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Ruiz-Laiton A, Molano-Ayala N, García-Castiblanco S, Puentes-Orozco AM, Falla AC, Camargo M, Roa L, Rodríguez-López A, Patarroyo MA, Avendaño C. The prevalence of Chlamydia psittaci in confiscated Psittacidae in Colombia. Prev Vet Med 2022; 200:105591. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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2
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Millman KL, Tavaré S, Dean D. Recombination in the ompA gene but not the omcB gene of Chlamydia contributes to serovar-specific differences in tissue tropism, immune surveillance, and persistence of the organism. J Bacteriol 2001; 183:5997-6008. [PMID: 11567000 PMCID: PMC99679 DOI: 10.1128/jb.183.20.5997-6008.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sequences of the major outer membrane protein (MOMP) gene (ompA) and the outer membrane complex B protein gene (omcB) from Chlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and Chlamydia psittaci were analyzed for evidence of intragenic recombination and for linkage equilibrium. The Sawyer runs test, compatibility matrices, and index of association analyses provided substantial evidence that there has been a history of intragenic recombination at ompA including one instance of interspecies recombination between the C. trachomatis mouse pneumonitis strain and the C. pneumoniae horse N16 strain. Although none of these methods detected intragenic recombination within omcB, differences in divergence reported in earlier studies suggested that there has been intergenic recombination involving omcB, and the analyses presented in this study are consistent with this. For C. trachomatis, index-of-association analyses suggested a higher degree of recombination for C class than for B class strains and a higher degree of recombination in the downstream half of ompA. In concordance with these findings, many significant breakpoints were found in variable segments 3 and 4 of MOMP for the recombinant strains D/B120, G/UW-57, E/Bour, and LGV-98 identified in this study. We provide examples of how genetic diversity generated by repeated recombination in these regions may be associated with evasion of immune surveillance, serovar-specific differences in tissue tropism, and persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Millman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 94609, USA
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3
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Hewinson RG, Griffiths PC, Bevan BJ, Kirwan SE, Field ME, Woodward MJ, Dawson M. Detection of Chlamydia psittaci DNA in avian clinical samples by polymerase chain reaction. Vet Microbiol 1997; 54:155-66. [PMID: 9057259 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(96)01268-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was developed to detect. Chlamydia psittaci DNA in faeces and tissue samples from avian species. Primers were designed to amplify a 264 bp product derived from part of the 5' non-translated region and part of the coding region of the ompA gene which encodes the major outer membrane protein. Amplified sequences were confirmed by Southern hybridization using an internal probe. The sensitivity of the combined assay was found to be between 60 to 600 fg of chlamydial DNA (approximately 6 to 60 genome copies). The specificity of the assay was confirmed since PCR product was not obtained from samples containing several serotypes of C. trachomatis, strains of C. pneumoniae, the type strain of C. pecorum, nor from samples containing microorganisms commonly found in the avian gut flora. In this study, 404 avian faeces and 141 avian tissue samples received by the Central Veterinary Laboratory over a 6 month period were analysed by PCR, antigen detection ELISA and where possible, cell culture isolation. PCR performed favourably compared with ELISA and cell culture, or with ELISA alone. The PCR assay was especially suited to the detection of C. psittaci DNA in avian faeces samples. The test was also useful when applied to tissue samples from small contact birds associated with a case of human psittacosis where ELISA results were negative and chlamydial isolation was a less favourable method due to the need for rapid diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Hewinson
- Department of Bacteriology, Central Veterinary Laboratory, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
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4
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Jackson M, Giffard P, Timms P. Outer Membrane Protein A Gene Sequencing Demonstrates the Polyphyletic Nature of Koala Chlamydia pecorum Isolates. Syst Appl Microbiol 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0723-2020(97)80065-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Moroni A, Pavan G, Donati M, Cevenini R. Differences in the envelope proteins of Chlamydia pneumoniae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Chlamydia psittaci shown by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Arch Microbiol 1996; 165:164-8. [PMID: 8599533 DOI: 10.1007/bf01692857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Analysis by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of the N-laurylsarkosinate(Sarkosyl)-insoluble envelope complexes of L-[35]S-cysteine-labeled elementary bodies of Chlamydia pneumoniae strain IOL-207, Chlamydia trachomatis serovar LGV2, D, and F, and Chlamydia psittaci strain 6BC showed differences in the molecular charges of chlamydial outer membrane proteins. The apparent isoelectric point (pI) of the major outer membrane protein of C. pneumoniae strain IOL-207 was 6.4, whereas the pI of the major outer membrane protein of the C. trachomatis and C. psittaci strains differed little from one another, ranging from 5.3 to 5.5. The 60-kDa cysteine-rich protein of C. pneumoniae was the only 60-kDa chlamydial protein with a pI value (5.9) more acidic than that of the corresponding major outer membrane protein. As a general rule, the charges of both the 60-kDa and the low-molecular-mass (12-15 kDa) cysteine-rich proteins were widely variable, depending on the strain. However, in each individual strain, the variation of the charge of the 60-kDa protein had a compensatory change in the low-molecular-mass cysteine-rich protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Moroni
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Bologna, St. Orsola Hospital, Via Massarenti 9, I-40138 Bologna, Italy
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Vanrompay D, Ducatelle R, Haesebrouck F. Chlamydia psittaci infections: a review with emphasis on avian chlamydiosis. Vet Microbiol 1995; 45:93-119. [PMID: 7571380 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1135(95)00033-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In the first part of this article the general characteristics of Chlamydia psittaci namely the history, taxonomy, morphology, reproductive cycle, metabolism and genetics are reviewed. For the taxonomy in particular, a considerable amount of new information has become available in recent years, following the application of monoclonal antibodies and restriction enzymes. Using these techniques isolates of Chlamydia psittaci from birds have been subdivided in different serovars, a number of isolates have been classified in a new species (Chlamydia pecorum) and isolates from animals have been classified as Chlamydia trachomatis. In the second part of the article, the current knowledge on avian chlamydiosis is summarized. Emphasis is put on clinical signs, lesions, pathogenesis, epizootiology, immunity, diagnosis, prevention and treatment. Also the public health considerations are reviewed. It is concluded that the diagnosis of avian chlamydiosis is laborious and that there is still a need for more accurate, simple and rapid diagnostic tools, both for antigen and antibody detection in various species of birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Vanrompay
- Department of Avian Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, R.U.G., Merelbeke, Belgium
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Sayada C, Andersen AA, Storey C, Milon A, Eb F, Hashimoto N, Hirai K, Elion J, Denamur E. Usefulness of omp1 restriction mapping for avian Chlamydia psittaci isolate differentiation. Res Microbiol 1995; 146:155-65. [PMID: 7652209 DOI: 10.1016/0923-2508(96)80893-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Sixty-five avian Chlamydia psittaci isolates collected worldwide, including 27 previously characterized reference strains, were analysed by restriction mapping of the major outer membrane protein gene (omp1) obtained after DNA amplification by PCR. They were compared to 2 ruminant isolates, a feline pneumonitis and a guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis (GPIC) isolate. According to their omp1 restriction patterns, avian strains were heterogeneous in that they exhibited 6 and 4 distinct patterns using AluI and MboII restriction enzymes, respectively, thus defining 7 groups. However, 84% of the studied strains belonged to groups 1 to 4, which share a specific fragment triplet of 411, 282 and 102 base pairs in their AluI digestion patterns. Comparisons with serological classifications showed a strict correlation and allowed further intraserovar differentiation. Furthermore, this classification based upon a single gene (omp1) roughly correlated with the data obtained by RFLP of native DNA and DNA/DNA hybridization studies. There was no host or geographic specificity in the pattern exhibited by these strains. The ruminant, feline pneumonitis and GPIC C. psittaci isolates were clearly distinguished from each other and the avian strains. Moreover, this method was clearly able to identify dubiously designated strains as well as mixtures of isolates within a single sample. In conclusion, this PCR approach based upon omp1 restriction mapping enables the differentiation of avian C. psittaci isolates and can be proposed as a taxonomic and epidemiologic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sayada
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, Génétique, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France
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Kaltenboeck B, Kousoulas KG, Storz J. Structures of and allelic diversity and relationships among the major outer membrane protein (ompA) genes of the four chlamydial species. J Bacteriol 1993; 175:487-502. [PMID: 8419295 PMCID: PMC196164 DOI: 10.1128/jb.175.2.487-502.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA sequences coding for 81% of the ompA gene from 24 chlamydial strains, representing all chlamydial species, were determined from DNA amplified by polymerase chain reactions. Chlamydial strains of serovars and strains with similar chromosomal restriction fragment length polymorphism had identical ompA DNA sequences. The ompA sequences were segregated into 23 different ompA alleles and aligned with each other, and phylogenetic relationships among them were inferred by neighbor-joining and maximum parsimony analyses. The neighbor-joining method produced a single phylogram which was rooted at the branch between two major clusters. One cluster included all Chlamydia trachomatis ompA alleles (trachoma group). The second cluster was composed of three major groups of ompA alleles: psittacosis group (alleles MN, 6BC, A22/M, B577, LW508, FEPN, and GPIC), pneumonia group (Chlamydia pneumoniae AR388 with the allele KOALA), and polyarthritis group (ruminant and porcine chlamydial alleles LW613, 66P130, L71, and 1710S with propensity for polyarthritis). These groups were distinguished through specific DNA sequence signatures. Maximum parsimony analysis yielded two equally most parsimonious phylograms with topologies similar to the ompA tree of neighbor joining. Two phylograms constructed from chlamydial genomic DNA distances had topologies identical to that of the ompA phylogram with respect to branching of the chlamydial species. Human serovars of C. trachomatis with essentially identical genomes represented a single taxonomic unit, while they were divergent in the ompA tree. Consistent with the ompA phylogeny, the porcine isolate S45, previously considered to be Chlamydia psittaci, was identified as C. trachomatis through biochemical characteristics. These data demonstrate that chlamydial ompA allelic relationships, except for human serovars of C. trachomatis, are cognate with chromosomal phylogenies.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kaltenboeck
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 70803
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Monnickendam MA. Molecular biology of chlamydiae. MOLECULAR AND CELL BIOLOGY OF HUMAN DISEASES SERIES 1992; 1:23-53. [PMID: 1341644 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-2384-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Kaltenboeck B, Kousoulas KG, Storz J. Detection and strain differentiation of Chlamydia psittaci mediated by a two-step polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Microbiol 1991; 29:1969-75. [PMID: 1774323 PMCID: PMC270244 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.29.9.1969-1975.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific and sensitive amplification of major outer membrane protein (MOMP) gene DNA sequences of Chlamydia psittaci was achieved in a two-step polymerase chain reaction. First, oligonucleotide primers specific for 5' and 3' nontranslated regulatory regions of the MOMP gene were used in a polymerase chain reaction to amplify a DNA fragment of approximately 1,400 bp. A portion of this DNA fragment was amplified in a second reaction using a degenerate oligonucleotide primer specific for a DNA sequence contained within the 1,400-bp DNA fragment and one of the first-step primers. This method detected 10 cognate chlamydial genomes. C. psittaci MOMP genes from two avian strains and from mammalian serovars 1, 7, and 8 were amplified and analyzed by restriction endonuclease digestion. MOMP genes from mammalian serovars 2 through 6 and 9 and from strains of C. trachomatis and C. pneumoniae could not be amplified. Restriction endonuclease analysis with HaeIII indicated a close relationship between C. psittaci strains of avian and mammalian serovar 1 lineage, while those of mammalian serovars 7 and 8 exhibited distinct restriction patterns. DNA sequences corresponding to the mammalian serovar 1-wild type parakeet MOMP genotype of C. psittaci were detected in two of seven milk samples from cases of bovine mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kaltenboeck
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 70803
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Sayada C, Denamur E, Orfila J, Catalan F, Elion J. Rapid genotyping of theChlamydia trachomatismajor outer membrane protein by the polymerase chain reaction. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1991. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1991.tb04392.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Everett KD, Andersen AA, Plaunt M, Hatch TP. Cloning and sequence analysis of the major outer membrane protein gene of Chlamydia psittaci 6BC. Infect Immun 1991; 59:2853-5. [PMID: 1856001 PMCID: PMC258099 DOI: 10.1128/iai.59.8.2853-2855.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The gene encoding the major outer membrane protein (MOMP) of the psittacine Chlamydia psittaci strain 6BC was cloned and sequenced. N-terminal protein sequencing of the mature MOMP indicated that it is posttranslationally processed at a site identical to the site previously identified in the MOMP of Chlamydia trachomatis L2. The nucleotide sequence of the C. psittaci 6BC MOMP gene was found to be 67 to 68% identical to those of human C. trachomatis strains, 73% identical to that of Chlamydia pneumoniae IOL-207, 79% identical to that of the C. psittaci guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis strain, GPIC, and 83% identical to that of the C. psittaci ovine abortion strain S26/3. In contrast, the 6BC sequence was found to be greater than 99% identical to the sequences reported for two strains of C. psittaci, A22/M and Cal-10 meningopneumonitis, believed to be of nonpsittacine avian origin. Monoclonal antibody analysis confirmed the nonpsittacine avian origin of A22/M but identified the Cal-10 strain from which the MOMP gene was previously sequenced as a psittacine strain. These results confirm that psittacine and nonpsittacine avian strains of C. psittaci are closely related and distinct from the mammalian guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis and ovine abortion strains of C. psittaci.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Everett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Tennessee, Memphis 38163
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Everett KD, Hatch TP. Sequence analysis and lipid modification of the cysteine-rich envelope proteins of Chlamydia psittaci 6BC. J Bacteriol 1991; 173:3821-30. [PMID: 2050637 PMCID: PMC208014 DOI: 10.1128/jb.173.12.3821-3830.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The envelopes of elementary bodies of Chlamydia spp. consist largely of disulfide-cross-linked major outer membrane protein (MOMP) and two cysteine-rich proteins (CRPs). The MOMP gene of Chlamydia psittaci 6BC has been sequenced previously, and the genes encoding the small and large CRPs from this strain were cloned and sequenced in this study. The CRP genes were found to be tandemly arranged on the chlamydial chromosome but could be independently expressed in Escherichia coli. The deduced 87-amino-acid sequence of the small-CRP gene (envA) contains 15 cysteine residues, a potential signal peptide, and a potential signal peptidase II-lipid modification site. Hydropathy plot and conformation analysis of the small-CRP amino acid sequence indicated that the protein was unlikely to be associated with a membrane. However, the small CRP was specifically labeled in host cells incubated with [3H]palmitic acid and may therefore be associated with a membrane through a covalently attached lipid portion of the molecule. The deduced 557-amino-acid sequence of the large-CRP gene (envB) contains 37 cysteine residues and a single putative signal peptidase I cleavage site. In one recombinant clone the large CRP appeared to be posttranslationally cleaved at two sites, forming a doublet in a manner similar to the large-CRP doublet made in native C. psittaci 6BC. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences of the CRPs from chlamydial strains indicated that the small CRP is moderately conserved, with 54% identity between C. psittaci 6BC and Chlamydia trachomatis, and the large CRP is highly conserved, with 71% identity between C. psittaci and C. trachomatis and 85% identity between C. psittaci 6BC and Chlamydia pneumoniae. The positions of the cysteine residues in both CRPs are highly conserved in Chlamydia spp. From the number of cysteine residues in the MOMP and the CRPs and the relative incorporation of [35S]cysteine into these proteins, it was calculated that the molar ratio of C. psittaci 6BC elementary body envelope proteins is about one large-CRP molecule to two small-CRP molecules to five MOMP molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Everett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Tennesse, Memphis 38163
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McClenaghan M, Inglis NF, Herring AJ. Comparison of isolates of Chlamydia psittaci of ovine, avian and feline origin by analysis of polypeptide profiles from purified elementary bodies. Vet Microbiol 1991; 26:269-78. [PMID: 2024446 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1135(91)90020-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The single species Chlamydia psittaci is a diverse grouping which contains several different types of chlamydial strain for which there is no generally accepted typing method. The results obtained when profiles of polypeptides from purified elementary bodies are compared are consistent with type designations obtained using other criteria. However, the method still requires large scale culture and extensive purification of the chlamydial cells.
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Rasmussen S, Timms P. Detection ofChlamydia psittaciusing DNA probes and the polymerase chain reaction. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1991. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1991.tb04342.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Herring A, Tan T, Baxter S, Inglis N, Dunbar S. Sequence analysis of the major outer membrane protein gene of an ovine abortion strain ofChlamydia psittaci. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1989. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1989.tb03614.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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