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Sagane Y, Mutoh S, Koizumi R, Suzuki T, Miyashita SI, Miyata K, Ohyama T, Niwa K, Watanabe T. Reversible Association of the Hemagglutinin Subcomplex, HA-33/HA-17 Trimer, with the Botulinum Toxin Complex. Protein J 2017; 36:417-424. [PMID: 28707196 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-017-9733-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) associates with nontoxic proteins, either a nontoxic nonhemagglutinin (NTNHA) or the complex of NTNHA and hemagglutinin (HA), to form M- or L-toxin complexes (TCs). Single BoNT and NTNHA molecules are associated and form M-TC. A trimer of the 70-kDa HA protein (HA-70) attaches to the M-TC to form M-TC/HA-70. Further, 1-3 arm-like 33- and 17-kDa HA molecules (HA-33/HA-17 trimer), consisting of 1 HA-17 protein and 2 HA-33 proteins, can attach to the M-TC/HA-70 complex, yielding 1-, 2-, and 3-arm L-TC. In this study, the purified 1- and 2-arm L-TCs spontaneously converted into another L-TC species after acquiring the HA-33/HA-17 trimer from other TCs during long-term storage and freezing/thawing. Transmission electron microscopy analysis provided evidence of the formation of detached HA-33/HA-17 trimers in the purified TC preparation. These findings provide evidence of reversible association/dissociation of the M-TC/HA-70 complex with the HA-33/HA-17 trimers, as well as dynamic conversion of the quaternary structure of botulinum TC in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimasa Sagane
- Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri, 099-2493, Japan.
| | - Shingo Mutoh
- Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri, 099-2493, Japan
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Science, Hokkaido Bunkyo University, 5-196-1 Kogane-chuo, Eniwa, 061-1449, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Koizumi
- Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri, 099-2493, Japan
| | - Tomonori Suzuki
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8502, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Miyashita
- Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri, 099-2493, Japan
| | - Keita Miyata
- Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri, 099-2493, Japan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi, 487-8501, Japan
| | - Tohru Ohyama
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Science, Hokkaido Bunkyo University, 5-196-1 Kogane-chuo, Eniwa, 061-1449, Japan
| | - Koichi Niwa
- Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri, 099-2493, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Watanabe
- Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri, 099-2493, Japan
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Hajighasemlou S, Alebouyeh M, Rastegar H, Manzari MT, Mirmoghtadaei M, Moayedi B, Ahmadzadeh M, Parvizpour F, Johari B, Naeini MM, Farajollahi MM. Preparation of Immunotoxin Herceptin-Botulinum and Killing Effects on Two Breast Cancer Cell Lines. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 16:5977-81. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.14.5977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Miyata K, Suzuki T, Hayashi S, Miyashita SI, Ohyama T, Niwa K, Watanabe T, Sagane Y. Hemagglutinin gene shuffling amongClostridium botulinumserotypes C and D yields distinct sugar recognition of the botulinum toxin complex. Pathog Dis 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftv054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Lam KH, Jin R. Architecture of the botulinum neurotoxin complex: a molecular machine for protection and delivery. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2015; 31:89-95. [PMID: 25889616 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2015.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are extremely poisonous protein toxins that cause the fatal paralytic disease botulism. They are naturally produced in bacteria with several nontoxic neurotoxin-associated proteins (NAPs) and together they form a progenitor toxin complex (PTC), the largest bacterial toxin complex known. In foodborne botulism, the PTC functions as a molecular machine that helps BoNT breach the host defense in the gut. Here, we discuss the substantial recent advance in elucidating the atomic structures and assembly of the 14-subunit PTC, including structures of BoNT and four NAPs. These structural studies shed light on the molecular mechanisms by which BoNT is protected against the acidic environment and proteolytic destruction in the gastrointestinal tract, and how it is delivered across the intestinal epithelial barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwok-Ho Lam
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Rongsheng Jin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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Miyashita SI, Niwa K, Watanabe T, Sagane Y. Host-cell specificity and transcytosis of nontoxic nonhemagglutinin protein of botulinum neurotoxin serotype D. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2014; 357:115-22. [PMID: 25041523 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6968.12527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotype D botulinum toxin (BoNT) complex (TC), a causative agent of foodborne botulism in animals, traverses the gastrointestinal tract and circulation, eventually becoming localized in neuromuscular junctions, where the serotype D BoNT cleaves SNARE substrate synaptobrevin II involved in neurotransmitter release. During this process, BoNT must pass through cells, thus from the intestinal lumen to the cells of the intestinal tract and blood vessels. The botulinum TC is formed by association of the BoNT with at least one nontoxic protein, which may be a nontoxic nonhemagglutinin (NTNHA). In this work, we examined the binding and transcytosis of serotype D NTNHA protein in epithelial and endothelial cells to clarify the role played by the protein in toxin delivery. Our studies showed that NTNHA bound to and transcytosed across rat intestinal epithelial (IEC-6) and bovine aortic endothelial (BAEC) cells. While NTNHA also bound to canine renal (MDCK) or human colon carcinoma (Caco-2) cells, but it did not traverse across MDCK or Caco-2 cells. Such specificity of NTNHA protein transcytosis may explain why only some animals are sensitive to botulinum toxin. The sensitivity depends on the toxin serotype in play, and the route of toxin delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichiro Miyashita
- Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Abashiri, Japan
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Nakamura K, Kohda T, Seto Y, Mukamoto M, Kozaki S. Improved detection methods by genetic and immunological techniques for botulinum C/D and D/C mosaic neurotoxins. Vet Microbiol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Small-angle X-ray scattering reveals structural dynamics of the botulinum neurotoxin associating protein, nontoxic nonhemagglutinin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 425:256-60. [PMID: 22828508 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.07.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In cell culture supernatants, the botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) exists as part of a toxin complex (TC) in which nontoxic nonhemagglutinin (NTNHA) and/or hemagglutinins (HAs) are assembled onto the BoNT. A series of investigations indicated that formation of the TC is vital for delivery of the toxin to nerve cells through the digestive tract. In the assembly process, BoNT binds to NTNHA yielding M-TC, and it then matures into L-TC by further association with the HAs via NTNHA in the M-TC. Here, we report a crystal structure of the NTNHA from Clostridium botulinum serotype D strain 4947. Additionally, we performed small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) analysis of the NTNHA and the M-TC to elucidate the solution structure. The crystal structure of D-4947 NTNHA revealed that BoNT and NTNHA share a closely related structure consisting of three domains. The SAXS image indicated that, even though the N-terminal two-thirds of the NTNHA molecule had an apparently similar conformation in both the crystal and solution structures, the C-terminal third of the molecule showed a more extended structure in the SAXS image than that seen in the crystallographic image. The discrepancy between the crystal and solution structures implies a high flexibility of the C-terminal third domain of NTNHA, which is involved in binding to BoNT. Structural dynamics of the NTNHA molecule revealed by SAXS may explain its binding to BoNT to form the BoNT/NTNHA complex.
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Miyata K, Sagane Y, Inui K, Miyashita SI, Suzuki T, Oguma K, Ohyama T, Niwa K, Watanabe T. Purification and characterization of nontoxic protein complex from serotype D 4947 botulinum toxin complex. Protein J 2012; 31:387-92. [PMID: 22565346 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-012-9413-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The large-sized botulinum toxin complex (L-TC) is composed of botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) and nontoxic proteins, e.g. nontoxic nonhemagglutinin (NTNHA) and three types of hemagglutinins (HAs; HA-33, HA-17 and HA-70). The nontoxic proteins play a critical role in L-TC oral toxicity by protecting the BoNT in the digestive tract, and facilitating absorption of the L-TC across the intestinal wall. Under alkaline conditions, the L-TC separates into BoNT and the nontoxic protein complex (NC). In this study, we established a two-step procedure to yield highly pure NC from the L-TC produced by Clostridium botulinum serotype D strain 4947 in which the NC was isolated from the L-TC by gel filtration under alkaline conditions followed by immunoprecipitation with an anti-BoNT antibody to remove contaminating BoNT from the NC fraction. Western blotting and electrophoretic analysis showed that the highly purified NC fraction had only very slight or no BoNT contamination. In addition, the purified NC fraction showed no intraperitoneal (ip) toxicity to mice at a dose of 38 ng per animal whereas the L-TC exhibited an ip median lethal dose of 0.38 ng per mouse. The highly purified NC displayed the same hemagglutination titer as the L-TC. The NC, as well as the L-TC, demonstrated cell binding and monolayer transport in the rat intestinal epithelial cell line IEC-6. Consequently, the highly purified NC can function as a "delivery vehicle" even without the BoNT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Miyata
- Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri, 099-2493, Japan
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Inui K, Sagane Y, Miyata K, Miyashita SI, Suzuki T, Shikamori Y, Ohyama T, Niwa K, Watanabe T. Toxic and nontoxic components of botulinum neurotoxin complex are evolved from a common ancestral zinc protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 419:500-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Matsuo T, Miyata K, Inui K, Ito H, Horiuchi R, Suzuki T, Yoneyama T, Oguma K, Niwa K, Watanabe T, Ohyama T. Characterization of sugar recognition by the toxin complex produced by theClostridium botulinumserotype C variant strain Yoichi. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:35-43. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2011.00825.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Porter A, Phillips G, Smith L, Erwin-Cohen R, Tammariello R, Hale M, DaSilva L. Evaluation of a ricin vaccine candidate (RVEc) for human toxicity using an in vitro vascular leak assay. Toxicon 2011; 58:68-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Revised: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Ligand identification of carbohydrate-binding proteins employing a biotinylated glycan binding assay and tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 2010; 406:132-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2010.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Revised: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Schauer R. Sialic acids as regulators of molecular and cellular interactions. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2009; 19:507-14. [PMID: 19699080 PMCID: PMC7127376 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2009.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 514] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2009] [Revised: 05/20/2009] [Accepted: 06/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The wide occurrence of sialic acids (Sia) in various chemical forms linked as monomers or polymers in an outstanding position in a multitude of complex carbohydrates of animals and microorganisms renders them as most versatile function modulators in cell biology and pathology. A survey is presented of recent advances in the study of the influences that Sias have as bulky hydrophilic and electronegatively charged monosaccharides on animal cells and on their interaction with microorganisms. Some highlights are: sialylation leads to increased anti-inflammatory activity of IgG antibodies, facilitates the escape of microorganisms from the host's immune system, and in polymeric form is involved in the regulation of embryogenesis and neuronal growth and function. The role of siglecs in immunoregulation, the dynamics of lymphocyte binding to selectins and the interactions of toxins, viruses, and other microorganisms with the host's Sia are now better understood. N-Glycolylneuraminic acid from food is antigenic in man and seems to have pathogenic potential. Sia O-acetylation mediated by various eukaryotic and prokaryotic O-acetyltransferases modulates the affinity of these monosaccharides to mammalian and microbial receptors and hinders apoptosis. The functionally versatile O-acetylated ganglioside GD3 is an onco-fetal antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Schauer
- Biochemisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Olshausenstr. 40, D-24098 Kiel, Germany.
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Sialic acid-dependent binding and transcytosis of serotype D botulinum neurotoxin and toxin complex in rat intestinal epithelial cells. Vet Microbiol 2009; 141:312-20. [PMID: 19786330 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2009] [Revised: 08/11/2009] [Accepted: 09/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A large toxin complex (L-TC) produced by Clostridium botulinum is composed of neurotoxin (BoNT), non-toxic non-hemagglutinin (NTNHA) and hemagglutinin subcomponents (HA-70, -33 and -17). In animal botulism, BoNT or L-TC is internalized by intestinal epithelial cells. Previous studies showed that L-TC binds to intestinal cells via sugar chains on the cell surface, but the role of toxin binding to sugar chains in the toxin absorption from intestine is unclear. To clarify whether the toxin binding to sugar chains on intestinal cell surface leads to its transcytosis across the cells, we examined binding and permeation of BoNT and L-TC of C. botulinum serotype D strain 4947 to the rat intestinal epithelial cell line IEC-6 in semi-permeable filters in Transwell systems. Both BoNT and L-TC bound to and permeated the cell monolayers, with L-TC showing greater binding and permeation. In addition, both binding and permeation of toxins were potently inhibited by N-acetyl neuraminic acid in the cell culture medium or by treatment of the cells with neuraminidase. However, neither galactose, lactose nor N-acetyl galactosamine inhibited binding or permeation of toxins. These results support the idea that permeation of both BoNT and L-TC through the intestinal cell layer depends on prior binding to sialic acid on the cell surface. This is the first report demonstrating that the binding of botulinum toxins to cell surface sialic acid leads to their transcytosis through intestinal epithelial cells.
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