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Santos MGDC, Trindade CNDR, Vommaro RC, Domingues RMCP, Ferreira EDO. Binding of the extracellular matrix laminin-1 to Clostridioides difficile strains. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2022; 117:e220035. [PMID: 35730804 PMCID: PMC9208321 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760220035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clostridioides difficile is the most common cause of nosocomial diarrhea associated with antibiotic use. The disease’s symptoms are caused by enterotoxins, but other surface adhesion factors also play a role in the pathogenesis. These adhesins will bind to components of extracellular matrix. OBJECTIVE There is a lack of knowledge on MSCRAMM, this work set-out to determine the adhesive properties of several C. difficile ribotypes (027, 133, 135, 014, 012) towards laminin-1 (LMN-1). METHODS A binding experiment revealed that different ribotypes have distinct adhesion capabilities. To identify this adhesin, an affinity chromatography column containing LMN-1 was prepared and total protein extracts were analysed using mass spectrometry. FINDINGS Strains from ribotypes 012 and 027 had the best adhesion when incubated with glucose supplementations (0.2%, 0.5%, and 1%), while RT135 had a poor adherence. The criteria were not met by RT014 and RT133. In the absence of glucose, there was no adhesion for any ribotype, implying that glucose is required and plays a significant role in adhesion. MAIN CONCLUSIONS These findings show that in the presence of glucose, each C. difficile ribotype interacts differently with LMN-1, and the adhesin responsible for recognition could be SlpA protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayara Gil de Castro Santos
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Departamento de Microbiologia Médica, Laboratório de Biologia de Anaeróbios, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Camilla Nunes Dos Reis Trindade
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Departamento de Microbiologia Médica, Laboratório de Biologia de Anaeróbios, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Rossiane Cláudia Vommaro
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho e Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagens, Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | - Eliane de Oliveira Ferreira
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Departamento de Microbiologia Médica, Laboratório de Biologia de Anaeróbios, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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Valguarnera E, Wardenburg JB. Good Gone Bad: One Toxin Away From Disease for Bacteroides fragilis. J Mol Biol 2019; 432:765-785. [PMID: 31857085 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The human gut is colonized by hundreds of trillions of microorganisms whose acquisition begins during early infancy. Species from the Bacteroides genus are ubiquitous commensals, comprising about thirty percent of the human gut microbiota. Bacteroides fragilis is one of the least abundant Bacteroides species, yet is the most common anaerobe isolated from extraintestinal infections in humans. A subset of B. fragilis strains carry a genetic element that encodes a metalloprotease enterotoxin named Bacteroides fragilis toxin, or BFT. Toxin-bearing strains, or Enterotoxigenic B. fragilis (ETBF) cause acute and chronic intestinal disease in children and adults. Despite this association with disease, around twenty percent of the human population appear to be asymptomatic carriers of ETBF. BFT damages the colonic epithelial barrier by inducing cleavage of the zonula adherens protein E-cadherin and initiating a cell signaling response characterized by inflammation and c-Myc-dependent pro-oncogenic hyperproliferation. As a consequence, mice harboring genetic mutations that predispose to colonic inflammation or tumor formation are uniquely susceptible to toxin-mediated injury. The recent observation of ETBF-bearing biofilms in colon biopsies from humans with colon cancer susceptibility loci strongly suggests that ETBF is a driver of colorectal cancer. This article will address ETBF biology from a host-pathobiont perspective, including clinical data, analysis of molecular mechanisms of disease, and the complex ecological context of the human gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezequiel Valguarnera
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave. Box 8208, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Juliane Bubeck Wardenburg
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave. Box 8208, St. Louis, MO 63110.
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Ferreira TG, Trindade CNDR, Bell P, Teixeira-Ferreira A, Perales JE, Vommaro RC, Domingues RMCP, Ferreira EDO. Identification of the alpha-enolase P46 in the extracellular membrane vesicles of Bacteroides fragilis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2018; 113:178-184. [PMID: 29412357 PMCID: PMC5804310 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760170340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Members of the Bacteroides fragilis group are the most important components of the normal human gut microbiome, but are also major opportunistic pathogens that are responsible for significant mortality, especially in the case of bacteraemia and other severe infections, such as intra-abdominal abscesses. Up to now, several virulence factors have been described that might explain the involvement of B. fragilis in these infections. The secretion of extracellular membrane vesicles (EMVs) has been proposed to play a role in pathogenesis and symbiosis in gram-negative bacteria, by releasing soluble proteins and other molecules. In B. fragilis, these vesicles are known to have haemagglutination and sialidosis activities, and also contain a capsular polysaccharide (PSA), although their involvement in virulence is still not clear. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to identify proteins in the EMV of the 638R B. fragilis strain by mass spectrometry, and also to assess for the presence of Bfp60, a surface plasminogen (Plg) activator, previously shown in B. fragilis to be responsible for the conversion of inactive Plg to active plasmin, which can also bind to laminin-1. METHODS B. fragilis was cultured in a minimum defined media and EMVs were obtained by differential centrifugation, ultracentrifugation, and filtration. The purified EMVs were observed by both transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and immunoelectron microscopy (IM). To identify EMV constituent proteins, EMVs were separated by 1D SDS-PAGE and proteomic analysis of proteins sized 35 kDa to approximately 65 kDa was performed using mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). FINDINGS TEM micrographs proved the presence of spherical vesicles and IM confirmed the presence of Bfp60 protein on their surface. Mass spectrometry identified 23 proteins with high confidence. One of the proteins from the B. fragilis EMVs was identified as an enolase P46 with a possible lyase activity. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Although the Bfp60 protein was not detected by proteomics, α-enolase P46 was found to be present in the EMVs of B. fragilis. The P46 protein has been previously described to be present in the outer membrane of B. fragilis as an iron-regulated protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Gonçalves Ferreira
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Departamento de Microbiologia Médica, Laboratório de Biologia de Anaeróbios, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Camilla Nunes Dos Reis Trindade
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Departamento de Microbiologia Médica, Laboratório de Biologia de Anaeróbios, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Petra Bell
- University of Leeds, Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Biology, Leeds, UK
| | - André Teixeira-Ferreira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Toxinologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.,Rede Proteômica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Jonas E Perales
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Toxinologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.,Rede Proteômica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Rossiane C Vommaro
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Regina Maria Cavalcanti Pilotto Domingues
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Departamento de Microbiologia Médica, Laboratório de Biologia de Anaeróbios, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Eliane de Oliveira Ferreira
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Departamento de Microbiologia Médica, Laboratório de Biologia de Anaeróbios, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.,Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brasil
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Boente RF, Pauer H, Silva DN, Filho JS, Sandim V, Antunes LCM, Ferreira RBR, Zingali RB, Domingues RM, Lobo LA. Differential proteomic analysis of outer membrane enriched extracts of Bacteroides fragilis grown under bile salts stress. Anaerobe 2016; 39:84-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Ferreira EDO, Teixeira FL, Cordeiro F, Araujo Lobo L, Rocha ER, Smith JC, Domingues RMCP. The Bfp60 surface adhesin is an extracellular matrix and plasminogen protein interacting in Bacteroides fragilis. Int J Med Microbiol 2013; 303:492-7. [PMID: 23850366 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 05/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasminogen (Plg) is a highly abundant protein found in the plasma component of blood and is necessary for the degradation of fibrin, collagen, and other structural components of tissues. This fibrinolytic system is utilized by several pathogenic species of bacteria to manipulate the host plasminogen system and facilitate invasion of tissues during infection by modifying the activation of this process through the binding of Plg at their surface. Bacteroides fragilis is the most commonly isolated Gram-negative obligate anaerobe from human clinical infections, such as intra-abdominal abscesses and anaerobic bacteraemia. The ability of B. fragilis to convert plasminogen (Plg) into plasmin has been associated with an outer membrane protein named Bfp60. In this study, we characterized the function of Bfp60 protein in B. fragilis 638R by constructing the bfp60 defective strain and comparing its with that of the wild type regarding binding to laminin-1 (LMN-1) and activation of Plg into plasmin. Although the results showed in this study indicate that Bfp60 surface protein of B. fragilis is important for the recognition of LMN-1 and Plg activation, a significant slow activation of Plg into plasmin was observed in the mutant strain. For that reason, the possibility of another unidentified mechanism activating Plg is also present in B. fragilis cannot be discarded. The results demonstrate that Bfp60 protein is responsible for the recognition of laminin and Plg-plasmin activation. Although the importance of this protein is still unclear in the pathogenicity of the species, it is accepted that since other pathogenic bacteria use this mechanism to disseminate through the extracellular matrix during the infection, it should also contribute to the virulence of B. fragilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliane de Oliveira Ferreira
- Laboratório de Biologia de Anaeróbios, Departamento de Microbiologia Médica, UFRJ, Ilha do Fundão, CCS, Instituto de Microbiologia Prof. Paulo de Góes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Polo Xerém, Estrada de Xerém, 27, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 25245-390, Brazil.
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Bacterial plasminogen receptors: mediators of a multifaceted relationship. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:272148. [PMID: 23118502 PMCID: PMC3478875 DOI: 10.1155/2012/272148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple species of bacteria are able to sequester the host zymogen plasminogen to the cell surface. Once localised to the bacterial surface, plasminogen can act as a cofactor in adhesion, or, following activation to plasmin, provide a source of potent proteolytic activity. Numerous bacterial plasminogen receptors have been identified, and the mechanisms by which they interact with plasminogen are diverse. Here we provide an overview of bacterial plasminogen receptors and discuss the diverse role bacterial plasminogen acquisition plays in the relationship between bacteria and the host.
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Galvão BPGV, Meggersee RL, Abratt VR. Antibiotic resistance and adhesion potential of Bacteroides fragilis clinical isolates from Cape Town, South Africa. Anaerobe 2011; 17:142-6. [PMID: 21530667 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2011.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Revised: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The minimum inhibitory concentrations of 23 Bacteroides fragilis clinical isolates from Cape Town, South Africa, were established using the E-test method. Eight percent of the strains were found to be highly resistant to metronidazole (≥256 mg/L) imipenem and cefoxitin. This is an 8% increase in resistance compared to the previous metronidazole susceptibility screening performed in South Africa in 1998. Clindamycin was the most effective antibiotic with all strains showing sensitivity. Most of the strains (65%) were tetracycline resistant, while one strain, B. fragilis GSH15, showed multidrug resistance to metronidazole, imipenem, cefoxitin and tetracycline. PCR screening revealed that none of the strains contained any of the published nim genes. The particle agglutination assay was employed to determine the ability of the isolates to bind the ECM components fibronectin, laminin, mucin and collagen. This revealed that 78% of the clinical isolates adhered to all four ECM components to varying extents, with the strongest being to laminin and weakest to mucin and collagen Type I.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P G V Galvão
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
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Murphy EC, Mörgelin M, Cooney JC, Frick IM. Interaction of Bacteroides fragilis and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron with the kallikrein-kinin system. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2011; 157:2094-2105. [PMID: 21527472 PMCID: PMC3167891 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.046862-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Many bacterial pathogens interfere with the contact system (kallikrein-kinin system) in human plasma. Activation of this system has two consequences: cleavage of high-molecular-mass kininogen (HK) resulting in release of the potent proinflammatory peptide bradykinin, and initiation of the intrinsic pathway of coagulation. In this study, two species of the Gram-negative anaerobic commensal organism Bacteroides, namely Bacteroides fragilis and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, were found to bind HK and fibrinogen, the major clotting protein, from human plasma as shown by immunoelectron microscopy and Western blot analysis. In addition, these Bacteroides species were capable of activating the contact system at its surface leading to a significant prolongation of the intrinsic coagulation time and also to the release of bradykinin. Members of the genus Bacteroides have been known to act as opportunistic pathogens outside the gut, with B. fragilis being the most common isolate from clinical infections, such as intra-abdominal abscesses and bacteraemia. The present results thus provide more insight into how Bacteroides species cause infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Murphy
- Department of Life Sciences and Materials and Surface Science Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Division of Infection Medicine, Lund University, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Matthias Mörgelin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Division of Infection Medicine, Lund University, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jakki C Cooney
- Department of Life Sciences and Materials and Surface Science Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Inga-Maria Frick
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Division of Infection Medicine, Lund University, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden
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Houston S, Blakely GW, McDowell A, Martin L, Patrick S. Binding and degradation of fibrinogen by Bacteroides fragilis and characterization of a 54 kDa fibrinogen-binding protein. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2010; 156:2516-2526. [PMID: 20466764 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.038588-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Bacteroides fragilis is a bacterium that resides in the normal human gastro-intestinal tract; however, it is also the most commonly isolated Gram-negative obligate anaerobe from human clinical infections, such as intra-abdominal abscesses, and the most common cause of anaerobic bacteraemia. Abscess formation is important in bacterial containment, limiting dissemination of infection and bacteraemia. In this study, we investigated B. fragilis binding and degradation of human fibrinogen, the major structural component involved in fibrin abscess formation. We have shown that B. fragilis NCTC9343 binds human fibrinogen. A putative Bacteroides fragilis fibrinogen-binding protein, designated BF-FBP, identified in the genome sequence of NCTC9343, was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The purified recombinant BF-FBP bound primarily to the human fibrinogen Bbeta-chain. In addition, we have identified fibrinogenolytic activity in B. fragilis exponential phase culture supernatants, associated with fibrinogenolytic metalloproteases in NCTC9343 and 638R, and cysteine protease activity in YCH46. All nine clinical isolates of B. fragilis examined degraded human fibrinogen; with eight isolates, initial Aalpha-chain degradation was observed, with varying Bbeta-chain and gamma-chain degradation. With one blood culture isolate, Bbeta-chain and gamma-chain degradation occurred first, followed by subsequent Aalpha-chain degradation. Our data raise the possibility that the fibrinogen-binding protein of B. fragilis, along with a variety of fibrinogenolytic proteases, may be an important virulence factor that facilitates dissemination of infection via reduction or inhibition of abscess formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Houston
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Garry W Blakely
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Darwin Building, Kings Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, UK
| | - Andrew McDowell
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Lorraine Martin
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Sheila Patrick
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
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