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Liu X, Chang Q, Ferrer-Espada R, Leanse LG, Goh XS, Wang X, Gelfand JA, Dai T. Photoinactivation of Moraxella catarrhalis Using 405-nm Blue Light: Implications for the Treatment of Otitis Media. Photochem Photobiol 2020; 96:611-617. [PMID: 32105346 PMCID: PMC10125262 DOI: 10.1111/php.13241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Moraxella catarrhalis is one of the major otopathogens of otitis media (OM) in childhood. M. catarrhalis tends to form biofilm, which contributes to the chronicity and recurrence of infections, as well as resistance to antibiotic treatment. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effectiveness of antimicrobial blue light (aBL; 405 nm), an innovative nonpharmacological approach, for the inactivation of M. catarrhalis OM. M. catarrhalis either in planktonic suspensions or 24-h old biofilms were exposed to aBL at the irradiance of 60 mW cm-2 . Under an aBL exposure of 216 J cm-2 , a >4-log10 colony-forming units (CFU) reduction in planktonic suspensions and a >3-log10 CFU reduction in biofilms were observed. Both transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy revealed aBL-induced morphological damage in M. catarrhalis. Ultraperformance liquid chromatography results indicated that protoporphyrin IX and coproporphyrin were the two most abundant species of endogenous photosensitizing porphyrins. No statistically significant reduction in the viability of HaCaT cells was observed after an aBL exposure of up to 216 J cm-2 . Collectively, our results suggest that aBL is potentially an effective and safe alternative therapy for OM caused by M. catarrhalis. Further in vivo studies are warranted before this optical approach can be moved to the clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Liu
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Qihang Chang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Raquel Ferrer-Espada
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Leon G Leanse
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Xueping Sharon Goh
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Xiuli Wang
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jeffrey A Gelfand
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Tianhong Dai
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Holm MM, Vanlerberg SL, Foley IM, Sledjeski DD, Lafontaine ER. The Moraxella catarrhalis porin-like outer membrane protein CD is an adhesin for human lung cells. Infect Immun 2004; 72:1906-13. [PMID: 15039309 PMCID: PMC375153 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.4.1906-1913.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The outer membrane protein CD (OMPCD) of Moraxella catarrhalis is an outer membrane protein with several attributes of a potential vaccine antigen. We isolated four transposon mutants of strain O35E on the basis of their reduced binding to A549 human lung cells in microcolony formation assays, and we determined that they contain a transposon in ompCD. We also found that these transposon insertions had pleiotropic effects: mutants grew slower, became serum sensitive, bound approximately 10-fold less to A549 cells, and appeared transparent when grown on solid medium. We confirmed that these various phenotypes could be attributed solely to disruption of ompCD by constructing the isogenic strain O35E.CD1. O35E-ompCD was cloned, and recombinant Escherichia coli bacteria expressing the gene product exhibited a 10-fold increase in adherence to A549 cells. This is the first report of M. catarrhalis ompCD mutants, and our findings demonstrate that this gene product is an adhesin for human lung cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Holm
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo, Ohio 43614-5806, USA
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Holm MM, Vanlerberg SL, Sledjeski DD, Lafontaine ER. The Hag protein of Moraxella catarrhalis strain O35E is associated with adherence to human lung and middle ear cells. Infect Immun 2003; 71:4977-84. [PMID: 12933840 PMCID: PMC187358 DOI: 10.1128/iai.71.9.4977-4984.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that the Moraxella catarrhalis surface antigen UspA1 is an adhesin for Chang human conjunctival cells. The present report demonstrates that lack of UspA1 expression does not affect the adherence of strain O35E to A549 human lung cells or primary cultures of human middle ear epithelial (HMEE) cells. These results imply that another molecule mediates the adherence of M. catarrhalis to these two cell lines. To identify this adhesin, strain O35E was mutagenized with a transposon and 1,000 mutants were screened in a microcolony formation assay using A549 cells. Nine independent isolates exhibited an 8- to 19-fold reduction in adherence and contained a transposon in the same locus. Nucleotide sequence data and PCR analysis indicated that the transposons were inserted in different locations in the gene encoding the surface protein Hag. Quantitative assays using one representative transposon mutant, O35E.TN2, showed considerably decreased binding to A549 as well as HMEE cells. However, this mutant adhered at wild-type levels to Chang conjunctival cells. These findings suggest that the M. catarrhalis Hag protein is an adhesin for cell lines derived from human lung and middle ear tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Holm
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo, Ohio 43614-5806, USA
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Timpe JM, Holm MM, Vanlerberg SL, Basrur V, Lafontaine ER. Identification of a Moraxella catarrhalis outer membrane protein exhibiting both adhesin and lipolytic activities. Infect Immun 2003; 71:4341-50. [PMID: 12874311 PMCID: PMC166007 DOI: 10.1128/iai.71.8.4341-4350.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The UspA1 and Hag proteins have previously been shown to be involved in the ability of the Moraxella catarrhalis wild-type strain O35E to bind to human Chang and A549 cells, respectively. In an effort to identify novel adhesins, we generated a plasmid library of M. catarrhalis DNA fragments, which was introduced into a nonadherent Escherichia coli strain. Recombinant E. coli bacteria were subsequently enriched for clones that gained the ability to bind to Chang and A549 cells, yielding the plasmid pELFOS190. Transposon mutagenesis of this plasmid identified the potential adhesin gene mcaP (M. catarrhalis adherence protein). Sequence analysis revealed that McaP is related to autotransporter proteins and has substantial similarity with the GDSL family of lipolytic enzymes, particularly the Moraxella bovis phospholipase B. Expression of the mcaP gene product by E. coli increased adherence to Chang, A549, and 16HBE14o(-) polarized human bronchial cells 50- to 100-fold. Spectrophotometric assays with p-nitrophenol derivatives also demonstrated that McaP is an esterase. Furthermore, thin-layer chromatography revealed that McaP cleaves both phosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylcholine. McaP releases fatty acids and glycerophosphorylcholine upon cleavage of phosphatidylcholine, thus exhibiting phospholipase B activity. The construction and characterization of isogenic M. catarrhalis O35E mutants demonstrated that the lack of McaP expression abolishes esterase activity and considerably decreases adherence to several human cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Timpe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo, Ohio 43614-5806, USA
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Pearson MM, Lafontaine ER, Wagner NJ, St Geme JW, Hansen EJ. A hag mutant of Moraxella catarrhalis strain O35E is deficient in hemagglutination, autoagglutination, and immunoglobulin D-binding activities. Infect Immun 2002; 70:4523-33. [PMID: 12117964 PMCID: PMC128162 DOI: 10.1128/iai.70.8.4523-4533.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2002] [Revised: 04/05/2002] [Accepted: 05/06/2002] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies correlated the presence of a 200-kDa protein on the surface of Moraxella catarrhalis with the ability of this organism to agglutinate human erythrocytes (M. Fitzgerald, R. Mulcahy, S. Murphy, C. Keane, D. Coakley, and T. Scott, FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 18:209-216, 1997). In the present study, the gene encoding the 200-kDa protein (designated Hag) of M. catarrhalis strain O35E was subjected to nucleotide sequence analysis and then was inactivated by insertional mutagenesis. The isogenic hag mutant was unable to agglutinate human erythrocytes and lost its ability to autoagglutinate but was still attached at wild-type levels to several human epithelial cell lines. The hag mutation also eliminated the ability of this mutant strain to bind human immunoglobulin D. The presence of the Hag protein on the M. catarrhalis cell surface, as well as that of the UspA1 and UspA2 proteins (C. Aebi, I. Maciver, J. L. Latimer, L. D. Cope, M. K. Stevens, S. E. Thomas, G. H. McCracken, Jr., and E. J. Hansen, Infect. Immun. 65:4367-4377, 1997), was investigated by transmission electron and cryoimmunoelectron microscopy. Wild-type M. catarrhalis strain O35E possessed a dense layer of surface projections, whereas an isogenic uspA1 uspA2 hag triple mutant version of this strain did not possess any detectable surface projections. Examination of a uspA1 uspA2 double mutant that expressed the Hag protein revealed the presence of a relatively sparse layer of surface projections, similar to those seen on a uspA2 hag mutant that expressed UspA1. In contrast, a uspA1 hag mutant that expressed UspA2 formed a very dense layer of relatively short surface projections. These results indicate that the surface-exposed Hag protein and UspA1 and UspA2 have the potential to interact both with each other and directly with host defense systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie M Pearson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75390, USA
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Verduin CM, Hol C, Fleer A, van Dijk H, van Belkum A. Moraxella catarrhalis: from emerging to established pathogen. Clin Microbiol Rev 2002; 15:125-44. [PMID: 11781271 PMCID: PMC118065 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.15.1.125-144.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Moraxella catarrhalis (formerly known as Branhamella catarrhalis) has emerged as a significant bacterial pathogen of humans over the past two decades. During this period, microbiological and molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed and improved for M. catarrhalis, allowing the adequate determination and taxonomic positioning of this pathogen. Over the same period, studies have revealed its involvement in respiratory (e.g., sinusitis, otitis media, bronchitis, and pneumonia) and ocular infections in children and in laryngitis, bronchitis, and pneumonia in adults. The development of (molecular) epidemiological tools has enabled the national and international distribution of M. catarrhalis strains to be established, and has allowed the monitoring of nosocomial infections and the dynamics of carriage. Indeed, such monitoring has revealed an increasing number of B-lactamase-positive M. catarrhalis isolates (now well above 90%), underscoring the pathogenic potential of this organism. Although a number of putative M. catarrhalis virulence factors have been identified and described in detail, their relationship to actual bacterial adhesion, invasion, complement resistance, etc. (and ultimately their role in infection and immunity), has been established in a only few cases. In the past 10 years, various animal models for the study of M. catarrhalis pathogenicity have been described, although not all of these models are equally suitable for the study of human infection. Techniques involving the molecular manipulation of M. catarrhalis genes and antigens are also advancing our knowledge of the host response to and pathogenesis of this bacterial species in humans, as well as providing insights into possible vaccine candidates. This review aims to outline our current knowledge of M. catarrhalis, an organism that has evolved from an emerging to a well-established human pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cees M Verduin
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam EMCR, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Sethi S, Murphy TF. Bacterial infection in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in 2000: a state-of-the-art review. Clin Microbiol Rev 2001; 14:336-63. [PMID: 11292642 PMCID: PMC88978 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.14.2.336-363.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 389] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the fourth leading cause of death in the United States. The precise role of bacterial infection in the course and pathogenesis of COPD has been a source of controversy for decades. Chronic bacterial colonization of the lower airways contributes to airway inflammation; more research is needed to test the hypothesis that this bacterial colonization accelerates the progressive decline in lung function seen in COPD (the vicious circle hypothesis). The course of COPD is characterized by intermittent exacerbations of the disease. Studies of samples obtained by bronchoscopy with the protected specimen brush, analysis of the human immune response with appropriate immunoassays, and antibiotic trials reveal that approximately half of exacerbations are caused by bacteria. Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae are the most common causes of exacerbations, while Chlamydia pneumoniae causes a small proportion. The role of Haemophilus parainfluenzae and gram-negative bacilli remains to be established. Recent progress in studies of the molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis of infection in the human respiratory tract and in vaccine development guided by such studies promises to lead to novel ways to treat and prevent bacterial infections in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sethi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
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Lafontaine ER, Cope LD, Aebi C, Latimer JL, McCracken GH, Hansen EJ. The UspA1 protein and a second type of UspA2 protein mediate adherence of Moraxella catarrhalis to human epithelial cells in vitro. J Bacteriol 2000; 182:1364-73. [PMID: 10671460 PMCID: PMC94425 DOI: 10.1128/jb.182.5.1364-1373.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The UspA1 and UspA2 proteins of Moraxella catarrhalis are structurally related, are exposed on the bacterial cell surface, and migrate as very high-molecular-weight complexes in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Previous analysis of uspA1 and uspA2 mutants of M. catarrhalis strain 035E indicated that UspA1 was involved in adherence of this organism to Chang conjunctival epithelial cells in vitro and that expression of UspA2 was essential for resistance of this strain to killing by normal human serum (C. Aebi, E. R. Lafontaine, L. D. Cope, J. L. Latimer, S. R. Lumbley, G. H. McCracken, Jr., and E. J. Hansen, Infect. Immun. 66:3113-3119, 1998). In the present study, isogenic uspA1, uspA2, and uspA1 uspA2 mutations were constructed in three additional M. catarrhalis strains: 012E, TTA37, and 046E. The uspA1 mutant of strain 012E had a decreased ability to attach to Chang cells. However, inactivation of the uspA1 gene in both strain TTA37 and strain 046E did not cause a significant decrease in attachment ability. Inactivation of the uspA2 gene of strain TTA37 did result in a loss of attachment ability. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that the predicted protein encoded by the uspA2 genes of both strains TTA37 and 046E had a N-terminal half that resembled the N-terminal half of UspA1 proteins, whereas the C-terminal half of this protein was nearly identical to those of previously characterized UspA2 proteins. The gene encoding this "hybrid" protein was designated uspA2H. PCR-based analysis revealed that approximately 20% of M. catarrhalis strains apparently possess a uspA2H gene instead of a uspA2 gene. The M. catarrhalis uspA1, uspA2, and uspA2H genes were cloned and expressed in Haemophilus influenzae cells, which were used to prove that both the UspA1 and UspA2H proteins can function as adhesins in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Lafontaine
- Departments of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75235-9048, USA
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Fitzgerald M, Murphy S, Mulcahy R, Keane C, Coakley D, Scott T. Tissue culture adherence and haemagglutination characteristics of Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 1999; 24:105-14. [PMID: 10340719 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.1999.tb01271.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The haemagglutination and tissue culture adherence properties of 20 isolates of Moraxella catarrhalis obtained from the sputum of elderly patients with lower respiratory tract infections were compared with those of 20 isolates of M. catarrhalis obtained from the nasopharynx of elderly persons colonised by the organism. Eighty percent of isolates from the infected group as opposed to 5% of isolates from the colonised group haemagglutinated human erythrocytes (P < 0.001), indicating that the haemagglutinin might be a marker of pathogenicity for M. catarrhalis. There was a significant difference in the adherence to HEp-2 cells of isolates from the infected group in comparison to isolates from the colonised group (P = 0.03). Haemagglutination and tissue culture adherence properties were unrelated, indicating that separate adhesin systems are involved. The adherence of M. catarrhalis to HEp-2 cells was unaffected following pronase and trypsin treatment, however, sodium periodate pre-treatment of the bacteria significantly reduced the tissue culture adherence index, indicating that the adhesin by which the bacteria bind to HEp-2 cells may have a carbohydrate moiety. Transmission electron microscopy studies revealed that adherence of M. catarrhalis to HEp-2 cells was mediated by trypsin-resistant 'tack-/spicule-like' structures protruding from the surface of the bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fitzgerald
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dublin Institute of Technology, Ireland
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