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Adachi Y, Ishii M, Kanno T, Tetsui J, Ishibashi KI, Yamanaka D, Miura N, Ohno N. N-Terminal (1→3)-β-d-Glucan Recognition Proteins from Insects Recognize the Difference in Ultra-Structures of (1→3)-β-d-Glucan. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20143498. [PMID: 31315292 PMCID: PMC6678557 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognition of (1→3)-β-d-glucans (BGs) by invertebrate β-1,3-d-glucan recognition protein (BGRP) plays a significant role in the activation of Toll pathway and prophenoloxidase systems in insect host defense against fungal invasion. To examine the structure diversity of BGRPs for the recognition of physiochemically different BGs, the binding specificity of BGRPs cloned from four different insects to structure different BGs was characterized using ELISA. Recombinant BGRPs expressed as Fc-fusion proteins of human IgG1 bound to the solid phase of BGs. Based on the binding specificities, the BGRPs were categorized into two groups with different ultrastructures and binding characters; one group specifically binds BGs with triple-helical conformation, while the other group recognizes BGs with disordered conformations like single-helical or partially opened triple helix. The BGRPs from the silkworm and the Indian meal moth bound to the BGs with a triple-helical structure, whereas BGRPs from the red flour beetle and yellow mealworm beetle showed no binding to triple-helical BGs, but bound to alkaline-treated BGs that have a partially opened triple-helical conformation. This evidence suggests that the insect BGRPs can distinguish between different conformations of BGs and are equipped for determining the diversity of BG structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Adachi
- Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan.
| | - Masaki Ishii
- Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Takashi Kanno
- Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Junko Tetsui
- Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Ishibashi
- Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yamanaka
- Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Noriko Miura
- Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Naohito Ohno
- Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
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Borrelia burgdorferi peptidoglycan is a persistent antigen in patients with Lyme arthritis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:13498-13507. [PMID: 31209025 PMCID: PMC6613144 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1904170116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lyme disease, caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi, is the most common vector-borne disease in North America. If early infection is untreated, it can result in late-stage manifestations, including arthritis. Although antibiotics are generally effective at all stages of the disease, arthritis may persist in some patients for months to several years despite oral and intravenous antibiotic treatment. Excessive, dysregulated host immune responses are thought to play an important role in this outcome, but the underlying mechanisms are not completely understood. This study identifies the B. burgdorferi peptidoglycan, a major component of the cell wall, as an immunogen likely to contribute to inflammation during infection and in cases of postinfectious Lyme arthritis. Lyme disease is a multisystem disorder caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. A common late-stage complication of this disease is oligoarticular arthritis, often involving the knee. In ∼10% of cases, arthritis persists after appropriate antibiotic treatment, leading to a proliferative synovitis typical of chronic inflammatory arthritides. Here, we provide evidence that peptidoglycan (PG), a major component of the B. burgdorferi cell envelope, may contribute to the development and persistence of Lyme arthritis (LA). We show that B. burgdorferi has a chemically atypical PG (PGBb) that is not recycled during cell-wall turnover. Instead, this pathogen sheds PGBb fragments into its environment during growth. Patients with LA mount a specific immunoglobulin G response against PGBb, which is significantly higher in the synovial fluid than in the serum of the same patient. We also detect PGBb in 94% of synovial fluid samples (32 of 34) from patients with LA, many of whom had undergone oral and intravenous antibiotic treatment. These same synovial fluid samples contain proinflammatory cytokines, similar to those produced by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with PGBb. In addition, systemic administration of PGBb in BALB/c mice elicits acute arthritis. Altogether, our study identifies PGBb as a likely contributor to inflammatory responses in LA. Persistence of this antigen in the joint may contribute to synovitis after antibiotics eradicate the pathogen. Furthermore, our finding that B. burgdorferi sheds immunogenic PGBb fragments during growth suggests a potential role for PGBb in the immunopathogenesis of other Lyme disease manifestations.
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Hacine-Gherbi H, Denys A, Carpentier M, Heysen A, Duflot P, Lanos P, Allain F. Use of Toll-like receptor assays for the detection of bacterial contaminations in icodextrin batches released for peritoneal dialysis. Toxicol Rep 2017; 4:566-573. [PMID: 29152461 PMCID: PMC5671617 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocyte test assays were poorly efficient for the detection of little bacterial contamination in icodextrin batches. TLR2- and TLR4-transfected cell lines were appropriate for detecting PGN and LPS contaminations. Mutanolysin treatment of icodextrins enhanced the response of TLR2-transfected cells to contaminating PGN. Using TLR-transfected cell lines is a valuable approach for selecting icodextrin batches for peritoneal dialysis solutions.
Icodextrin is a starch derivative used for preparing solutions of peritoneal dialysis. Unfortunately, peptidoglycans (PGN) and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) have been reported to contaminate certain icodextrin batches and to contribute to the development of sterile peritonitis. The decision of selecting or rejecting icodextrin batches is however difficult, because of limitations in the detection of these bacterial contaminants. Besides monocyte activation tests of cytokine release, a number of bio-assays using stably TLR-transfected cell lines have been developed. Here, we compared the efficacy of TLR2- and TLR4-transfected cells to detect bacterial contamination with the responses of monocytes exposed to the same icodextrin samples. In contrast to monocyte models of cytokine release, we found that TLR2- and TLR4-transfected cell lines are highly sensitive to detect little PGN and LPS contaminations in the presence of icodextrin. With the intent to increase PGN reactivity, mutanolysin was used to generate soluble fragments in icodextrin samples. We found that such an enzymatic treatment led to an enhanced response of TLR2-transfected cells, even though parental icodextrin samples were poorly reactive. Altogether, these findings indicate that the use of TLR2- and TLR4-transfected cell lines is a valuable approach for helping to the decision of selecting icodextrin batches for peritoneal dialysis.
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Key Words
- FCS, fetal calf serum
- HEK, human embryonic kidney
- IL, interleukin
- Icodextrin
- Inflammation
- LAL, limulus amoebocyte lysate
- LPS, lipopolysaccharides
- LTA, lipoteichoic acid
- Lipopolysaccharides
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- PGN, peptidoglycans
- Peptidoglycans
- Peritoneal dialysis
- SEAP, secreted embryonic alkaline phosphatase
- SLP, Silkworm Larvae plasma
- TLR, Toll-like receptor
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor-α
- Toll-like receptors
- dp, degree of polymerization
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Affiliation(s)
- Hêla Hacine-Gherbi
- University of Lille, CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle - UMR 8576 UGSF, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq cedex, France
| | - Agnès Denys
- University of Lille, CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle - UMR 8576 UGSF, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq cedex, France
| | - Mathieu Carpentier
- University of Lille, CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle - UMR 8576 UGSF, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq cedex, France
| | | | | | | | - Fabrice Allain
- University of Lille, CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle - UMR 8576 UGSF, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq cedex, France
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The bacterial peptidoglycan-sensing molecule Pglyrp2 modulates brain development and behavior. Mol Psychiatry 2017; 22:257-266. [PMID: 27843150 PMCID: PMC5285465 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2016.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed that the gut microbiota modulates brain development and behavior, but the underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood. Here, we show that bacterial peptidoglycan (PGN) derived from the commensal gut microbiota can be translocated into the brain and sensed by specific pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) of the innate immune system. Using expression-profiling techniques, we demonstrate that two families of PRRs that specifically detect PGN (that is, PGN-recognition proteins and NOD-like receptors), and the PGN transporter PepT1 are highly expressed in the developing brain during specific windows of postnatal development in both males and females. Moreover, we show that the expression of several PGN-sensing molecules and PepT1 in the developing striatum is sensitive to manipulations of the gut microbiota (that is, germ-free conditions and antibiotic treatment). Finally, we used the PGN-recognition protein 2 (Pglyrp2) knockout mice to examine the potential influence of PGN-sensing molecules on brain development and behavior. We demonstrate that the absence of Pglyrp2 leads to alterations in the expression of the autism risk gene c-Met, and sex-dependent changes in social behavior, similar to mice with manipulated microbiota. These findings suggest that the central activation of PRRs by microbial products could be one of the signaling pathways mediating the communication between the gut microbiota and the developing brain.
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Silkworm larvae plasma (SLP) assay for detection of bacteria: False positives secondary to inflammation in vivo. J Microbiol Methods 2016; 132:9-13. [PMID: 27840194 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The silkworm larvae plasma (SLP) assay has been developed as a means to detect bacterial peptidoglycan as a surrogate for live bacteria. Here, we present results that indicate that generation of melanin by this assay is not fully reliable as a surrogate marker for bacterial count.
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Chen Y, Takeda T, Aoki Y, Fujita K, Suzuki S, Igarashi D. Peptidoglycan from fermentation by-product triggers defense responses in grapevine. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113340. [PMID: 25427192 PMCID: PMC4245132 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants are constantly under attack from a variety of microorganisms, and rely on a series of complex detection and response systems to protect themselves from infection. Here, we found that a by-product of glutamate fermentation triggered defense responses in grapevine, increasing the expression of defense response genes in cultured cells, foliar chitinase activity, and resistance to infection by downy mildew in leaf explants. To identify the molecule that triggered this innate immunity, we fractionated and purified candidates extracted from Corynebacterium glutamicum, a bacterium used in the production of amino acids by fermentation. Using hydrolysis by lysozyme, a silkworm larva plasma detection system, and gel filtration analysis, we identified peptidoglycan as inducing the defense responses. Peptidoglycans of Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus also generated similar defensive responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chen
- Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Taito Takeda
- Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Aoki
- Institute of Enology and Viticulture, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Keiko Fujita
- Institute of Enology and Viticulture, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Yamanashi, Japan
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Shobara, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shunji Suzuki
- Institute of Enology and Viticulture, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Daisuke Igarashi
- Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Clark KD, Strand MR. Hemolymph melanization in the silkmoth Bombyx mori involves formation of a high molecular mass complex that metabolizes tyrosine. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:14476-14487. [PMID: 23553628 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.459222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The phenoloxidase (PO) cascade regulates the melanization of blood (hemolymph) in insects and other arthropods. Most studies indicate that microbial elicitors activate the PO cascade, which results in processing of the zymogen PPO to PO. PO is then thought to oxidize tyrosine and o-diphenols to quinones, which leads to melanin. However, different lines of investigation raise questions as to whether these views are fully correct. Here we report that hemolymph from the silkmoth, Bombyx mori, rapidly melanizes after collection from a wound site. Prior studies indicated that in vitro activated PPO hydroxylates Tyr inefficiently. Measurement of in vivo substrate titers, however, suggested that Tyr was the only PO substrate initially present in B. mori plasma and that it is rapidly metabolized by PO. Fractionation of plasma by gel filtration chromatography followed by bioassays indicated that melanization activity was primarily associated with a high mass complex (~670 kDa) that contained PO. The prophenoloxidase-activating protease inhibitor Egf1.0 blocked formation of this complex and Tyr metabolism, but the addition of phenylthiourea to plasma before fractionation enhanced complex formation and Tyr metabolism. Mass spectrometry analysis indicated that the complex contained PO plus other proteins. Taken together, our results indicate that wounding alone activates the PO cascade in B. mori. They also suggest that complex formation is required for efficient use of Tyr as a substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Clark
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602.
| | - Michael R Strand
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602.
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Allen RG, Lafuse WP, Galley JD, Ali MM, Ahmer BMM, Bailey MT. The intestinal microbiota are necessary for stressor-induced enhancement of splenic macrophage microbicidal activity. Brain Behav Immun 2012; 26:371-82. [PMID: 22100833 PMCID: PMC3288745 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The indigenous microbiota impact mucosal, as well as systemic, immune responses, but whether the microbiota are involved in stressor-induced immunomodulation has not been thoroughly tested. A well characterized murine stressor, called social disruption (SDR), was used to study whether the microbiota are involved in stressor-induced enhancement of macrophage reactivity. Exposure to the SDR Stressor enhanced the ability of splenic macrophages to produce microbicidal mediators (e.g., inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), superoxide anion, and peroxynitrite) and to kill target Escherichia coli. Exposure to the SDR Stressor also increased cytokine production by LPS-stimulated splenic macrophages. These effects, however, were impacted by the microbiota. Microbicidal activity and cytokine mRNA in splenic macrophages from Swiss Webster germfree mice that lack any commensal microbiota were not enhanced by exposure to the SDR Stressor. However, when germfree mice were conventionalized by colonizing them with microbiota from CD1 conventional donor mice, exposure to the SDR Stressor again increased microbicidal activity and cytokine mRNA. In follow-up experiments, immunocompetent conventional CD1 mice were treated with a cocktail of antibiotics to disrupt the intestinal microbiota. While exposure to the SDR Stressor-enhanced splenic macrophage microbicidal activity and cytokine production in vehicle-treated mice, treatment with antibiotics attenuated the SDR Stressor-induced increases in splenic macrophage reactivity. Treatment with antibiotics also prevented the stressor-induced increase in circulating levels of bacterial peptidoglycan, suggesting that translocation of microbiota-derived peptidoglycan into the body primes the innate immune system for enhanced activity. This study demonstrates that the microbiota play a crucial role in stressor-induced immunoenhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca G. Allen
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - William P. Lafuse
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210,Center for Microbial Interface Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Jeffrey D. Galley
- Division of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Mohamed M. Ali
- Department of Microbiology, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Brian M. M. Ahmer
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210,Department of Microbiology, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Michael T. Bailey
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210,Division of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210,Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210,Address Correspondence To: Michael T. Bailey, Ph.D. The Ohio State University, Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, College of Medicine, 257 IBMR Building, 460 Medical Center Dr. Columbus OH, 43210, Phone: 614-293-4277,
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Yu Y, Park JW, Kwon HM, Hwang HO, Jang IH, Masuda A, Kurokawa K, Nakayama H, Lee WJ, Dohmae N, Zhang J, Lee BL. Diversity of innate immune recognition mechanism for bacterial polymeric meso-diaminopimelic acid-type peptidoglycan in insects. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:32937-32945. [PMID: 20702416 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.144014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In Drosophila, the synthesis of antimicrobial peptides in response to microbial infections is under the control of the Toll and immune deficiency (Imd) signaling pathway. The Toll signaling pathway responds mainly to the lysine-type peptidoglycan of Gram-positive bacteria and fungal β-1,3-glucan, whereas the Imd pathway responds to the meso-diaminopimelic acid (DAP)-type peptidoglycan of Gram-negative bacteria and certain Gram-positive bacilli. Recently we determined the activation mechanism of a Toll signaling pathway biochemically using a large beetle, Tenebrio molitor. However, DAP-type peptidoglycan recognition mechanism and its signaling pathway are still unclear in the fly and beetle. Here, we show that polymeric DAP-type peptidoglycan, but not its monomeric form, formed a complex with Tenebrio peptidoglycan recognition protein-SA, and this complex activated the three-step proteolytic cascade to produce processed Spätzle, a Toll receptor ligand, and induced Drosophila defensin-like antimicrobial peptide in Tenebrio larvae similarly to polymeric lysine-type peptidoglycan. Monomeric DAP-type peptidoglycan induced Drosophila diptericin-like antimicrobial peptide in Tenebrio hemocytes. In addition, both polymeric and monomeric DAP-type peptidoglycans induced expression of Tenebrio peptidoglycan recognition protein-SC2, which is DAP-type peptidoglycan-selective N-acetylmuramyl-l-alanine amidase that functions as a DAP-type peptidoglycan scavenger, appearing to function as a negative regulator of the DAP-type peptidoglycan signaling by cleaving DAP-type peptidoglycan in Tenebrio larvae. Taken together, these results demonstrate that molecular recognition mechanism for polymeric DAP-type peptidoglycan is different between Tenebrio larvae and Drosophila adults, providing biochemical evidences of biological diversity of innate immune responses in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- From the National Research Laboratory of Defense Proteins, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea
| | - Ji-Won Park
- From the National Research Laboratory of Defense Proteins, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea
| | - Hyun-Mi Kwon
- From the National Research Laboratory of Defense Proteins, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea
| | - Hyun-Ok Hwang
- From the National Research Laboratory of Defense Proteins, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea
| | - In-Hwan Jang
- Division of Molecular Life Science, Ewha Woman's University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
| | - Akiko Masuda
- Biomolecular Characterization Team, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
| | - Kenji Kurokawa
- From the National Research Laboratory of Defense Proteins, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea
| | - Hiroshi Nakayama
- Biomolecular Characterization Team, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
| | - Won-Jae Lee
- Division of Molecular Life Science, Ewha Woman's University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
| | - Naoshi Dohmae
- Biomolecular Characterization Team, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
| | - Jinghai Zhang
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Bok Luel Lee
- From the National Research Laboratory of Defense Proteins, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea.
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Wang X, Rocheleau TA, Fuchs JF, Christensen BM. Beta 1, 3-glucan recognition protein from the mosquito, Armigeres subalbatus, is involved in the recognition of distinct types of bacteria in innate immune responses. Cell Microbiol 2006; 8:1581-90. [PMID: 16984413 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2006.00732.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The activation of an immune response to invading microorganisms generally requires recognition by pattern recognition receptors. Beta 1, 3-glucan recognition proteins (GRPs) have specific affinity for beta 1, 3-glucan, a component on the surface of fungi and bacteria. In this study, we show that GRP from Armigeres subalbatus mosquitoes (AsGRP) is able to bind different bacterial species, and that this binding varies from species to species and is independent of Gram type. AsGRP knockdown with double-stranded RNA increases the mortality of mosquitoes to those bacteria that strongly bind AsGRP, but not to bacteria that do not detectably bind AsGRP. This increase in susceptibility is partially evidenced by decreased melanization in Salmonella typhimurium. Furthermore, AsGRP expression is differentially affected by the presence of different species of bacteria. These results demonstrate that AsGRP is selective in its affinity to different bacteria and; therefore, plays a role in the antibacterial immune response of mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinguo Wang
- Department of Animal Health and Biomedical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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