More studies are needed to explore potentially beneficial effects on host health beyond changes in bacterial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose F Garcia-Mazcorro
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, General Escobedo, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Jose R Barcenas-Walls
- Center for Research and Development in Health Sciences (CIDICS), Genomics Unit, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Jörg M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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48
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Vientós-Plotts AI, Ericsson AC, Rindt H, Grobman ME, Graham A, Bishop K, Cohn LA, Reinero CR. Dynamic changes of the respiratory microbiota and its relationship to fecal and blood microbiota in healthy young cats. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173818. [PMID: 28278278 PMCID: PMC5344508 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in the field of metagenomics using culture-independent methods of microbial identification have allowed characterization of rich and diverse communities of bacteria in the lungs of healthy humans, mice, dogs, sheep and pigs. These data challenge the long held belief that the lungs are sterile and microbial colonization is synonymous with pathology. Studies in humans and animals demonstrate differences in the composition of airway microbiota in health versus disease suggesting respiratory dysbiosis occurs. Using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing of DNA extracted from rectal and oropharyngeal (OP) swabs, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and blood, our objective was to characterize the fecal, OP, blood, and lower airway microbiota over time in healthy cats. This work in healthy cats, a species in which a respiratory microbiota has not yet been characterized, sets the stage for future studies in feline asthma in which cats serve as a comparative and translational model for humans. Fecal, OP and BALF samples were collected from six healthy research cats at day 0, week 2, and week 10; blood was collected at week 10. DNA was extracted, amplified via PCR, and sequenced using the Illumina MiSeq platform. Representative operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified and microbial richness and diversity were assessed. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to visualize relatedness of samples and PERMANOVA was used to test for significant differences in microbial community composition. Fecal and OP swabs provided abundant DNA yielding a mean±SEM of 65,653±6,145 and 20,6323±4,360 sequences per sample, respectively while BALF and blood samples had lower coverage (1,489±430 and 269±18 sequences per sample, respectively). Oropharyngeal and fecal swabs were significantly richer than BALF (mean number OTUs 93, 88 and 36, respectively; p < 0.001) with no significant difference (p = 0.180) in richness between time points. PCA revealed site-specific microbial communities in the feces, and upper and lower airways. In comparison, blood had an apparent compositional similarity with BALF with regard to a few dominant taxa, but shared more OTUs with feces. Samples clustered more by time than by individual, with OP swabs having subjectively greater variation than other samples. In summary, healthy cats have a rich and distinct lower airway microbiome with dynamic bacterial populations. The microbiome is likely to be altered by factors such as age, environmental influences, and disease states. Further data are necessary to determine how the distinct feline microbiomes from the upper and lower airways, feces and blood are established and evolve. These data are relevant for comparisons between healthy cats and cats with respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida I. Vientós-Plotts
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Comparative Internal Medicine Laboratory, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Aaron C. Ericsson
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- University of Missouri Metagenomics Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ACE); (CRR)
| | - Hansjorg Rindt
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Comparative Internal Medicine Laboratory, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Megan E. Grobman
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Comparative Internal Medicine Laboratory, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Amber Graham
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Kaitlin Bishop
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Leah A. Cohn
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Comparative Internal Medicine Laboratory, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Carol R. Reinero
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Comparative Internal Medicine Laboratory, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ACE); (CRR)
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49
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Zaheer R, Dugat-Bony E, Holman D, Cousteix E, Xu Y, Munns K, Selinger LJ, Barbieri R, Alexander T, McAllister TA, Selinger LB. Changes in bacterial community composition of Escherichia coli O157:H7 super-shedder cattle occur in the lower intestine. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170050. [PMID: 28141846 PMCID: PMC5283656 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a foodborne pathogen that colonizes ruminants. Cattle are considered the primary reservoir of E. coli O157:H7 with super-shedders, defined as individuals excreting > 104E. coli O157:H7 CFU g-1 feces. The mechanisms leading to the super-shedding condition are largely unknown. Here, we used 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing to examine the composition of the fecal bacterial community in order to investigate changes in the bacterial microbiota at several locations along the digestive tract (from the duodenum to the rectal-anal junction) in 5 steers previously identified as super-shedders and 5 non-shedders. The overall bacterial community structure did not differ by E. coli O157:H7 shedding status; but several differences in the relative abundance of taxa and OTUs were noted between the two groups. The genus Prevotella was most enriched in the non-shedders while the genus Ruminococcus and the Bacteroidetes phylum were notably enriched in the super-shedders. There was greater bacterial diversity and richness in samples collected from the lower- as compared to the upper gastrointestinal tract (GI). The spiral colon was the only GI location that differed in terms of bacterial diversity between super-shedders and non-shedders. These findings reinforced linkages between E. coli O157:H7 colonization in cattle and the nature of the microbial community inhabiting the digestive tract of super-shedders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahat Zaheer
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Eric Dugat-Bony
- UMR Génie et Microbiologie des Procédés Alimentaires, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Devon Holman
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Elodie Cousteix
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Krysty Munns
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lorna J Selinger
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rutn Barbieri
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Trevor Alexander
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tim A McAllister
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - L Brent Selinger
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
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Barberán A, Dunn RR, Reich BJ, Pacifici K, Laber EB, Menninger HL, Morton JM, Henley JB, Leff JW, Miller SL, Fierer N. The ecology of microscopic life in household dust. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 282:rspb.2015.1139. [PMID: 26311665 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.1139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
We spend the majority of our lives indoors; yet, we currently lack a comprehensive understanding of how the microbial communities found in homes vary across broad geographical regions and what factors are most important in shaping the types of microorganisms found inside homes. Here, we investigated the fungal and bacterial communities found in settled dust collected from inside and outside approximately 1200 homes located across the continental US, homes that represent a broad range of home designs and span many climatic zones. Indoor and outdoor dust samples harboured distinct microbial communities, but these differences were larger for bacteria than for fungi with most indoor fungi originating outside the home. Indoor fungal communities and the distribution of potential allergens varied predictably across climate and geographical regions; where you live determines what fungi live with you inside your home. By contrast, bacterial communities in indoor dust were more strongly influenced by the number and types of occupants living in the homes. In particular, the female : male ratio and whether a house had pets had a significant influence on the types of bacteria found inside our homes highlighting that who you live with determines what bacteria are found inside your home.
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