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Zhao S, Ma L, Wang Y, Fu G, Zhou J, Li X, Fang W. Antimicrobial resistance and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis typing of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from shrimp mariculture environment along the east coast of China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 136:164-170. [PMID: 30509797 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Environmental antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has drawn increasing attention due to its great risk to human health. The aim of this study was to investigate AMR and genotyping of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates (n = 114) recovered from shrimp mariculture environment in China. The isolates exhibited a high rate of resistance to streptomycin (78.9%), ampicillin (64.9%) and gentamicin (53.5%). Furthermore, multi-drug resistance was highly prevalent (61.4%), in which 95.9% of these ampicillin-resistant isolates were primarily mediated by blaCARB-17. Surprisingly, doxycylcine, florfenicol, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMZ) resistance genes occurred in susceptible isolates. Moreover, 114 isolates were grouped into unique pulsed field gel electrophoresis patterns. These findings suggest the need for the prudent use of antimicrobial agents on mariculture farms, in order to control the dissemination of antimicrobial resistant V. parahaemolyticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Zhao
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of East China Sea and Oceanic Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 200090, China; Advanced Institute of Translational Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Licai Ma
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of East China Sea and Oceanic Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 200090, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of East China Sea and Oceanic Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Guihong Fu
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of East China Sea and Oceanic Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Junfang Zhou
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of East China Sea and Oceanic Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Xincang Li
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of East China Sea and Oceanic Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Wenhong Fang
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of East China Sea and Oceanic Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 200090, China.
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Marceddu M, Lamon S, Consolati SG, Ciulli S, Mazza R, Mureddu A, Meloni D. Determination of Salmonella spp., E. coli VTEC, Vibrio spp., and Norovirus GI-GII in Bivalve Molluscs Collected from Growing Natural Beds in Sardinia (Italy). Foods 2017; 6:E88. [PMID: 29019910 PMCID: PMC5664027 DOI: 10.3390/foods6100088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the presence of Salmonella spp., verotoxigenic E. coli (VTEC), Vibrio spp., and Norovirus GI-GII in bivalve molluscs, cockles, and European grooved carpet shells (Cerastoderma spp. and Ruditapes decussatus) collected from a class B growing natural bed in Sardinia (Italy). All of the samples were analysed for Salmonella spp. detection according to European Commission Regulation (EC) 2285/2015. Detection and enumeration of Vibrio spp. were performed according to previously published methods. Presumptive identification of Vibrio spp. isolates was performed by means of conventional biochemical tests. E. coli VTEC was isolated following a direct multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) screening test. Norovirus GI and GII were determined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). No Salmonella spp. were detected. The prevalence of Vibrio spp. was 90%, and the average contamination levels were 3.19 ± 1.07 and 2.84 ± 0.31 Log10 cfu/g in cockles and European grooved carpet shells, respectively. The prevalence of E. coli VTEC was 6.6%. All of the isolates showed a complete pathogenicity profile. The presence of Norovirus was highlighted in 25% of European grooved carpet shells samples. Results showed the typical microbiological profile of bivalve molluscs collected from backwaters and confirmed the capability of shellfish to accumulate E. coli VTEC, pathogenic vibrios, and Norovirus. The presence of such pathogens in shellfish is of major concern for the safety of consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Marceddu
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Sonia Lamon
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Simonetta G Consolati
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Sara Ciulli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy.
| | - Roberta Mazza
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Anna Mureddu
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Domenico Meloni
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
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Manafi A, Khodabandehloo M, Rouhi S, Ramazanzadeh R, Shahbazi B, Narenji H. Molecular Epidemiology Survey of Staphylococcus aureus Panton-Valentine Leukocidin-positive Isolated from Sanandaj, Iran. Adv Biomed Res 2017; 6:87. [PMID: 28828338 PMCID: PMC5549542 DOI: 10.4103/abr.abr_243_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Staphylococcus aureus strains that are Panton–Valentine leukocidin (PVL) positive cause severe skin and soft tissue infections as well as necrotizing pneumonia. The presence of PVL gene is a marker for methicillin-resistant S. aureus; therefore, survey on prevalence and phylogenetic distribution of PVL is of great importance for public health. The aim of this research was molecular epidemiology survey of S. aureus PVL positive, isolated from two tertiary hospitals of Sanandaj. Materials and Methods: A total of 264 staphylococci isolates were collected from clinical specimens, hospital personnel and hospital environment of two tertiary hospitals of Sanandaj, in 2012 (Toohid and Besat). Bacterial cultures and biochemical tests were performed for S. aureus detection. Then, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and repetitive sequence-based PCR (rep-PCR) were used for the determination of prevalence and molecular epidemiology of S. aureus PVL, respectively. Data were analyzed using the Fisher's exact test (P < 0.05). Results: From 264 staphylococci isolates, 88 (33.33%) were detected as S. aureus. Furthermore, 20 out of 88 (22.72%) strains of S. aureus were PVL positive according to PCR results. Rep-PCR showed six main clusters of S. aureus samples. PVL had similar clonality between different samples. No significant relationship was observed between PVL positive S. aureus and rep-PCR patterns (P = 0.98). Conclusion: These results showed that a clone of S. aureus PVL positive has spread between the community and hospital settings. Therefore, appropriate measures are required to prevent the spread of staphylococci and other bacteria in hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Manafi
- Form the Student Research Committee, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Mazaher Khodabandehloo
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Samaneh Rouhi
- Form the Student Research Committee, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.,Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Rashid Ramazanzadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Babak Shahbazi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Hanar Narenji
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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4
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Jiang M, Zhang J, Li Y, Shi X, Qiu Y, Lin Y, Chen Q, Jiang Y, Hu Q. Feasibility of Using Multiple-Locus Variable-Number Tandem-Repeat Analysis for Epidemiology Study of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Infections. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2016; 13:575-581. [PMID: 27454001 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2016.2141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus causes foodborne gastroenteritis, which is often associated with the consumption of raw or undercooked shellfish. Molecular typing can provide critical information for detecting outbreaks and for source attribution. In this study, we describe the development and evaluation of an optimized multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat (VNTR) analysis (MLVA) for the characterization of V. parahaemolyticus isolates. The discriminatory power of MLVA was compared to that of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) by typing 73 sporadic isolates. Epidemiologic concordance was evaluated by typing 23 isolates from five epidemiologically well-characterized outbreaks. The optimized MLVA was applied in early warning, epidemiological surveillance, and source tracking for V. parahaemolyticus infections. There was no significant difference in the discriminatory power of PFGE and MLVA with six or eight VNTR loci for the sporadic isolates. All isolates within an outbreak were indistinguishable by MLVA with six loci, except for one outbreak. Typically, the epidemiological survey could be initiated according to PFGE clusters. We applied MLVA with six loci on 22 isolates in two PFGE clusters. Isolates in one PFGE cluster were distinguished by MLVA. Although a follow-up investigation showed that both clusters had no epidemiological concordance, MLVA decreased the frequency of initiation of epidemiological surveys, thereby reducing labor costs. The ability of MLVA to trace the source of infection was evaluated by isolates from two outbreaks and shrimp samples. The isolates from one of outbreaks and a shrimp had the same MLVA type, suggesting that an epidemiological survey was initiated. Data from the epidemiological investigation subsequently indicated that contaminated shrimp from a nearby city (Dongguan) might be the source of the outbreak. In conclusion, these results indicate that the optimized MLVA may be a promising tool for early warning and epidemiological surveillance of V. parahaemolyticus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jiang
- 1 Shenzhen Major Infectious Disease Control Key Laboratory, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Shenzhen, China
| | - Jinjin Zhang
- 2 Futian District Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Shenzhen, China
| | - Yinghui Li
- 1 Shenzhen Major Infectious Disease Control Key Laboratory, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaolu Shi
- 1 Shenzhen Major Infectious Disease Control Key Laboratory, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Shenzhen, China
| | - Yaqun Qiu
- 1 Shenzhen Major Infectious Disease Control Key Laboratory, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Shenzhen, China
| | - Yiman Lin
- 1 Shenzhen Major Infectious Disease Control Key Laboratory, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Shenzhen, China
| | - Qiongcheng Chen
- 1 Shenzhen Major Infectious Disease Control Key Laboratory, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Shenzhen, China
| | - Yixiang Jiang
- 1 Shenzhen Major Infectious Disease Control Key Laboratory, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Shenzhen, China
| | - Qinghua Hu
- 1 Shenzhen Major Infectious Disease Control Key Laboratory, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Shenzhen, China
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Liu M, Chen S. A novel adhesive factor contributing to the virulence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14449. [PMID: 26399174 PMCID: PMC4585867 DOI: 10.1038/srep14449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial adhesins play a pivotal role in the tight bacteria-host cells attachment to initiate the downstream processes and bacterial infection of hosts. In this study, we identified a novel adhesin, VpadF in V. parahaemolyticus. Deletion of VpadF in V. parahaemolyticus markedly impaired its attachment and cytotoxicity to epithelial cells, as well as attenuated the virulence in murine model. Biochemical studies revealed that VpadF recognized both fibronectin and fibrinogen. The binding of VpadF to these two host receptors was mainly dependent on the its fifth bacterial immunoglobulin-like group domain and its C-terminal tail. Our finding suggested that VpadF is a major virulence factor of V. parahaemolyticus and a potential good candidate for V. parahaemolyticus infection control for both vaccine development and drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Liu
- Shenzhen Key Lab for Food Biological Safety Control, Food Safety and Technology Research Center, Hong Kong PolyU Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China.,State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Shenzhen Key Lab for Food Biological Safety Control, Food Safety and Technology Research Center, Hong Kong PolyU Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China.,State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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Ramazanzadeh R, Rouhi S, Shakib P, Shahbazi B, Bidarpour F, Karimi M. Molecular Characterization of Vibrio cholerae Isolated From Clinical Samples in Kurdistan Province, Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2015; 8:e18119. [PMID: 26060565 PMCID: PMC4458358 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.8(5)2015.18119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Revised: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Vibrio cholerae causes diarrhoeal disease that afflicts thousands of people annually. V. cholerae is classified on the basis of somatic antigens into serovars or serogroups and there are at least 200 known serogroup. Two serogroups, O1 and O139 have been associated with epidemic diseases. Virulence genes of these bacteria are OmpW, ctxA and tcpA. Objectives: Due to the importance of V. cholerae infection and developing molecular diagnostics of this organism in medical and microbiology sciences, this study aimed to describe molecular characterization of V. cholerae isolated from clinical samples using a molecular method. Materials and Methods: In this study, 48 samples were provided during summer 2013 (late August and early September) by reference laboratory. Samples were assessed using biochemical tests initially. The primer of OmpW, ctxA and tcpA genes was used in Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) protocols. Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus (ERIC)-PCR and Repetitive Extragenic Palindromic (REP)-PCR methods were used to subtype V. cholerae. Results: In this study, from a total of 48 clinical stool samples 39 (81.2 %) were positive for V. cholerae in biochemical tests and bacteria culture tests. The PCR results showed that of 39 positive isolates 35 (89.7%), 34 (87.1%) and 37 (94.8%) were positive for ctxA, tcpA and OmpW gene, respectively. Also, in the REP-PCR method with ERIC primer strains were divided into 10 groups. In the REP-PCR method with REP primer, strains were divided into 13 groups. Conclusions: Polymerase chain reaction has specificity and accuracy for identification of the organism and is able to differentiate biotypes. Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequence is one of the informative and discriminative methods for the analysis of V. cholerae diversity. The REP-PCR is a less informative and discriminative method compared to other methods for the analysis of V. cholerae diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashid Ramazanzadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, IR Iran
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, IR Iran
| | - Samaneh Rouhi
- Student Research Committee, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, IR Iran
| | - Pegah Shakib
- Student Research Committee, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, IR Iran
| | - Babak Shahbazi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Babak Shahbazi, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, IR Iran. Tel: +98-9353929575, E-mail:
| | - Farzam Bidarpour
- Deputy of Public Health Affairs, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, IR Iran
| | - Mohammad Karimi
- Deputy of Public Health Affairs, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, IR Iran
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7
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Samadi N, Pakzad I, Monadi Sefidan A, Hosainzadegan H, Tanomand A. Study of aminoglycoside resistance genes in enterococcus and salmonella strains isolated from ilam and milad hospitals, iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2015; 8:e18102. [PMID: 26034551 PMCID: PMC4449854 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.8(4)2015.18102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Revised: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that have been widely used in the treatment of life-threatening infections of Gram-negative bacteria. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the frequency of aminoglycoside resistance genes in Enterococcus and Salmonella strains isolated from clinical samples by PCR. Materials and Methods: In this study, 140 and 79 isolates of Enterococcus and Salmonella were collected, respectively. After phenotypic biochemical confirmation, 117 and 77 isolates were identified as Enterococcus and Salmonella, respectively. After the biochemical identification of the isolates, antibiotic susceptibility for screening of resistance was done using the Kirby-Bauer method for gentamicin, amikacin, kanamycin, tobramycin and netilmycin. DNA was extracted from resistant strains and the presence of acc (3)-Ia, aac (3′)-Ib, acc (6)-IIa ,16SrRNA methylase genes (armA and rat) was detected by PCR amplification using special primers and positive controls. Results: Enterococcus isolates have the highest prevalence of resistance to both kanamycin and amikacin (68.4%), and Salmonella isolates have the highest prevalence of resistance against kanamycin (6.9%). Ninety-three and 26 isolates of Enterococcus and Salmonella at least were resistant against one of the aminoglycosides, respectively. Moreover, 72.04%, 66.7%, and 36.6% of the resistant strains of Enterococcus had the aac (3′)-Ia, aac (3′)-IIa, and acc (6′)-Ib genes, respectively. None of the Salmonella isolates have the studied aminoglycoside genes. Conclusions: Our results indicate that acetylation genes have an important role in aminoglycoside resistance of the Enterococcus isolates from clinical samples. Moreover, Salmonella strains indicate very low level of aminoglycoside resistance, and aminoglycoside resistance genes were not found in Salmonella isolates. These results indicate that other resistance mechanisms, including efflux pumps have an important role in aminoglycoside resistance of Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser Samadi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, IR Iran
| | - Iraj Pakzad
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, IR Iran
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, IR Iran
| | | | - Hasan Hosainzadegan
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty Of Medicine, Maragheh University of Medical Science, Maragheh , IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Hasan Hosainzadegan, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty Of Medicine, Maragheh University of Medical Science, Maragheh , IR Iran. Tel: +98-4137276364, Fax: +98-4137276363, E-mail:
| | - Asghar Tanomand
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty Of Medicine, Maragheh University of Medical Science, Maragheh , IR Iran
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Lüdeke CHM, Fischer M, LaFon P, Cooper K, Jones JL. Suitability of the molecular subtyping methods intergenic spacer region, direct genome restriction analysis, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis for clinical and environmental Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2014; 11:520-8. [PMID: 24799175 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2013.1728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is the leading cause of infectious illness associated with seafood consumption in the United States. Molecular fingerprinting of strains has become a valuable research tool for understanding this pathogen. However, there are many subtyping methods available and little information on how they compare to one another. For this study, a collection of 67 oyster and 77 clinical V. parahaemolyticus isolates were analyzed by three subtyping methods--intergenic spacer region (ISR-1), direct genome restriction analysis (DGREA), and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE)--to determine the utility of these methods for discriminatory subtyping. ISR-1 analysis, run as previously described, provided the lowest discrimination of all the methods (discriminatory index [DI]=0.8665). However, using a broader analytical range than previously reported, ISR-1 clustered isolates based on origin (oyster versus clinical) and had a DI=0.9986. DGREA provided a DI=0.9993-0.9995, but did not consistently cluster the isolates by any identifiable characteristics (origin, serotype, or virulence genotype) and ∼ 15% of isolates were untypeable by this method. PFGE provided a DI=0.9998 when using the combined pattern analysis of both restriction enzymes, SfiI and NotI. This analysis was more discriminatory than using either enzyme pattern alone and primarily grouped isolates by serotype, regardless of strain origin (clinical or oyster) or presence of currently accepted virulence markers. These results indicate that PFGE and ISR-1 are more reliable methods for subtyping V. parahemolyticus, rather than DGREA. Additionally, ISR-1 may provide an indication of pathogenic potential; however, more detailed studies are needed. These data highlight the diversity within V. parahaemolyticus and the need for appropriate selection of subtyping methods depending on the study objectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharina H M Lüdeke
- 1 Gulf Coast Seafood Laboratory , Division of Seafood Science and Technology, Food and Drug Administration, Dauphin Island, Alabama
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Liu M, Yan M, Liu L, Chen S. Characterization of a novel zinc transporter ZnuA acquired by Vibrio parahaemolyticus through horizontal gene transfer. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2013; 3:61. [PMID: 24133656 PMCID: PMC3794297 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2013.00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a clinically important foodborne pathogen that causes acute gastroenteritis worldwide. It has been shown that horizontal gene transfer (HGT) contributes significantly to virulence development of V. parahaemolyticus. In this study, we identified a novel znuA homolog (vpa1307) that belongs to a novel subfamily of ZnuA, a bacterial zinc transporter. The vpa1307 gene is located upstream of the V. parahaemolyticus pathogenicity island (Vp-PAIs) in both tdh-positive and trh-positive V. parahaemolyticus strains. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the exogenous origin of vpa1307 with 40% of V. parahaemolyticus clinical isolates possessing this gene. The expression of vpa1307 gene in V. parahaemolyticus clinical strain VP3218 is induced under zinc limitation condition. Gene deletion and complementation assays confirmed that vpa1307 contributes to the growth of VP3218 under zinc depletion condition and that conserved histidine residues of Vpa1307 contribute to its activity. Importantly, vpa1307 contributes to the cytotoxicity of VP3218 in HeLa cells and a certain degree of virulence in murine model. These results suggest that the horizontally acquired znuA subfamily gene, vpa1307, contributes to the fitness and virulence of Vibrio species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Liu
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong, China ; Food Safety and Technology Research Center, Hong Kong PolyU Shen Zhen Research Institute Shenzhen, China
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