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Brouwer MAE, van de Schoor FR, Vrijmoeth HD, Netea MG, Joosten LAB. A joint effort: The interplay between the innate and the adaptive immune system in Lyme arthritis. Immunol Rev 2020; 294:63-79. [PMID: 31930745 PMCID: PMC7065069 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Articular joints are a major target of Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme arthritis. Despite antibiotic treatment, recurrent or persistent Lyme arthritis is observed in a significant number of patients. The host immune response plays a crucial role in this chronic arthritic joint complication of Borrelia infections. During the early stages of B. burgdorferi infection, a major hinder in generating a proper host immune response is the lack of induction of a strong adaptive immune response. This may lead to a delayed hyperinflammatory reaction later in the disease. Several mechanisms have been suggested that might be pivotal for the development of Lyme arthritis and will be highlighted in this review, from molecular mimicry of matrix metallopeptidases and glycosaminoglycans, to autoimmune responses to live bacteria, or remnants of Borrelia spirochetes in joints. Murine studies have suggested that the inflammatory responses are initiated by innate immune cells, but this does not exclude the involvement of the adaptive immune system in this dysregulated immune profile. Genetic predisposition, via human leukocyte antigen-DR isotype and microRNA expression, has been associated with the development of antibiotic-refractory Lyme arthritis. Yet the ultimate cause for (antibiotic-refractory) Lyme arthritis remains unknown. Complex processes of different immune cells and signaling cascades are involved in the development of Lyme arthritis. When these various mechanisms are fully been unraveled, new treatment strategies can be developed to target (antibiotic-refractory) Lyme arthritis more effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A. E. Brouwer
- Department of Internal MedicineRadboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI)Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS)Radboud Institute of Health Sciences (RIHS)Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Freek R. van de Schoor
- Department of Internal MedicineRadboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI)Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS)Radboud Institute of Health Sciences (RIHS)Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Hedwig D. Vrijmoeth
- Department of Internal MedicineRadboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI)Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS)Radboud Institute of Health Sciences (RIHS)Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Mihai G. Netea
- Department of Internal MedicineRadboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI)Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS)Radboud Institute of Health Sciences (RIHS)Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Department for Genomics & ImmunoregulationLife and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES)University of BonnBonnGermany
| | - Leo A. B. Joosten
- Department of Internal MedicineRadboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI)Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS)Radboud Institute of Health Sciences (RIHS)Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
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2
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Kuo J, Warner TF, Schell RF. Arthritis is inhibited in Borrelia-primed and infected interleukin-17A-deficient mice after administration of anti-gamma-interferon, anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha and anti-interleukin-6 antibodies. Pathog Dis 2018; 75:3934651. [PMID: 28859307 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftx073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The role that cytokines play in the induction of Lyme arthritis is gradually being delineated. We showed previously that severe arthritis developed in a T-cell-driven murine model, even in mice lacking interleukin-17A (IL-17A) and administered anti-gamma-interferon (IFN-γ) antibody. Increased levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), two pro-inflammatory cytokines, were detected in cultures of popliteal lymph node cells obtained from these mice. We hypothesized that concomitantly administered anti-IL-6, anti-TNF-α and anti-IFN-γ antibodies would inhibit the development of arthritis in IL-17A-deficient mice. Our results showed that swelling of the hind paws and histopathological changes consistent with arthritis were significantly reduced in IL-17A-deficient mice that administered the three anti-cytokine antibodies. These results suggest that treatment with multiple anti-cytokine antibodies can abrogate the induction of Lyme arthritis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Kuo
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.,Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Thomas F Warner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Ronald F Schell
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.,Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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3
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Kuo J, Warner TF, Schell RF. Borrelia-primed and -infected mice deficient of interleukin-17 develop arthritis after neutralization of gamma-interferon. Pathog Dis 2017; 75:2975570. [PMID: 28175297 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftx014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune mechanisms responsible for development of Lyme arthritis are partially understood with interleukin-17 (IL-17) and gamma-interferon (IFN-γ) playing a generally accepted role. Elevated levels of IL-17 and/or IFN-γ have been reported in samples from human Lyme arthritis patients and experimental mice. In addition, IL-17 and IFN-γ have been implicated in the onset of arthritis in Borrelia-primed and -infected C57BL/6 mice. Recently, we showed that IL-17-deficient mice developed swelling and histopathological changes consistent with arthritis in the presence of high levels of IFN-γ. We hypothesized that neutralization of IFN-γ in IL-17-deficient mice would inhibit Borrelia-induced arthritis. Our results, however, showed that swelling of the hind paws and histopathological changes of arthritis did not differ between Borrelia-primed and -infected IL-17-deficient and wild-type mice with or without neutralization of IFN-γ. We also found higher levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and IL-6 in the popliteal lymph node cells of Borrelia-primed and -infected IL-17-deficient mice after neutralization of IFN-γ. These results suggest that multiple cytokines interact in the development of Borrelia-induced arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Kuo
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.,Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Thomas F Warner
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Ronald F Schell
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.,Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.,Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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4
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Moniuszko-Malinowska A, Czupryna P, Dunaj J, Swierzbinska R, Guziejko K, Rutkowski R, Zajkowska J, Grygorczuk S, Kondrusik M, Pancewicz S. Evaluation of NF-κB concentration in patients with tick-borne encephalitis, neuroborreliosis, anaplasmosis and Anaplasma phagocythophilum with tick-borne encephalitis virus co-infection. Cytokine 2016; 90:155-160. [PMID: 27918952 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was the evaluation of NF-κB concentration in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with diagnosis of tick-borne diseases: tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), neuroborreliosis (NB), anaplasmosis (ANA) and patients co-infected with tick-borne encephalitis virus and Anaplasma phagocythophilum (TBE+ANA). Additionally NF-κB concentration during acute and convalescent period was compared. METHODS Sixty-seven patients with diagnosis of tick-borne diseases were included in the study. The control group (CG) consisted of 18 patients hospitalized because of headaches and had lumbar puncture performed. The NF-κB was measured by human inhibitory subunit of NF-κB ELISA Kit during acute and convalescent period. RESULTS In serum the significant differences were observed only in patients with TBE+ANA co-infection. In CSF the concentration of NF-κB was significantly higher in patients with TBE, TBE+ANA co-infection, and patients with NB than in CG. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves analysis showed that NF-κB concentration in CSF differentiated patients with NB with CG; patients co-infected with TBE and ANA with CG and patients with TBE with CG. NF-κB concentration in serum differentiated patients co-infected with TBE and ANA with NB and with ANA, with TBE and with CG. In TBE group the serum NF-κB concentration significantly decreased in convalescent period, while in NB and TBE groups significant CSF decrease of NF-κB concentration was observed. CONCLUSIONS
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Piotr Czupryna
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
| | - Justyna Dunaj
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
| | - Renata Swierzbinska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Guziejko
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
| | - Ryszard Rutkowski
- Department of Respiratory Diagnostics and Bronchoscopy, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
| | - Joanna Zajkowska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
| | - Sambor Grygorczuk
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
| | - Maciej Kondrusik
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
| | - Sławomir Pancewicz
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
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Hansen ES, Johnson ME, Schell RF, Nardelli DT. CD4+ cell-derived interleukin-17 in a model of dysregulated, Borrelia-induced arthritis. Pathog Dis 2016; 74:ftw084. [PMID: 27549424 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftw084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lyme borreliosis, which is caused in the United States by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi, may manifest as different arrays of signs, symptoms and severities between infected individuals. Recent studies have indicated that particularly severe forms of Lyme borreliosis in humans are associated with an increased Th17 response. Here, we hypothesized that a murine model combining the dysregulated immune response of an environment lacking interleukin-10 (IL-10) with a robust T-cell-driven inflammatory response would reflect arthritis associated with the production of IL-17 by CD4+ cells. We demonstrate that IL-10 regulates the production of IL-17 by Borrelia-primed CD4+ cells early after interaction with Lyme spirochetes in vitro and that infection of Borrelia-primed mice with B. burgdorferi leads to significant production of IL-17 that contributes to the development of severe arthritis. These results extend our previous findings by demonstrating that a dysregulated adaptive immune response to Lyme spirochetes can contribute to severe, Th17-associated arthritis. These findings may lead to therapeutic measures for individuals with particularly severe symptoms of Lyme borreliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Hansen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee WI 53211, USA
| | - Megan E Johnson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee WI 53211, USA
| | - Ronald F Schell
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Dean T Nardelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee WI 53211, USA
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Kuo J, Warner TF, Munson EL, Nardelli DT, Schell RF. Arthritis is developed in Borrelia-primed and -infected mice deficient of interleukin-17. Pathog Dis 2016; 74:ftw077. [PMID: 27493062 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftw077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-17 (IL-17) has been shown to participate in the development of Lyme arthritis in experimental mice. For example, neutralization of IL-17 with antibodies inhibits induction of arthritis in Borrelia-primed and -infected C57BL/6 wild-type mice. We hypothesized that mice lacking IL-17 would fail to develop Borrelia-induced arthritis. IL-17-deficient and wild-type C57BL/6 mice were primed with heat-inactivated Borrelia and then infected with viable spirochetes 3 weeks later. No swelling or major histopathological changes of the hind paws were detected in IL-17-deficient or wild-type mice that were primed with Borrelia or infected with viable spirochetes. By contrast, IL-17-deficient and wild-type mice that were primed and subsequently infected with heterologous Borrelia developed severe swelling and histopathological changes of the hind paws. In addition, Borrelia-primed and -infected IL-17-deficient mice exhibited elevated gamma-interferon (IFN-γ) levels in sera and increased frequencies of IFN-γ-expressing lymphocytes in popliteal lymph nodes compared to Borrelia-primed and -infected wild-type mice. These results demonstrate that IL-17 is not required for development of severe pathology in response to infection with Borrelia burgdorferi, but may contribute to disease through an interaction with IFN-γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Kuo
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Thomas F Warner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Erik L Munson
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - Dean T Nardelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Ronald F Schell
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Infection of Interleukin 17 Receptor A-Deficient C3H Mice with Borrelia burgdorferi Does Not Affect Their Development of Lyme Arthritis and Carditis. Infect Immun 2015; 83:2882-8. [PMID: 25939508 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00533-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, a number of studies have reported the presence of interleukin 17 (IL-17) in patients with Lyme disease, and several murine studies have suggested a role for this cytokine in the development of Lyme arthritis. However, the role of IL-17 has not been studied using the experimental Lyme borreliosis model of infection of C3H mice with Borrelia burgdorferi. In the current study, we investigated the role of IL-17 in the development of experimental Lyme borreliosis by infecting C3H mice devoid of the common IL-17 receptor A subunit (IL-17RA) and thus deficient in most IL-17 signaling. Infection of both C3H and C3H IL-17RA(-/-) mice led to the production of high levels of IL-17 in the serum, low levels in the heart tissue, and no detectable IL-17 in the joint tissue. The development and severity of arthritis and carditis in the C3H IL-17RA(-/-) mice were similar to what was seen in wild-type C3H mice. In addition, development of antiborrelia antibodies and clearance of spirochetes from tissues were similar for the two mouse strains. These results demonstrate a limited role for IL-17 signaling through IL-17RA in the development of disease following infection of C3H mice with B. burgdorferi.
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Schumann J. TGF-β1 of no avail as prognostic marker in lyme disease. PeerJ 2014; 2:e398. [PMID: 24918028 PMCID: PMC4045338 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Within the present in vivo study using the wild type mouse strains C3H/HeN and FVB/N it was intended to (1) measure TGF-β1 expression in the course of lyme disease, (2) examine the potential correlation of TGF-β1 expression with the clinical outcome of a Borrelia infection (with a focus on lyme arthritis), (3) develop a diagnostic tool based on the endogenous factor TGF-β1 to predict the progressivity of lyme disease. Findings. In the course of lyme disease there was an increase in the serum content of active TGF-β1, which became significant 56 days post infection (p < 0.001). The serum concentration of total TGF-β1 in the course of infection initially decreased then rebounded and subsequently dropped again. Despite considerable individual variations in active TGF-β1 serum concentrations there were no identifiable dissimilarities in the clinical appearance of the mice. Likewise, no correlation could be seen between the serum content of active TGF-β1 and the severity of lyme arthritis of tibiotarsal joints of infected mice. Conclusions. The present study clearly shows that TGF-β1 is of no avail as prognostic marker in lyme disease. Hence, the search for an endogenous predictive factor, which can be determined in an easy and reliable manner, remains open.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Schumann
- Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BBZ), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
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Matsuzaki G, Umemura M. Interleukin-17 as an Effector Molecule of Innate and Acquired Immunity against Infections. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 51:1139-47. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2007.tb04008.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Goro Matsuzaki
- Molecular Microbiology Group, Center of Molecular Biosciences, and Division of Host Defense and Vaccinology; Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus; Okinawa 903-0213 Japan
| | - Masayuki Umemura
- Molecular Microbiology Group, Center of Molecular Biosciences, and Division of Host Defense and Vaccinology; Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus; Okinawa 903-0213 Japan
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Zhu A, Han H, Zhao H, Hu J, Jiang C, Xie F, Wang F. Increased frequencies of Th17 and Th22 cells in the peripheral blood of patients with secondary syphilis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 66:299-306. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2012.01007.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Oosting M, ter Hofstede H, van de Veerdonk FL, Sturm P, Kullberg BJ, van der Meer JWM, Netea MG, Joosten LAB. Role of interleukin-23 (IL-23) receptor signaling for IL-17 responses in human Lyme disease. Infect Immun 2011; 79:4681-7. [PMID: 21896776 PMCID: PMC3257938 DOI: 10.1128/iai.05242-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-23 (IL-23) is known to play a crucial role in the development and maintenance of T helper 17 cells. It has been previously demonstrated that IL-17 is involved in experimental Lyme arthritis, caused by Borrelia burgdorferi bacteria. However, the precise role of the IL-23 receptor (IL-23R) for the B. burgdorferi-induced IL-17 responses or human Lyme disease has not yet been elucidated. IL-23R single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs11209026 was genotyped using the TaqMan assay. Functional studies were performed using peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and cytokines were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Dose-dependent production of IL-23 and IL-17 by B. burgdorferi could be observed. Interestingly, when IL-23 bioactivity was inhibited by a specific antibody against IL-23p19, IL-17 production was significantly downregulated. In contrast, production of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) was not affected after the blockade of IL-23 activity. Moreover, individuals bearing a single nucleotide polymorphism in the IL-23R gene (Arg381Gln) produced significantly less IL-17 after B. burgdorferi stimulation compared with that of the individuals bearing the wild type. Despite lower IL-17 production, the IL-23R gene polymorphism did not influence the development of chronic Lyme disease in a cohort of patients with Lyme disease. This study demonstrates that IL-23R signaling is needed for B. burgdorferi-induced IL-17 production in vitro and that an IL-23R gene SNP leads to impaired IL-17 production. However, the IL-23R gene polymorphism is not crucial for the pathogenesis of chronic Lyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marije Oosting
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 8, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Nijmegen Institute of Infection, Inflammation and Immunity (N4i), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 8, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hadewych ter Hofstede
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 8, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank L. van de Veerdonk
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 8, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Nijmegen Institute of Infection, Inflammation and Immunity (N4i), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 8, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Sturm
- Department of Microbiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert GrootepleinZuid 8, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart-Jan Kullberg
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 8, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Nijmegen Institute of Infection, Inflammation and Immunity (N4i), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 8, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jos W. M. van der Meer
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 8, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Nijmegen Institute of Infection, Inflammation and Immunity (N4i), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 8, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mihai G. Netea
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 8, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Nijmegen Institute of Infection, Inflammation and Immunity (N4i), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 8, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Leo A. B. Joosten
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 8, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Nijmegen Institute of Infection, Inflammation and Immunity (N4i), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 8, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Interleukin-35 enhances Lyme arthritis in Borrelia-vaccinated and -infected mice. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2011; 18:1125-32. [PMID: 21613457 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00052-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-35 (IL-35) has been reported to inhibit the production of interleukin-17 (IL-17) as a means of preventing arthritis and other inflammatory diseases. We previously showed that treatment of Borrelia-vaccinated and -infected mice with anti-IL-17 antibody at the time of infection prevented the development of arthritis. The anti-IL-17 antibody-treated mice lacked the extensive tissue damage, such as bone and cartilage erosion, that occurred in the tibiotarsal joints of untreated Borrelia-vaccinated and -infected control mice. We hypothesized that IL-35 would reduce the severity of arthritis by suppressing the production of IL-17 in Borrelia-vaccinated and -infected mice. Here, we show that administration of recombinant IL-35 (rIL-35) to Borrelia-vaccinated and -infected mice augments the development of severe arthritis compared to the results seen with untreated control mice. Borrelia-vaccinated and -infected mice treated with rIL-35 had significantly (P < 0.05) greater hind paw swelling and histopathological changes from day 4 through day 10 than non-rIL-35-treated Borrelia-vaccinated and -infected mice. In addition, the treatment with IL-35 only slightly decreased the production of IL-17 in Borrelia-primed immune cells and did not prevent the development of borreliacidal antibody. Our data do not support a role for IL-35 as a potential therapeutic agent to reduce inflammation in Lyme arthritis.
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Nardelli DT, Luedtke JO, Munson EL, Warner TF, Callister SM, Schell RF. Significant differences between the Borrelia-infection and Borrelia-vaccination and -infection models of Lyme arthritis in C3H/HeN mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 60:78-89. [PMID: 20662925 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2010.00721.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The immunological events leading to the development of Lyme arthritis in humans are partially understood. Much of this information has been gained by studying the course of infection of naïve or vaccinated mice with Borrelia burgdorferi. However, the Borrelia-vaccination and -infection model has not been described using the organismal parameters commonly used in the widely accepted Borrelia-infection model. This is the first comparison between the Borrelia-infection and the Borrelia-vaccination and -infection models of arthritis. Borrelia-vaccinated and -infected C3H/HeN mice develop acute inflammation comparable to that of nonvaccinated, Borrelia-infected C3H/HeN mice. The duration and severity of arthritis in Borrelia-vaccinated and -infected mice was slightly increased compared with Borrelia-infected mice. Significantly, Borrelia-vaccinated and -infected C3H/HeN mice produce interleukin-17 (IL-17), while Borrelia-infected mice that had not been previously vaccinated do not. Neutralization of IL-17 in Borrelia-vaccinated and -infected C3H/HeN mice decreased the severity of arthritis, although not to the degree we observed previously in C57BL/6 mice. Collectively, these findings show that the Borrelia-vaccination and -infection model of Lyme arthritis incorporates elements of adaptive immunity that likely have relevance to human disease, but may not be observed in Borrelia-infected C3H/HeN mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean T Nardelli
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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Ishida H, Matsuzaki-Moriya C, Imai T, Yanagisawa K, Nojima Y, Suzue K, Hirai M, Iwakura Y, Yoshimura A, Hamano S, Shimokawa C, Hisaeda H. Development of experimental cerebral malaria is independent of IL-23 and IL-17. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 402:790-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.10.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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15
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Van De Veerdonk FL, Gresnigt MS, Kullberg BJ, Van Der Meer JW, Joosten LA, Netea MG. Th17 responses and host defense against microorganisms: an overview. BMB Rep 2009; 42:776-87. [DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2009.42.12.776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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Asarch A, Barak O, Loo DS, Gottlieb AB. Th17 cells: A new paradigm for cutaneous inflammation. J DERMATOL TREAT 2009; 19:259-66. [DOI: 10.1080/09546630802206686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Bernardino ALF, Kaushal D, Philipp MT. The antibiotics doxycycline and minocycline inhibit the inflammatory responses to the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. J Infect Dis 2009; 199:1379-88. [PMID: 19301981 PMCID: PMC3697124 DOI: 10.1086/597807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetracyclines moderate inflammatory responses of various etiologies. We hypothesized that tetracyclines, in addition to their antimicrobial function, could exert control over the inflammation elicited by Borrelia burgdorferi. To model systemic effects, we used the human monocytic cell line THP-1; to model effects in the central nervous system, we used rhesus monkey brain astrocytes and microglia. Cells were stimulated with live or sonicated B. burgdorferi or with the lipoprotein outer surface protein A in the presence of increasing concentrations of doxycycline or minocycline. Both antibiotics significantly reduced the production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-8 in a dose-dependent manner in all cell types. Microarray analyses of the effect of doxycycline on gene transcription in spirochete-stimulated monocytes revealed that the NFKB and CHUK (alias, IKKA) genes were down-regulated. Functionally, phosphorylation of IkappaBalpha and binding of NF-kappaB to target DNA were both reduced in these cells. Our results suggest that tetracyclines may have a dual therapeutic effect in Lyme disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L. F. Bernardino
- Division of Bacteriology and Parasitology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Deepak Kaushal
- Division of Bacteriology and Parasitology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Mario T. Philipp
- Division of Bacteriology and Parasitology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana
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Siegemund S, Schütze N, Schulz S, Wolk K, Nasilowska K, Straubinger RK, Sabat R, Alber G. Differential IL-23 requirement for IL-22 and IL-17A production during innate immunity against Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis. Int Immunol 2009; 21:555-65. [PMID: 19297659 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxp025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Early activation of the IL-12/IFN-gamma axis has been shown following Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) infection. We were interested to study whether IL-22 and IL-17A production is initiated early in response to S. Enteritidis. We demonstrate here that IL-22 was strongly elevated in the peritoneal lavage fluid and in serum already 1 day post-intraperitoneal infection (d.p.i.) of mice; not only IL-22 but also IL-17A was produced ex vivo by activated peritoneal exudate cells (PEC). Peritoneal gammadelta T cells were identified as cellular source of IL-17A. The early IL-22 production was completely IL-23-dependent. In contrast, IL-17A production was only partially IL-23-dependent. To investigate the local production of upstream cytokines important for induction of IL-22, IL-17A and IFN-gamma during salmonellosis, the production of IL-23 and IL-12 was studied. Elevated p19 and p40 mRNA levels were found in PEC at 1 d.p.i., whereas p35 mRNA levels were not changed. Besides, the T(h)17-promoting cytokines IL-6, IL-1beta and transforming growth factor-beta were produced in response to S. Enteritidis. However, IL-6 was not required for IL-22 or IL-17A production by PEC. By ex vivo analysis of PEC at 1 d.p.i., we show that the major producers of early IL-12/23p40 in the peritoneal cavity were dendritic cells (DC), whereas macrophages notably contributed to IL-6 production. Taken together, these data suggest that DC initiate early IL-22 production at the site of infection which may contribute to resistance against salmonellosis. Furthermore, we provide evidence that production of IL-22 and IL-17A is differentially regulated during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Siegemund
- Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, An den Tierkliniken 11, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Iliopoulou BP, Alroy J, Huber BT. Persistent arthritis in Borrelia burgdorferi-infected HLA-DR4-positive CD28-negative mice post-antibiotic treatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 58:3892-901. [PMID: 19035513 DOI: 10.1002/art.24028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The immunologic events that lead to persistent joint inflammation in certain patients with Lyme arthritis post-antibiotic treatment have been elusive so far. The prevalence of this condition is highest in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis-associated HLA-DR alleles. This study was undertaken to generate a murine model with persistent arthritis post-antibiotic treatment. METHODS We have previously shown that CD28(-/-) mice develop intermittent monarticular Lyme arthritis that is responsive to antibiotics. Since there seems to be a link in humans between persistent arthritic manifestations post-antibiotic treatment and the HLA-DR4 allele, we generated DR4+/+CD28(-/-)MHCII(-/-) mice, infected them with Borrelia burgdorferi, and subsequently treated them with antibiotics. RESULTS Thirty-eight percent of the B burgdorferi-infected DR4+/+CD28(-/-)MHCII(-/-) mice, but none of the B burgdorferi-infected CD28(-/-)MHCII(-/-) mice, remained arthritic post-antibiotic treatment. A significant fraction (36%) of these mice, but none of the mice in which arthritis resolved, had serum antibodies to outer surface protein A of B burgdorferi. After abrogation of active B burgdorferi infection, the inflammatory reaction in mice with persistent joint inflammation was restricted to the joints, since their draining lymph nodes were no longer enlarged. Increased CD20 and interferon-gamma messenger RNA expression in the inflamed joints of these mice suggested a possible role of B cells and inflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of persistent arthritis post-antibiotic treatment. CONCLUSION The establishment of this murine model allows, for the first time, the elucidation of the immunologic events that lead to persistent Lyme arthritis post-antibiotic therapy in genetically susceptible individuals.
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Borrelia burgdorferiNapA-driven Th17 cell inflammation in lyme arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 58:3609-17. [DOI: 10.1002/art.23972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Interleukin-23 is required for development of arthritis in mice vaccinated and challenged with Borrelia species. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2008; 15:1199-207. [PMID: 18579699 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00129-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We recently hypothesized that T helper 17 (Th17) cells and their associated cytokines are involved in the development of arthritis following infection with Borrelia burgdorferi. Here, we show that interleukin-23 (IL-23), a survival factor for Th17 cells, is required for the induction of arthritis in mice vaccinated with B. burgdorferi strain 297 and challenged with "Borrelia bissettii." When Borrelia-vaccinated and -challenged mice were given antibodies to the p19 subunit of IL-23, they failed to develop the histopathological changes observed in untreated vaccinated and challenged mice. In addition, viable B. bissettii organisms stimulated the secretion of IL-17 from Borrelia-immune lymph node cells during in vitro culture. When anti-IL-23 p19 antibody was included in cultures of B. bissettii organisms and Borrelia-immune lymph node cells, the production of IL-17 was reduced to levels observed in cultures containing immune cells alone. Taken together, these results support the hypothesis that Th17 cell-associated cytokines are involved in the development of Borrelia-mediated arthritis. These findings provide insight into previously overlooked immune mechanisms responsible for the development of Lyme arthritis.
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O'Keeffe J, Moran AP. Conventional, regulatory, and unconventional T cells in the immunologic response to Helicobacter pylori. Helicobacter 2008; 13:1-19. [PMID: 18205661 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2008.00559.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Infection by the gastroduodenal pathogen Helicobacter pylori elicits a complex immunologic response in the mucosa involving neutrophils, plasma cells, eosinophils, and lymphocytes, of which T cells are the principal orchestrators of immunity. While so-called classical T cells (e.g. T-helper cells) that are activated by peptide fragments presented on antigen-presenting cells have received much attention in H. pylori infection, there exists a diverse array of other T cell populations that are potentially important for the outcome of the ensuing immune response, some of which have not been extensively studied in H. pylori infection. Pathogen-specific regulatory T cells that control and prevent the development of immunopathology associated with H. pylori infection have been investigated, but these cells can also benefit the bacterium in helping to prolong the chronicity of the infection by suppressing protective immune responses. An overlooked T cell population, the more recently described Th17 cells, may play a role in H. pylori-induced inflammation, due to triggering responses that ultimately lead to the recruitment of polymorphs, including neutrophils. The so-called innate or unconventional T cells, that include two conserved T cell subsets expressing invariant antigen-specific receptors, the CD1d-restricted natural killer T cells which are activated by glycolipids, and the mucosal-associated invariant T cells which play a role in defense against orally acquired pathogens in the intestinal mucosa, have only begun to receive attention. A greater knowledge of the range of T cell responses induced by H. pylori is required for a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of this bacterium and its ability to perpetuate chronic infection, and could reveal new strategies for therapeutic exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan O'Keeffe
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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Lyme arthritis: current concepts and a change in paradigm. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2007; 15:21-34. [PMID: 18003815 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00330-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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